Deck 44: Plant Anatomy and Nutrient Transport

Question 1

What type of cell activity occurs in the meristem regions of plants?

A) Mitosis
B) Storage of sugar
C) Secondary growth
D) Photosynthesis
E) Increased water uptake of cells

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Which of these tissue types is (are) found throughout young plant bodies?

A) Periderm only
B) Xylem and phloem
C) Epidermis, xylem, and phloem
D) Epidermis and periderm
E) Epidermis only

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Water- conducting cells that have a small diameter and tapered ends are called

A) companion cells.
B) sieve- tube elements.
C) collenchyma cells.
D) tracheids.
E) vessel elements.

Answer 3

D

Question 4

You are NOT likely to find a nucleus in

A) cells of a carrot root.
B) parenchyma cells.
C) companion cells.
D) sclerenchyma cells.
E) collenchyma cells.

Question 5

You have been asked by your instructor to go to the greenhouse and select a plant that exhibits secondary growth. Which of the following plants would you choose?

A) Rose bush
B) Strawberry
C) Bermuda grass
D) Pansy
E) Daffodil

Question 6

Cells that are alive, have thickened cell walls, and support the plant body are

A) parenchyma cells.
B) tracheids.
C) vessel elements.
D) collenchyma cells.
E) sclerenchyma cells.

Question 7

The dermal tissue system consists of

A) parenchyma tissue.
B) phloem.
C) collenchyma tissue.
D) epidermis.
E) xylem.

Question 8

Most flowering plants grow throughout their lives. This type of growth is known as

A) secondary growth.
B) indeterminate growth.
C) primary growth.
D) exponential growth.
E) determinate growth.

Question 9

All of the following are major functions of roots EXCEPT

A) storing excess sugars.
B) carrying out photosynthesis.
C) producing hormones.
D) transporting water and minerals.
E) interacting with soil fungi.

Question 10

Which of the following characteristics helps differentiate between a monocot and a dicot?

A) Presence or absence of an apical meristem
B) Number of flower parts
C) Presence or absence of pollen grains
D) Seeds covered by a fruit
E) Presence of vascular tissue

Question 11

Plant cells that are actively dividing are _ cells.

A) vascular
B) differentiated
C) meristem
D) ground
E) conducting

Question 12

Increases in plant length (such as overall height or branch and root length) result from cell division that occurs

A) only in apical meristems at shoot and root tips.
B) only from lateral meristems.
C) equally throughout the plant body.
D) from cell division of differentiated cells.

Question 13

What would you expect to be missing in a plant that exhibits primary growth but not secondary growth?

A) An elongated stem
B) Flowers
C) An expanded root system
D) Thick woody branches
E) Vascular tissue

Question 14

You are examining a rigid plant tissue; it does not flex or bend. Tests show that it is not consuming oxygen gas, as would be expected if aerobic respiration were occurring. This tissue is probably

A) collenchyma.
B) epidermis.
C) phloem.
D) sclerenchyma.
E) parenchyma.

Question 15

You discover a plant that has unusual fruit around the seed and leaves with parallel veins. In which of the two major groups of flowering plants does it belong, and why?

A) Monocots, because it has parallel veins
B) Either monocot or dicot, depending on the presence or absence of flowers
C) Neither monocot nor dicot, because it has fruits
D) Dicots, because it has fruit around the seed

Question 16

cells that convert sugar to starch in mature roots are part of the tissue system.

A) Parenchyma; ground
B) Companion; ground
C) Xylem; vascular
D) Periderm; dermal
E) Phloem; vascular

Question 17

Where are apical meristems located?

A) Scattered throughout the plant
B) At the tips of roots, shoots, and branches
C) In cylinders along the side of the root
D) Between the xylem and the phloem
E) In clusters in the parenchyma

Question 18

As a 7- year- old child, you helped your father nail a birdhouse 7 feet high on a 10- foot- tall maple tree. If the tree grew an average of 12 inches per year, except during a dry year when it grew only 2 inches, how high in the tree is the birdhouse when you are 18 years old?

A) 17 feet, 2 inches
B) 10 feet
C) 7 feet
D) 17 feet
E) 19 feet

Question 19

Which of the following is a common function of stems but NOT of roots?

A) Storage
B) Support
C) Anchorage
D) Absorption

Question 20

What cell type permits the continued growth of a plant throughout its life?

A) Secondary cells
B) Meristem cells
C) Mesophyll cells
D) Differentiated cells
E) Ground tissue cells

Question 21

In the stems of plants, where is sugar converted to starch and stored as a food reserve?

