Question 1

Which finding would you expect to see with Paget's disease?&#10;A)Hypocalcaemia&#10;B)Hypercalcaemia&#10;C) Decrease in osteoclasts&#10;D)Hypervitaminosis D

Accepted Answer

Paget's disease is characterized by an increase in bone resorption, causing bones to become brittle and prone to fractures. This results in an increased release of calcium into the bloodstream, leading to hypercalcaemia.

Question 2

Which of the following foods inhibit absorption of calcium due to high phytic acid content?&#10;A) Unrefined cereals&#10;B) Green vegetables&#10;C) Strawberries&#10;D) Cow's milk

Accepted Answer

Unrefined cereals are high in phytic acid which inhibits calcium absorption.

Question 3

Describe the role of parathyroid hormone with regards to regulation of blood calcium levels.

Accepted Answer

It helps release calcium from bones,enhances calcium absorption from the GIT,decreases calcium loss&#10;through the kidneys and triggers release of calcitriol from the kidneys.

Question 4

Which factors play a role in calcium absorption in women? Select all that apply.&#10;A) Minimal dietary calcium&#10;B) Menopause&#10;C) Vitamin D deficiency&#10;D) Chronic kidney disease&#10;E) Diabetes

Accepted Answer

Factors that play a role in calcium absorption in women include minimal dietary calcium, menopause, vitamin D deficiency, and chronic kidney disease. Minimal dietary calcium and vitamin D deficiency directly affect calcium absorption. Menopause can lead to decreased calcium absorption due to lower estrogen levels, and chronic kidney disease can impair calcium absorption and vitamin D metabolism.

Question 5

Which of the following is NOT true about vitamin D?&#10;A) Deficiency in the vitamin leads to an increase in bone mineralisation.&#10;B) It is absorbed via the gastrointestinal system from vegetable products and some fish.&#10;C) It is essential in the regulation of calcium and phosphorous in the body.&#10;D) It can be made as long as the skin has enough exposure to UV rays.

Accepted Answer

Vitamin D deficiency actually leads to a decrease in bone mineralization, not an increase. This can result in conditions such as rickets in children and osteomalacia in adults, where bones become soft and weak.

Question 6

Vitamin D deficiency may occur due to:&#10;A) hypercalcaemia.&#10;B) use of selective oestrogen receptor modulators.&#10;C) inadequate sun exposure.&#10;D) use of calcipotriol.

Accepted Answer

Vitamin D is primarily synthesized in the body through sun exposure. Therefore, inadequate sun exposure can lead to a deficiency. Hypercalcaemia (excess calcium in the blood) and use of calcipotriol (a medication used to treat psoriasis) can actually increase the level of vitamin D in the body. While use of selective oestrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) can lead to decreased bone density, they do not directly affect vitamin D levels in the body.

Question 7

Osteonecrosis of the jaw is a serious adverse effect of which drug class?&#10;A) Bisphosphonates&#10;B) Calcimimetic agents&#10;C) Monoclonal antibodies&#10;D) Calcitonin

Accepted Answer

Osteonecrosis of the jaw is a serious adverse effect of bisphosphonates, which are commonly used to treat osteoporosis and cancer-related bone conditions. Calcimimetic agents, monoclonal antibodies, and calcitonin do not have a known association with osteonecrosis of the jaw.

Question 8

The mechanism of action of the bisphosphonates is to:&#10;A) release calcium from bones.&#10;B) inhibit bone breakdown and resorption.&#10;C) increase the sensitivity of the calcium-sensing receptors on parathyroid gland cells.&#10;D) raise the blood levels of oestrogen.

Accepted Answer

Bisphosphonates work by inhibiting or slowing down the breakdown and resorption of bone tissue, ultimately leading to an overall increase in bone density. This can be beneficial in treating conditions such as osteoporosis or bone metastases. Bisphosphonates do not release calcium from bones, increase sensitivity of calcium-sensing receptors on parathyroid gland cells, or raise blood levels of oestrogen.

Deck 64: Medicines and Bone Metabolism