Deck 3: Cells: the Living Units

Question 1

In certain kinds of muscle cells, calcium ions are stored in ________.

A) the smooth ER
B) the cytoplasm
C) both smooth and rough ER
D) the rough ER

Answer 1

A

Question 2

The genetic information encoded in DNA by the regular alternation of sugar and phosphate molecules.

Answer 2

False

Question 3

Each daughter cell resulting from mitotic cell division has the exactly same genetic composition.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

Enzymes and proteins needed for cell division are synthesizes and put into place during G2 phase.

Question 5

The speed of individual particle diffusion is influenced by temperature and particle size, not by concentration.

Question 6

Microtubules are hollow tubes made of subunits of the protein tubulin.

Question 7

Osmosis is the passive movement of water but it follows almost completely opposite laws of physics when compared to the diffusion of ions or other small particles.

Question 8

Interstitial fluid represents one type of extracellular material.

Question 9

DNA transcription is another word for DNA replication.

Question 10

Aquaporins are believed to be present in red blood cells and kidney tubules, but not in any other cells in the body.

Question 11

Introns represent a genome scrap yard that provides DNA segments for genome evolution and a variety of small RNA molecules.

Question 12

Which of the following is FALSE regarding the membrane potential?

A) The resting membrane potential is maintained solely by passive transport processes.
B) The resting membrane potential occurs due to active transport of ions across the membrane due to the sodium-potassium pump.
C) In their resting state, all body cells exhibit a resting membrane potential.
D) The resting membrane potential is determined mainly by the concentration gradients and differential permeability of the plasma membrane to K+ and Na+ions.

Question 13

Dividing cells must pass through the phases of mitosis the following order: Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, and Telophase.

Question 14

The RNA responsible for bringing the amino acids to the ribosome for protein formation is________.

A) rRNA
B) mRNA
C) s sRNA
D) tRNA

Question 15

The glycocalyx is composed of glycolipids, glycoproteins and cholesterol molecules that are displayed on the outside surface of the plasma membrane.

Question 16

A red blood cell placed in pure water would

A) swell and burst
B) shrink
C) neither shrink nor swell ________.
D) swell initially, then shrink as equilibrium is reached

Question 17

Microfilaments are thin strands of the contractile protein composed of myosin.

Question 18

The protein ubiquitin tags healthy cells in the body.

Question 19

Integral proteins can form channels through the plasma membrane.

Question 20

Which vesicular transport process occurs primarily in some white blood cells and macrophages?

A) pinocytosis
B) phagocytosis
C) intracellular vesicular trafficking
D) exocytosis

Question 21

Which of the following is a function of a plasma membrane protein?

A) oxygen transport
B) molecular transport through the membrane
C) forms a lipid bilayer
D) circulating antibody

Question 22

Which of the following would not be a constituent of a plasma membrane?

A) glycolipids
B) messenger RNA
C) phospholipids
D) glycoproteins

Question 23

If cells are placed in a hypertonic solution containing a solute to which the membrane is impermeable, what could happen?

A) The cells will show no change due to diffusion of both solute and solvent.
B) The cells will shrink at first, but will later reach equilibrium with the surrounding solution and return to their original condition.
C) The cells will swell and ultimately burst.
D) The cells will lose water and shrink.

Question 24

Which of the following statements is correct regarding RNA?

A) rRNA is always attached to the rough ER.
B) Messenger RNA, transfer RNA, and ribosomal RNA play a role in protein synthesis.
C) There is exactly one specific type of mRNA for each amino acid.
D) If the base sequence of DNA is ATTGCA, the messenger RNA template will be UCCAGU.

Question 25

Which of the following is not a function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?

A) steroid-based hormone synthesis
B) lipid metabolism and cholesterol synthesis
C) protein synthesis in conjunction with ribosomes
D) breakdown of stored glycogen to form free glucose

Question 26

The electron microscope has revealed that one of the components within the cell consists ofpinwheel array of 9 triplets of microtubules arranged to form a hollow tube. This structure is a________.