A) Parenchyma cells in both the cortex and pith
B) Sclerenchyma
C) Central vascular cylinder
D) Collenchyma associated with xylem cells
E) Mesophyll layer

Question 22

Which of these plant cells is alive but has no nucleus?

A) Sieve- tube element
B) Companion cell
C) Parenchyma cell
D) Vessel element
E) Collenchyma cell

Question 23

An onion bulb is made up of _ that are specially adapted for food and water storage.

A) roots
B) stems
C) leaves
D) flowers
E) branches

Question 24

All the following are true of companion cells EXCEPT that they

A) are connected to sieve- tube elements via plasmodesmata.
B) cooperate with sieve- tube elements in conducting sugar- rich solutions.
C) fuse together to form the sieve plates of sieve- tube elements.
D) supply materials to repair the plasma membrane of sieve- tube elements.
E) provide proteins and ATP to sieve- tube elements.

Question 25

Parenchyma tissue is a component of the _ _ tissue system.

A) ground
B) epidermal
C) dermal
D) phloem
E) vascular

Question 26

Most conifers have only tracheids. Which structural feature allows water and minerals to pass from one tracheid to the next?

A) Plasmodesmata
B) Pits
C) Sieve plates
D) Stomata
E) Secondary cell walls

Question 27

The formation of sieve plates between phloem sieve- tube elements allows

A) mesophyll cells to connect with xylem cells.
B) the dead phloem cells to form an empty tube.
C) water to transpire from each surface.
D) each cell to function independently.
E) adjacent cells to connect via membrane- lined pores.

Question 28

Parenchyma cells are located in all of the following structures EXCEPT the

A) cortex.
B) cuticle.
C) mesophyll.
D) pith.
E) vascular tissues.

Question 29

Periderm consists of mostly

A) lateral meristem.
B) undifferentiated cells.
C) cork cells.
D) endodermis.
E) epidermis.

Question 30

In vascular plants, sugar solutions and hormones are transported through tubes constructed of cells called

A) sieve- tube elements.
B) vessels elements.
C) tracheids.
D) companion cells.
E) plasmodesmata.

Question 31

In a dicot stem, the _ is between the vascular cambium and the cork cambium.

A) pith
B) xylem
C) cork
D) apical meristem
E) phloem

Question 32

How does carbon dioxide enter a leaf?

A) Atmospheric pressure forces CO₂ through pits on the leaf surface.
B) Dissolved CO₂ is transported from roots to leaves in the xylem.
C) CO₂ diffuses through the epidermis into the mesophyll.
D) CO₂ is moved by active transport into the leaf by special cells called guard cells.
E) CO₂ passes through openings called stomata on the leaf surface.

Question 33

Which of these tissue types makes up most of the ground tissue system?

A) Parenchyma
B) Xylem
C) Collenchyma
D) Sclerenchyma
E) Periderm

Question 34

Of the major tissue systems associated with land plants, the _ tissue system covers the outer surface of the primary plant.

A) meristem
B) dermal
C) ground
D) parenchyma
E) vascular

Question 35

Because most of the trunk of a tree is made of xylem, it is safe to say that most of the tissue in a tree is

A) used for storage.
B) dead.
C) dividing rapidly.
D) conducting sugars.
E) manufacturing sugars.

Question 36

Most of the interior of a leaf consists of soft, thin- walled, living cells.

A) guard
B) parenchyma
C) collenchyma
D) epidermal
E) sclerenchyma

Question 37

Which of the following would you be unable to locate in xylem tissue?

A) Sieve tube elements
B) Cell walls with porous dimples called pits
C) Sclerenchyma cells
D) Vessel elements
E) Tracheids

Question 38

What type of tissue transports sugars (the product of photosynthesis) throughout the plant?

A) Endodermis
B) Parenchyma
C) Collenchyma
D) Xylem
E) Phloem

Question 39

Which of the following is NOT true of sclerenchyma tissue?

A) It is a storage site for sugars and starches.
B) It dies at maturity.
C) It is made up of cells with thickened cell walls.
D) It is associated with xylem and phloem in the vascular tissue system.
E) It provides support to strengthen the plant.

Question 40

Which of the following statements is incorrect with regard to xylem tissue?

A) Vessel elements contain pits.
B) Xylem cells are dead at maturity.
C) Xylem is composed of tracheids and vessel elements.
D) Companion cells provide nutrition for tracheids.
E) Water and minerals are transported by xylem.

Question 41

Under the influence of hormones, branch roots emerge from the of a growing root.

A) Casparian strip
B) central cylinder
C) endodermis
D) pericycle
E) epidermis

Question 42

On the tip of the root, the apical meristem forms the , which prevents the meristem from being worn away as it pushes through the soil.

