Question 1

Which of the following are not considered good strategies to combat high cholesterol levels and reduce the need for medications?&#10;A)Increasing salt intake&#10;B)Using low- or no-fat dairy products&#10;C)Exercising&#10;D)Increasing consumption of fruits and vegetables

Accepted Answer

Increasing salt intake can lead to higher blood pressure and worsen cholesterol levels, resulting in an increased risk of heart disease. It is not a good strategy to combat high cholesterol levels. Therefore, option A is not a good choice.

The best choice(s) to combat high cholesterol levels and reduce the need for medications would be options B, C and D. Using low- or no-fat dairy products, exercising and increasing consumption of fruits and vegetables are all good strategies to lower cholesterol levels and reduce the need for medication.

Question 2

What is an accumulation of lipid,collagen fibres and foam cells called?&#10;A) Stoma&#10;B) Atheroma&#10;C) Sarcoma&#10;D) Haematoma

Accepted Answer

An accumulation of lipid, collagen fibres, and foam cells is called an atheroma, which is commonly found in the walls of arteries affected by atherosclerosis. A stoma is a tiny pore on the surface of a leaf or stem. A sarcoma is a tumor that arises from connective tissue, and a hematoma is a localized collection of blood outside of blood vessels.

Question 3

The mechanism of action of the antihyperlipidaemic agents called the statins involves:&#10;A) inhibition of the rate-limiting enzyme in hepatic cholesterol synthesis.&#10;B) binding to bile salts removing them from the body.&#10;C) an interaction with the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha.&#10;D) inhibiting the absorption of dietary cholesterol from the gastrointestinal tract.

Accepted Answer

The statins work by inhibiting HMG-CoA reductase, which is the rate-limiting enzyme in the hepatic synthesis of cholesterol. This inhibition leads to a decrease in cholesterol synthesis and an increase in the expression of LDL receptors on hepatocytes, leading to increased LDL uptake and a reduction in circulating LDL levels. This mechanism is the primary way the statins lower cholesterol levels.

Question 4

Which type of hyperlipidaemia is characterized by high VLDL and hypertriglyceridaemia?&#10;A) Type I&#10;B) Type IIa&#10;C) Type IIb&#10;D) Type IV

Accepted Answer

Type IV hyperlipidaemia is characterized by high VLDL and hypertriglyceridaemia.

Question 5

When timing the dose for the fibrate gemfibrozil,the patient should be advised to take it:&#10;A) at bedtime.&#10;B) upon arising in the morning.&#10;C) with food.&#10;D) half an hour before food.

Accepted Answer

Gemfibrozil should be taken 30 minutes before meals to ensure optimal absorption and effectiveness.

Question 6

Long-term statin therapy has been linked to an increased incidence of:&#10;A) stroke.&#10;B) heart disease.&#10;C) cataract development.&#10;D) Alzheimer's disease.

Accepted Answer

Long-term statin therapy has been associated with an increased incidence of cataract development. However, it has been shown to decrease the incidence of stroke, heart disease, and Alzheimer's disease.

Question 7

High levels of which of the following lipoproteins can be beneficial?&#10;A) VLDL&#10;B) HDL&#10;C) LDL&#10;D) IDL

Accepted Answer

High levels of HDL (high-density lipoprotein) can be beneficial as it is responsible for transporting cholesterol away from tissues and towards the liver for processing and removal from the body. This can help decrease the risk of cardiovascular disease. High levels of VLDL (very low-density lipoprotein), LDL (low-density lipoprotein), and IDL (intermediate-density lipoprotein) can be harmful as they can contribute to the buildup of plaque in arteries and increase the risk of cardiovascular disease.

Question 8

The inclusion of ________ in the diet may help to avoid hypercholesterolaemia.&#10;A) chicken&#10;B) sardines&#10;C) mutton&#10;D) beef

Accepted Answer

Sardines are a good source of omega-3 fatty acids which have been shown to help lower levels of LDL cholesterol (i.e. "bad" cholesterol) in the blood. Chicken, mutton, and beef are all sources of saturated fat which can contribute to high cholesterol levels if consumed in excess.

Question 9

In considering therapy with HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors,it is important for the client to have regular:&#10;A) liver function tests.&#10;B) renal function tests.&#10;C) blood clotting tests.&#10;D) respiratory function tests.

Accepted Answer

HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors can cause liver damage, so it is important for the client to have regular liver function tests to monitor for any signs of liver dysfunction. Renal function tests, blood clotting tests, and respiratory function tests are not directly related to the use of HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors.

Question 10

An unwelcome but possibly benign effect of nicotinic acid treatment is:&#10;A) petechiae.&#10;B) constipation.&#10;C) loose stools.&#10;D) skin flushes and itching.

Accepted Answer

Skin flushes and itching are well known side effects of nicotinic acid treatment, and while they may be unwelcome, they are expected and not typically harmful. Petechiae are small, pinpoint red or purple spots on the skin that can indicate bleeding disorders and would not be considered a benign effect of nicotinic acid. Constipation and loose stools are not typically associated with nicotinic acid treatment.

Question 11

Patients on atorvastatin should avoid ________ during therapy because it may increase the amount of atorvastatin in their circulation and therefore increase the chances of adverse effects occurring.&#10;A) alcohol&#10;B) milk&#10;C) grapefruit juice&#10;D) leafy green vegetables

Accepted Answer

The answer of Patients on atorvastatin should avoid ________ during...

Deck 44: Medicines Used to Lower Blood Lipids