A) ribosome
B) centriole
C) chromosome
D) centrosome

Question 27

If the nucleotide or base sequence of the DNA strand used as a template for messenger RNAsynthesis is ACGTT, then what would be the sequence of bases in the corresponding mRNA?

A) GUACC
B) ACGTT
C) UG C AA
D) TGCAA

Question 28

Which of the following statements is correct regarding net diffusion?

A) The rate is independent of temperature.
B) Molecular weight of a substance does not affect the rate.
C) The greater the concentration gradient, the faster the rate.
D) The lower the temperature, the faster the rate.

Question 29

Mitosis ________.

A) is the formation of sex cells
B) is always a part of the cell cycle
C) is division of the genetic material within the nucleus
D) creates diversity in genetic potential

Question 30

Which of the following is not a factor that binds cells together?

A) special membrane junctions
B) wavy contours of the membranes of adjacent cells
C) glycolipids in the glycocalyx
D) glycoproteins in the glycocalyx

Question 31

Riboswitches are folded RNAs that act as switches to turn protein synthesis on or off in response to ________.

A) specific tRNAs
B) the presence or absence of ubiquitins
C) specific codes from the DNA
D) changes in the environment

Question 32

Passive membrane transport processes include ________.

A) consumption of ATP
B) the use of transport proteins when moving substances from areas of low to high concentration
C) movement of a substance down its concentration gradient
D) movement of water from an area of high solute concentration to an area of low concentration

Question 33

In a tissue type that undergoes a relatively great deal of mechanical stress, like the tissue that lines the intestine, you would expect to see an abundance of ________ between the individual cells of the tissue.

A) connexons
B) gap junctions
C) tight junctions
D) desmosomes

Question 34

Which of these is an inclusion, not an organelle?

A) microtubule
B) cilia
C) melanin
D) lysosome

Question 35

Which of the following describes the plasma membrane?

A) a single-layered membrane that surrounds the nucleus of the cell
B) a double layer of protein enclosing the plasma
C) a membrane composed of tiny shelves or cristae
D) a phospholipid bilayer surrounding the cell

Question 36

Which of the following structures would aid a cell in allowing more nutrients to be absorbed by the cell?

A) primary cilia
B) stereocilia
C) microvilli
D) flagella

Question 37

Which transport process is the main mechanism for the movement of most macromolecules by body cells?

A) phagocytosis
B) secondary active transport
C) pinocytosis
D) receptor-mediated endocytosis

Question 38

Peroxisomes ________.

A) sometimes function as secretory vesicles
B) are functionally the same as lysosomes
C) function to digest particles ingested by endocytosis
D) are able to detoxify substances by enzymatic action

Question 39

Which of the following is not a function of lysosomes?

A) breaking down bone to release calcium ions into the blood
B) degrading worn-out or nonfunctional organelles
C) help in the formation of cell membranes
D) digesting particles taken in by endocytosis

Question 40

Mitochondria ________.

A) are single-membrane structures involved in the breakdown of ATP
B) contain digestive enzymes called acid hydrolyses
C) synthesize proteins for use outside the cell
D) contain some of the DNA and RNA code necessary for their own function

Question 41

In which stage of mitosis do the identical sets of chromosomes uncoil and resume their chromatin form?

A) anaphase
B) prophase
C) metaphase
D) telophase

Question 42

If active transport establishes a concentration gradient with the use of ATP, then the concentration gradient can be looked at as ________.

A) a byproduct of active transport that will be alleviated by pinocytosis
B) unwanted pressure that will be alleviated by channel mediated facilitated diffusion
C) potential energy that can be harnessed when molecules passively diffuse down the concentration gradient
D) an unusable byproduct of active transport that will simply diffuse away

Question 43

Which of the following is a principle of the fluid mosaic model of cell membrane structure?

A) Phospholipids form a bilayer that is largely impermeable to water-soluble molecules.
B) All proteins associated with the cell membrane are contained in a fluid layer on the outside of the cell.
C) Phospholipids consist of a polar head and a nonpolar tail made of three fatty acid chains.
D) The lipid bilayer is a solid at body temperature, thus protecting the cell.