A) pericycle
B) endodermis
C) root cap
D) cortex
E) epidermis

Question 43

The location of the pericycle is best described as

A) a band wrapped around cells of the endodermis.
B) just beneath the epidermis.
C) adjacent to the shoot apical meristem.
D) the outermost layer of the root vascular cylinder.
E) between layers of primary xylem and primary phloem.

Question 44

Root hairs develop from the

A) endodermis.
B) epidermis.
C) pericycle.
D) Casparian strip.
E) cortex.

Question 45

Which of these tissues is between the epidermis and a vascular bundle in a young dicot stem?

A) Cortex
B) Pith
C) Cork
D) Phloem
E) Xylem

Question 46

Which of the following makes up most of an old tree trunk?

A) Secondary phloem
B) Primary xylem
C) Primary phloem
D) Secondary xylem
E) Vascular cambium

Question 47

Which of the following is the correct order of the tissues in a young dicot stem, from the center of the stem outward?

A) Cortex -vascular cambium -xylem -phloem -epidermis -pith
B) Pith -xylem -vascular cambium -phloem -cortex -epidermis
C) Pith -phloem -cortex -xylem -vascular cambium -epidermis
D) Cortex -xylem -vascular cambium -phloem -pith -epidermis
E) Pith -cortex -phloem -xylem -vascular cambium -epidermis

Question 48

If a beaver eats the bark all the way around a tree trunk (a process called "girdling"), why does the tree die?

A) Water and minerals are no longer supplied to the leaves.
B) Cells of the lateral meristem can no longer divide.
C) The tree is susceptible to insect and fungal diseases.
D) The tree cannot continue to photosynthesize.
E) The phloem is damaged, and the transport of sugars ceases.

Question 49

Water and minerals are mainly absorbed from the soil through the

A) pericycle.
B) root cap.
C) apical meristem.
D) root hairs.
E) epidermis of large woody roots.

Question 50

You discovered an unidentified weed and cut it almost to the ground with the lawn mower. Soon it grows as tall as it was before you cut it. This growth is likely due to which growth region?

A) Root apical meristem
B) Shoot apical meristem
C) Lateral bud meristem
D) Cork cambium
E) Vascular cambium

Question 51

Examination of a woody stem reveals that some tissues are dead at maturity. These dead tissues are

A) secondary xylem and secondary phloem.
B) sapwood and bark.
C) primary phloem and periderm.
D) vascular cambium and primary phloem.
E) cork and heartwood.

Question 52

What are plasmodesmata?

A) Root hairs that are adapted for mineral transport
B) Organelles that manufacture ATP in roots
C) Pores that connect the cytosol of neighboring cells
D) Nutrients that can be used only by plants
E) Transport channels for sugars

Question 53

Most of a carrot, which is adapted for carbohydrate storage, is

A) xylem.
B) pericycle.
C) endodermis.
D) cortex.
E) phloem.

Question 54

As an oak tree ages, the trunk becomes thicker and woodier due to growth.

A) determinate
B) apical meristem
C) tertiary
D) secondary
E) primary

Question 55

Which of these pathways best summarizes the route of a mineral that is absorbed by a plant?

A) Root hairs -epidermis -cortex -endodermis -pericycle -xylem
B) Root hairs -epidermis -endodermis -cortex -xylem
C) Root hairs -pericycle -endodermis -endodermis -cortex -xylem
D) Root hairs -endodermis -cortex -pericycle -xylem
E) Root hairs -cortex -epidermis -phloem -xylem

Question 56

Diffusion doesn't require energy. Why do plants expend energy to actively transport minerals into root hairs?

A) Mineral concentrations in the soil are too low for diffusion.
B) Minerals are too large for diffusion.
C) Minerals are strongly attracted to soil particles.
D) Mineral concentrations in the soil are too high for diffusion.

Question 57

Mycorrhizae are symbiotic associations between fungi and plant

A) leaves.
B) seeds.
C) stems.
D) roots.
E) flowers.

Question 58

All of the following are part of a plant's shoot system EXCEPT

A) mycorrhizae.
B) stem.
C) buds.
D) flowers.
E) leaves.

Question 59

If a tree's heartwood rots out, the tree will

A) not survive because the active xylem is destroyed.
B) be weaker than normal and more likely to blow over in a storm.
C) replace the heartwood with sapwood to compensate for the damaged tissue.
D) not survive because the active phloem is destroyed.

Question 60

Many root epidermal cells grow projections called , which extend from their surface and help in the absorption of water and minerals.

A) villi
B) rhizoids
C) cilia
D) root hairs
E) rhizomes

Question 61

Bacteria- containing nodules in the roots of legume plants aid in the utilization of

A) trace elements.
B) water.
C) phosphates.
D) carbon dioxide.
E) nitrogen.

