Deck 38: Chemical Control of the Animal Body: the Endocrine System

Question 1

Histamine is an example of a(n)

A) prostaglandin.
B) synaptic messenger.
C) local hormone.
D) neurotransmitter.
E) endocrine hormone.

Answer 1

C

Question 2

How do endocrine hormones affect their target cells?

A) They cause changes in cell metabolism only.
B) They stimulate the synthesis of glycogen.
C) They cause changes in cell metabolism and/or gene transcription.
D) They affect gene transcription only.
E) They increase the permeability of the target cell.

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Which of these are made at sites of tissue damage, where they cause inflammation and pain as part of the healing process?

A) Nitric oxide
B) Neurotransmitters
C) Protein receptors
D) Gap junctions
E) Prostaglandins

Answer 3

E

Question 4

Which of the following proteins are required for target cells to interact with hormones?

A) Neuromodulators
B) Response proteins
C) Receptors
D) Cyclic adenosine monophosphates (AMPs)
E) Neurotransmitters

Question 5

Endocrine glands secrete their products

A) into a synapse.
B) into a gap junction.
C) into ducts that open into a body cavity.
D) into interstitial fluid.
E) directly into target cells.

Question 6

Neurotransmitters are

A) chemicals released by cells into the surrounding extracellular fluid and affect only other nearby cells.
B) released from gap junctions directly into the cytoplasm of the connected cell.
C) released from a nerve cell and diffuse across a synaptic gap to influence the target cells.
D) chemicals released from certain cells that travel via the blood to target cells.
E) electrical signals that move between adjacent cells.

Question 7

A diet that lacks cholesterol would limit the production of

A) amino acid derivatives.
B) steroid hormones.
C) peptide hormones.
D) acetylcholine.
E) cyclic AMP.

Question 8

When the hormone epinephrine binds to receptors on the surface of a heart muscle cell, a new molecule, called cyclic AMP, is produced. Cyclic AMP then causes the heart muscle cells to contract more strongly, increasing blood flow throughout the body. In this example, cyclic AMP is acting as a(n)

A) target cell.
B) intercellular enzyme.
C) energy carrier.
D) second messenger.
E) hormone.

Question 9

Testosterone is made in the testes, where it stimulates sperm development. Additionally, testosterone is carried in the blood throughout the body, stimulating the growth of facial hair and muscles. Therefore, testosterone is

A) a neurotransmitter.
B) a local hormone.
C) both a local and an endocrine hormone.
D) both a neurotransmitter and an endocrine hormone.
E) an endocrine hormone.

Question 10

Water- soluble hormones bind to receptors located of the target cell.

A) on the plasma membrane
B) on the mitochondria
C) on DNA
D) in the nucleus
E) in the cytoplasm

Question 11

What are prostaglandins?

A) Modified fatty acids
B) Peptides or proteins
C) Modified amino acids
D) Steroids
E) Carbohydrates

Question 12

Endocrine communication depends on

A) chemicals secreted through ducts.
B) chemicals secreted into the blood for delivery.
C) cytoplasmic movement through gap junctions.
D) electrical signals within individual cells.
E) target cells not binding to a hormone.

Question 13

Local hormones are

A) released from a nerve cell and then diffuse across a synaptic gap to influence the target cells.
B) released by a cell into the surrounding interstitial fluid and affect only other nearby cells.
C) electrical signals that move between adjacent cells.
D) released from gap junctions directly into the cytoplasm of the connected cell.
E) released from one cell and transferred via the blood to target cells throughout the body.

Question 14

Endocrine hormones are

A) released from gap junctions directly into the cytoplasm of the connected cell.
B) released from a nerve cell and diffuse across a synaptic gap to influence the target cells.
C) electrical signals that move between adjacent cells.
D) chemicals released by cells into the surrounding extracellular fluid and affect only other nearby cells.
E) chemicals released from certain cells that travel via the blood to target cells.

Question 15

Peptide hormones, amino acid- derived hormones, and steroid hormones are types of

A) paracrine hormones.
B) hormone receptors.
C) local hormones.
D) neurotransmitters.
E) endocrine hormones.

Question 16

During childbirth, the hormone oxytocin stimulates the smooth muscles of the uterus to contract; however, smooth muscles lining the digestive tract are not affected by oxytocin. Which statement correctly explains this scenario?