Question 44

Which of the following statements is most correct regarding the intracellular chemical signals known as "second messengers"?

A) Second messengers usually inactivate protein kinase enzymes.
B) Cyclic AMP and calcium may be second messengers.
C) Second messengers act through receptors called K-proteins.
D) Second messengers usually act to remove nitric oxide (NO) from the cell.

Question 45

The lungs deliver a regular supply of oxygen to the blood, which is in turn circulated to most all the cells of the body. At the same time oxygen is consumed during aerobic cellularrespiration within these cells. This implies that ________.

A) the concentration gradient for oxygen is steepness inside of the cell
B) oxygen will passively diffuse into the cells
C) oxygen requires active transport to enter most cells
D) the rate of oxygen diffusion is independent of concentration

Question 46

If a human cell were to increase the amount of cholesterol embedded within its plasma membrane which of the following would most likely happen?

A) The cell would form a plaque that could potential block a blood vessel.
B) The plasma membrane would become more stable, less fluid and less permeable.
C) The plasma membrane would become more permeable to ions and less permeable to lipids.
D) The plasma membrane would become more fluid and the phospholipids less stable.

Question 47

The main component of the cytosol is ________.

A) proteins
B) water
C) salts
D) sugars

Question 48

Which of the following will not speed up the net rate of diffusion for glucose into a cell?

A) Decreasing the concentration of glucose within the cell.
B) Increasing the concentration of glucose outside of the cell.
C) Decreasing the number of phospholipids in the plasma membrane.
D) Increasing the number of glucose transport proteins within the plasma membrane.

Question 49

Some hormones enter cells via________.

A) pinocytosis
B) receptor-mediated endocytosis
C) exocytosis
D) primary active transport

Question 50

Cancerous cells can divide so rapidly that they will often produce a glycocalyx that is different than the other cells in the body. This may result in ________.

A) a decrease in the permeability of the tumor cell's plasma membrane preventing the uptake of chemotherapy drugs
B) allowing the cancer cells to bind to their healthy, neighboring cells
C) cells of the immune system recognizing the tumorous cells as foreign and destroying them
D) the cancer cells conserving energy for more growth

Question 51

A cell engulfing a relatively large particle will likely utilize ________.

A) pinocytosis
B) phagocytosis
C) exocytosis
D) receptor-mediated endocytosis

Question 52

The functions of centrioles include ________.

A) serving as the site for ribosomal RNA synthesis
B) providing a whiplike beating motion to move substances along cell surfaces
C) producing ATP
D) organizing the mitotic spindle in cell division

Question 53

Crenation (shrinking) is likely to occur in blood cells immersed in ________.

A) a hypertonic solution
B) blood plasma
C) an isotonic solution
D) a hypotonic solution

Question 54

Bone is a connective tissue that provides support for the body with its strength and rigidity.Which of the following provides the best explanation for how this is so?

A) Bone cells have extensive cytoskeleton that makes them ridged.
B) Bone cells are very dense and therefore resist physical stress.
C) Bones cells secrete an extracellular matrix that when combined with minerals becomes rock hard.
D) The bone cell's plasma membrane contains a high degree of cholesterol that stabilizes the cell membrane, giving it strength.

Question 55

The movement of water across the plasma membrane can be described by all of the followingexcept ________.

A) simple diffusion
B) facilitated diffusion through aquaporins
C) carrier-mediated facilitated diffusion
D) passive membrane transport

Question 56

If a cell is non-selectively engulfing samples of extracellular fluid, for example to absorb nutrients, it will likely utilize ________.

A) phagocytosis
B) exocytosis
C) pinocytosis
D) receptor-mediated endocytosis

Question 57

The myocardium (cardiac muscle tissue) undergoes a significant amount of physical stress due to its contractions. You would expect to see relatively large numbers of which of the following embedded within their plasma membrane?

A) tight junctions
B) transport proteins
C) glycolipids
D) desmosomes

Question 58

If a tRNA had an AGC anticodon, it could attach to a(n)________ mRNA codon.