Question 62

Water loss through the stomata of leaves is called

A) bulk flow.
B) translocation.
C) transpiration.
D) osmosis.
E) guttation.

Question 63

In summer, when plant roots are converting sugar to store as starch, the root is the sugar _ and the leaves are the sugar .

A) source; source
B) sink; sink
C) source; sink
D) sink; source or sink
E) sink; source

Question 64

During the spring, newly emerging leaves are sugar _ and tree roots are sugar _ .

A) sinks; sources
B) sources; sinks
C) sources; sources
D) sinks; sinks

Question 65

Trees are among the largest and oldest living things on Earth. Like all life on Earth, the majority of a tree's biomass is carbon based. What is the source of this carbon?

A) Crushed rock and water
B) Air
C) Fertilizers
D) Water
E) The organic layer of the soil

Question 66

Ground tissue is found in the primary plant only, never in the secondary plant.

Question 67

Why can't plants use N2 directly as a nutrient?

A) Plants lack the enzymes necessary to convert N2 into NO₃-or NH₄+.
B) Plants must use NO₃- to carry out nitrogen fixation.
C) N2 diffuses out of leaves as quickly as it diffuses in, so it has to be "fixed" to remain in leaves.
D) The N2 molecule is too large to enter the stomata.
E) Most soils are depleted of N2 as a nutrient.

Question 68

The mechanism explains the movement of water and minerals through xylem.

A) bulk- flow
B) assisted diffusion
C) translocation
D) cohesion- tension
E) pressure- flow

Question 69

The concentration of nutrients in plants is approximately the same as the concentration of nutrients in the surrounding soil.

Question 70

An opening in the epidermis of the leaf through which water evaporates is called a

A) plasmodesmata.
B) sieve plate.
C) guard cell.
D) pit.
E) stoma.

Question 71

Which essential plant nutrient regulates the opening and closing of pores in the leaves?

A) Potassium
B) Iron
C) Phosphorus
D) Copper
E) Calcium

Question 72

When potassium ions are transported into guard cells, water

A) is actively transported into the guard cells.
B) leaves the guard cells by osmosis.
C) is actively transported out of the guard cells.
D) moves to the edge of the guard cell.
E) enters the guard cells by osmosis.

Question 73

A plant, by opening and closing its stomata, must achieve a balance between

A) carbon dioxide loss and sugar uptake.
B) sugar loss and oxygen uptake.
C) water loss and carbon dioxide uptake.
D) oxygen loss and water uptake.
E) carbon dioxide uptake and oxygen loss.

Question 74

With regard to the cohesion- tension mechanism, "cohesion" refers to the

A) evaporation of water from the stomata of the leaf.
B) attraction of water molecules for one another.
C) tendency of water molecules to be attracted to minerals in the water.
D) process of osmosis that pulls water into the root.
E) use of water in photosynthesis, resulting in a shortage of water in the leaf.

Question 75

What cellular feature allows a mineral such as manganese to diffuse from cell to cell after being taken up by roots?

A) Secondary cell walls
B) Sieve plates
C) Plasmodesmata
D) Microtubules
E) Microfilaments

Question 76

Mycorrhizae are

A) parasitic relationships between bacteria and the roots of a land plant.
B) symbiotic relationships between bacteria and the roots of a land plant.
C) commensal relationships between a fungus and the leaves of a land plant.
D) symbiotic relationships between a fungus and the roots of a land plant.
E) mutualistic relationships between a fungus and an alga.

Question 77

What would happen if Casparian strips were not present and water and minerals could pass between endodermal cells of the plant root rather than through endodermal cells?

A) Too much energy would be needed to move the minerals between endodermal cells.
B) The minerals would enter the conduction vessels of the vascular cylinder much more rapidly.
C) An increased concentration gradient of the minerals in the extracellular space of the vascular cylinder would be better maintained.
D) Minerals would leak back out of the extracellular space of the vascular cylinder as fast as they were pumped into it.
E) Root hairs would lose their ability to take up minerals.

Question 78

Which of the following bonds explains the cohesion of water molecules in the cohesion- tension mechanism?

A) Disulfide
B) Covalent
C) Peptide
D) Ionic
E) Hydrogen

Question 79

Which of these organisms helped biologists determine the contents of phloem?

A) Aphids
B) Termites
C) Ants
D) Grasshoppers
E) Leafhoppers

Question 80

The most widely accepted explanation for the transport of sugar- containing fluids in phloem is the mechanism.

A) transpiration
B) cohesion- tension
C) root pressure
D) bulk flow
E) pressure- flow