A) Smooth muscles of the digestive tract do not contain receptors for oxytocin.
B) Endocrine hormones such as oxytocin do not travel through the blood, so they do not make contact with digestive tract muscles.
C) The digestive tract muscles of the mother's body are temporarily paralyzed by the anti- pain medications administered during labor.
D) Oxytocin is a local hormone released by the uterus, so other muscles do not receive its signals.
E) Oxytocin is released by the fetus and diffuses into the amniotic fluid inside the uterus. Therefore, only uterine muscles are stimulated.

Question 17

Which of the following causes cervical dilation and helps stimulate uterine contractions during labor?

A) Acetylcholine
B) Oxytocin
C) Prostaglandins
D) Estrogen
E) Progesterone

Question 18

The antidiuretic hormone (ADH) is regulated by negative feedback. Which of the following statements is correct about ADH regulation?

A) A high blood concentration of ADH will cause you to excrete dilute urine.
B) A high blood concentration of ADH will increase the rate of ADH production.
C) A high blood concentration of ADH will make you feel thirsty.
D) Drinking a lot of water will increase the rate of ADH production.
E) Loss of water from your bloodstream will limit further production of ADH.

Question 19

You woke up this morning with a headache from staying up cramming last night, so you took an aspirin. This should

A) make the headache worse because aspirin increases the production of endorphins.
B) help because aspirin blocks the production of endorphins.
C) help because aspirin stimulates the production of prostaglandins.
D) help because aspirin increases neurotransmitter levels.
E) help because aspirin inhibits prostaglandin synthesis.

Question 20

Because steroid hormones are lipid soluble, they

A) are repelled by the plasma membrane.
B) can pass through the plasma membrane.
C) dissolve easily in water.
D) must bind to receptor proteins on the surface of the plasma membrane.
E) only affect muscle cells with high lipid content.

Question 21

Hypothalamic hormones that stimulate the production of anterior pituitary hormones are called

A) thyroid- stimulating hormones (TSHs).
B) secondary messengers.
C) releasing hormones.
D) ACTH.
E) inhibiting hormones.

Question 22

Which of the following glands produces hormones that regulate the secretory activity of other endocrine glands?

A) Ovaries and testes
B) Adrenal cortex
C) Pancreas
D) Anterior pituitary
E) Thyroid

Question 23

Children who are pituitary dwarfs can now grow to normal height because of

A) the invention of synthetic growth hormone.
B) genetically engineered production of growth hormone by bacteria.
C) large supplies of growth hormone from dead animals.
D) pituitary transplants.
E) genetic repair before birth.

Question 24

You arrive at the beach only to discover that you forgot your water bottle. You decide to tough it out. However, after spending 4 hours in the sun you decide to head home. If you were to take a blood sample now, you would expect to find elevated levels of

A) ADH.
B) TSH.
C) FSH.
D) ACTH.
E) insulin.

Question 25

The pituitary releases hormones produced by cells in the hypothalamus.

A) anterior
B) dorsal
C) median
D) ventral
E) posterior

Question 26

ADH increases fluid retention when the body sweats and decreases fluid retention when someone has consumed large amounts of water. This is an example of

A) positive feedback.
B) negative feedback.
C) neurotransmitter activity.
D) paracrine communication.
E) synaptic communication.

Question 27

When you eat a bag of cookies, your blood sugar level increases. As blood sugar levels rise, insulin levels increase to move the sugar into the cells and lower the blood sugar level. As the blood sugar level drops, so does the level of insulin. This is an example of

A) positive feedback.
B) negative feedback.
C) neurotransmitter activity.
D) paracrine communication.
E) synaptic communication.

Question 28

Most of the normal variation in human height is due to the influence of

A) testosterone.
B) thyroxine.
C) growth hormone.
D) ADH.
E) epinephrine and norepinephrine.

Question 29

When you scratch a mosquito bite, you damage some cells. Damaged cells release histamine, which causes localized swelling that can crush additional cells, causing the release of more histamine. This is an example of

A) positive feedback.
B) negative feedback.
C) neurotransmitter activity.
D) paracrine communication.
E) synaptic communication.

Question 30

Sometimes when a new mother is nursing her baby, she experiences abdominal cramping. Which hormone is responsible?

A) Progesterone
B) Estrogen
C) Oxytocin
D) FSH
E) Prolactin

Question 31

Most steroid hormones are synthesized from

A) linoleic acid.
B) amino acids.
C) cholesterol.
D) insulin.
E) glucose.