A) AUG
B) TCG
C) U CG
D) UGA

Question 59

A gene can best be defined as________.

A) noncoding segments of DNA up to 100,000 nucleotides long
B) a three-base triplet that specifies a particular amino acid
C) an RNA messenger that codes for a particular polypeptide
D) a segment of DNA that carries the instructions for one polypeptide chain

Question 60

Which of the following would not be restricted (limited) by low levels of ATP?

A) exocytosis
B) pinocytosis
C) osmosis
D) phagocytosis

Question 61

If a cell is selectively reducing the concentration of a particular enzyme in the extracellular fluid it will likely utilize ________.

A) pinocytosis
B) phagocytosis
C) receptor-mediated endocytosis
D) exocytosis

Question 62

The most common extracellular ion is ________.

Question 63

Other than the nucleus, which organelle has its own DNA?

Question 64

Why can we say that a cell without a nucleus will ultimately die?

Question 65

Water may move through membrane pores constructed by transmembrane proteins called ________.

Question 66

Aerobic cellular respiration occurs in the ________.

Question 67

A type of transport protein found in the plasma membrane of cells lining the inside of the intestine allows sodium ions to diffuse down their concentration gradient. The ions movethrough the transport protein, and into the cell. These transport proteins will use the kinetic energy of the diffusing sodium ions to bring glucose into the cells as well. This transportprotein would best be described as ________.

A) a symporter
B) a carrier protein
C) a channel
D) a pump

Question 68

Beta cells in the pancreas produce and secrete the protein hormone insulin. You would expect to see a relatively large amount of which organelles in these cells?

A) cytoskeleton, and peroxisomes
B) mitochondria, and cilia
C) Golgi apparatus, rough endoplasmic reticulum
D) smooth endoplasmic reticulum, and lysosomes

Question 69

What processes maintain a steady state "resting" membrane potential?

Question 70

How are the products of free ribosomes different from membrane-bound ribosomes?

Question 71

The metabolic or growth phase of a cell life cycle is called ________.

Question 72

Are random moments of particles, diffusion, and osmosis seen only in living tissue?

Question 73

Explain the term genetic code. What does it code for? What are the letters of the code?

Question 74

When tissues are injured or infected, chemical signals can be releases that affect the plasma membrane of cells that line the nearby blood vessels. These blood vessels cells (endothelial cells) respond to the chemical signals by displaying a type of glycoproteins on their surface.These proteins will attach to circulating white blood cells bringing them to the site of injury or infection. These glycoproteins would best be described as ________.

A) Cell Adhesion Molecules (CAMs)
B) transport proteins
C) G-proteins
D) desmosomes

Question 75

How are peroxisomes different from lysosomes?

Question 76

Which of the following would not assist in establishing a resting membrane potential?

A) Selective diffusion allowing more uncharged particles into the cell.
B) Having greater concentration of glycolipids on the outside surface of the membrane.
C) Selective diffusion allowing fewer positively charged ions to diffuse into the cell.
D) Selective diffusion allowing more positively charged ions to diffuse out of the cell.

Question 77

A type of transport protein found in the plasma membrane of cells lining the inside of the intestine allows sodium ions to diffuse down their concentration gradient. The ions movethrough the transport protein, and into the cell. These transport proteins will use the kinetic energy of the diffusing sodium ions to bring glucose into the cells as well. Which of thefollowing would stop transport of glucose through this transport protein?

A) Stopping the activity of the sodium potassium pump.
B) Increasing the number of digestive enzymes in the digestive tract.
C) Lowering the energy of activation.
D) Increasing the concentration of glucose outside of the cell.

Question 78

Myocardium (cardiac muscle tissue) must rhythmically contract for a lifetime. This requires a considerable amount of energy production by the cells. You would expect to see a relatively high amount of which organelle in these cells?

A) lysosomes
B) mitochondria
C) smooth endoplasmic reticulum
D) cytoskeleton

Question 79

Briefly describe the glycocalyx and its functions.

Question 80

The process of discharging particles from inside a cell to the outside is called ________.