Question 1

A type A adverse drug reaction is:&#10;A) a long-term effect that involves an interaction between circulating antibodies and a medication.&#10;B) a delayed effect that occurs when a medication binds onto the surface of blood cells and induces an antibody reaction.&#10;C) a predictable result based on the pharmacological profile of the medication.&#10;D) an aberrant or idiosyncratic effect that is not predicted by the known pharmacology of a medication.

Accepted Answer

Type A adverse drug reactions are predictable and are based on the known pharmacological actions of a medication. They are often dose-dependent and related to the primary or secondary pharmacological effects of the drug.

Question 2

A conscious client with respiratory depression should be placed in a:&#10;A) flat position.&#10;B) semi-upright position.&#10;C) side position.&#10;D) prone position.

Accepted Answer

A semi-upright position is beneficial for a conscious client with respiratory depression as it helps improve lung expansion and facilitates easier breathing.

Question 3

Which drug is the most common cause of an anaphylactic reaction?&#10;A) Aspirin&#10;B) Contrast media&#10;C) Penicillin&#10;D) Transfused blood

Accepted Answer

Penicillin is the most common cause of anaphylactic reactions, accounting for approximately 75% of all cases. Aspirin, contrast media, and transfused blood can also trigger anaphylaxis, but they are less common causes.

Question 4

What is the mainstay of treatment for anaphylactic shock?&#10;A) Hydrocortisone&#10;B) Adrenaline&#10;C) Salbutamol&#10;D) Promethazine

Accepted Answer

The mainstay of treatment for anaphylactic shock is the prompt administration of adrenaline (epinephrine) to reverse the life-threatening manifestations of the reaction. Hydrocortisone may be given as a supportive measure to decrease inflammation, but it does not act quickly enough to control acute symptoms. Salbutamol and promethazine are not indicated in the acute management of anaphylactic shock.

Question 5

Postural hypotension is an adverse effect often associated with drugs that:&#10;A) block ?-adrenoceptors.&#10;B) stimulate ?-adrenoreceptors.&#10;C) block ?-adrenoreceptors&#10;D) stimulate ?-adrenoreceptors

Accepted Answer

Postural hypotension is a drop in blood pressure upon standing up, which can lead to dizziness and fainting. This adverse effect is often associated with drugs that block alpha-adrenoceptors, particularly alpha-1 receptors. These receptors are found in peripheral blood vessels and their activation helps to maintain blood pressure by causing vasoconstriction. When alpha-1 receptors are blocked, blood vessels dilate, leading to a drop in blood pressure.

Question 6

What agent is used to treat respiratory depression caused by an opioid analgesic?&#10;A) Pentazocine&#10;B) Naloxone&#10;C) Methadone&#10;D) Naltrexone

Accepted Answer

Naloxone is an opioid antagonist used to reverse the effects of an opioid analgesic overdose, including respiratory depression, by binding to the same receptors as the opioid and blocking their effects. Pentazocine, methadone, and naltrexone are not indicated for the treatment of respiratory depression caused by an opioid analgesic.

Question 7

A common adverse drug reaction is hypertension.The drug therapy for treatment of hypertension may include the following EXCEPT:&#10;A)&#945;-adrenoreceptor agonists.&#10;B) angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors.&#10;C) calcium antagonists.&#10;D)&#945;-adrenoreceptor antagonists.

Accepted Answer

α-adrenoreceptor agonists can actually cause hypertension, so they would not be used as a treatment for it. The other options listed (B, C, and D) are all commonly used in the treatment of hypertension.

Question 8

Aplastic anaemia caused by chloramphenicol is an example of type B adverse drug reaction.

Accepted Answer

Aplastic anaemia is a rare, but serious, side effect of chloramphenicol which is an example of type B adverse drug reaction. Type B reactions are unpredictable and not necessarily dose-dependent, often idiosyncratic, and not related to the known pharmacological properties of the drug.

Deck 10: Management of Common Adverse Drug Reactions