Question 32

All releasing hormones produced by neurosecretory cells of the hypothalamus are

A) peptides.
B) modified amino acids.
C) steroids.
D) modified fatty acids.
E) ions.

Question 33

Dwarfism is sometimes due to inadequate levels of a hormone produced by which gland?

A) Adrenal cortex
B) Parathyroid
C) Anterior pituitary
D) Pancreas
E) Adrenal medulla

Question 34

Thymosin is a hormone produced by the thymus gland. If production of thymosin is inhibited, then

A) bone density decreases.
B) dehydration occurs.
C) progesterone production stops.
D) blood glucose levels fluctuate wildly.
E) T cells do not develop.

Question 35

Oxytocin and ADH are produced by the neurosecretory cells of the hypothalamus; however, they are stored in and released from the

A) adrenal medulla.
B) pancreas.
C) parathyroid.
D) posterior pituitary.
E) thyroid.

Question 36

A common occurrence for nursing mothers is "milk let- down," which stimulates the mother's mammary glands to eject milk. Which hormone is responsible for the milk letdown reflex?

A) Oxytocin
B) Follicle- stimulating hormone (FSH)
C) Prolactin
D) Estrogen
E) Progesterone

Question 37

Steroid hormones can diffuse into all cells of the body; however, not all cells respond to steroid hormones. Why?

A) Not all cells are lipid soluble and therefore they cannot respond to steroid hormones.
B) Only cells with surface protein receptors can respond to steroid hormones.
C) Only cells containing cytoplasmic or nuclear receptors to the steroid hormone can respond.
D) Not all cells contain the genes necessary to respond to steroid hormones.
E) Only cells displaying plasma membrane receptors can respond to a lipid- soluble hormone.

Question 38

After hiking for an hour in the desert without drinking water, your circulating levels of ADH will be

A) above average.
B) average.
C) below average.

Question 39

If basal metabolism drops, which anterior pituitary hormone is released to stimulate the thyroid gland to produce thyroxine?

A) FSH
B) ACTH
C) Prolactin
D) TSH
E) ADH

Question 40

Which of these hormones does the posterior pituitary release?

A) ADH
B) Gonadotropins
C) Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
D) Growth hormone
E) Cortisol

Question 41

Aldosterone release is stimulated by

A) decreased levels of blood sodium.
B) increased blood glucose concentrations.
C) increased levels of blood sodium.
D) decreased blood glucose concentrations.
E) increased levels of growth hormone.

Question 42

Which hormone prepares the uterus to receive and nourish a fertilized egg?

A) FSH
B) Insulin
C) Oxytocin
D) Progesterone
E) Luteinizing hormone (LH)

Question 43

Thymosin, produced by the thymus, stimulates the maturation of

A) B cells.
B) all white blood cells.
C) red blood cells.
D) both T and B cells.
E) T cells.

Question 44

Which pair of hormones is responsible for maintaining relatively constant blood glucose levels?

A) Calcitonin and TSH
B) Aldosterone and insulin
C) Thyroxine and thymosin
D) ADH and growth hormone
E) Insulin and glucagon

Question 45

What is the effect of increased levels of parathyroid hormone?

A) Increased blood calcium levels
B) Increased estrogen levels
C) Decreased blood calcium levels
D) Decreased metabolism
E) Increased metabolism

Question 46

Several hours after a meal, glucagon increases blood glucose levels by activating an enzyme that breaks down glycogen, which is stored primarily in the

A) kidneys.
B) pancreas.
C) liver.
D) heart.
E) small intestine.

Question 47

Which hormone lowers blood glucose levels?

A) Estrogen
B) Glucagon
C) Growth hormone
D) Cortisol
E) Insulin

Question 48

Iodized salt provides the essential nutrient iodine. Iodine is important in preventing

A) gigantism.
B) high blood pressure.
C) a goiter.
D) diabetes.
E) menstrual cramps.

Question 49

Which of the following triggers the release of calcium from bones?

A) Insulin
B) Calcitonin
C) Prolactin
D) Parathyroid hormone
E) Oxytocin

Question 50

Inadequate levels of thyroxine during infancy results in retardation of mental and physical growth. This syndrome is known as

A) beriberi.
B) acromegaly.
C) goiter.
D) diabetes.
E) cretinism.

Question 51

Due to negative feedback mechanisms, high levels of thyroxine in the blood decrease the

A) metabolic rate.
B) growth rate.
C) release of TSH.
D) rate of cell division.
E) rate of insulin production.

Question 52

Insulin _ blood glucose, whereas glucagon _ _ blood glucose.

A) increases; decreases
B) does not affect; controls
C) controls; does not affect
D) makes; destroys
E) decreases; increases

Question 53

Islet cells in the pancreas produce which hormone(s)?

A) Each cell produces both glucagon and insulin.
B) Each cell produces either glucagon or insulin.
C) They produce glucagon only.
D) Islet cells do not produce hormones.
E) They produce insulin only.

Question 54

Diabetes mellitus is due to an inability to produce or respond to which hormone?

A) ADH
B) Insulin
C) Glucagon
D) Thyroxine
E) Glucocorticoids

Question 55

Which of the following hormones suppresses the immune response?

A) FSH
B) Cortisol
C) ACTH
D) LH

Question 56

Which of the following is a hormone that is released by fat cells?

A) Oxytocin
B) Leptin
C) Prolactin
D) Glucagon
E) Epinephrine

Question 57

Which of the following best explains why anabolic steroid abuse by male athletes can lead to a decrease in testes size?

A) Circulating anabolic steroids increase the release of FSH and LH, which slow down growth and function of the testes.
B) High levels of anabolic steroids decrease the production of testosterone through negative feedback, which decreases the size of the testes.
C) High levels of anabolic steroids increase the production of testosterone through positive feedback, which decreases the size of the testes.
D) High levels of anabolic steroids cause the adrenal glands to release more estrogen.
E) Circulating anabolic steroids decrease the release of FSH and LH, which slow down growth and function of the testes.

Question 58

If you eat a meal that is high in sugar, which hormone will stimulate your cells to remove the sugar from your blood?

A) Thyroxine
B) Insulin
C) Glucocorticoids
D) Glycogen
E) Glucagon

Question 59

The adrenal medulla produces hormones in response to

A) reduced blood levels of thyroxine.
B) signals from the anterior pituitary.
C) light.
D) signals from the posterior pituitary.
E) stress or exercise.

Question 60

The thymus produces , a hormone that stimulates the maturation of specialized white blood cells called T cells.

A) testosterone
B) ACTH
C) insulin
D) thyroxine
E) thymosin

Question 61

Overproduction of thyroxine causes a decrease in metabolic rate and energy levels.

Question 62

Insulin production is regulated by a positive feedback loop that helps maintain healthy blood sugar levels.

Question 63

Thyroxine is an amino acid- derived hormone that binds to plasma membrane receptors on the surface of target cells.

Question 64

Positive feedback mechanisms enhance changes in the body.

Question 65

Neurosecretory cells connect the hypothalamus directly to the posterior pituitary.

Question 66

Increased levels of stress and trauma may enhance the release of cortisol.

Question 67

Only males make the hormone testosterone.

Question 68

Peptide hormones such as insulin cannot pass through the plasma membrane so they bind to receptors on the target cell's surface, triggering the production of second messengers.

Question 69

As TSH levels increase, thyroxine levels should decrease.

Question 70

In paracrine communication, paracrine glands secrete their products directly into the bloodstream.

Question 71

Contractions of the uterus during childbirth are stimulated by oxytocin.

Question 72

Steroid hormones are lipid soluble and diffuse through the plasma membrane into a cell.

Question 73

Taking this exam might have caused your adrenal cortex to produce cortisol, the most common glucocorticoid. Cortisol is usually produced in response to

A) the release of adrenaline.
B) increased brain activity.
C) inactivity.
D) stress or anxiety.
E) a drop in blood pressure.

Question 74

Only mammals produce hormones.

Question 75

A second messenger, such as cyclic AMP, carries a hormonal signal to molecules inside a cell.

Question 76

Which gland responds to light and is involved in daily rhythms in some animals?

A) Adrenal
B) Pineal
C) Thymus
D) Pancreas
E) Pituitary

Question 77

Alcohol prevents dehydration by increasing the production of ADH.

Question 78

Low blood oxygen levels trigger the release of erythropoietin.

Question 79

Histamine is a local hormone.

Question 80

Decreased levels of ADH cause

A) hunger.
B) dehydration.
C) increased metabolism.
D) water weight gain.
E) fever.