Deck 35: Nutrition and Digestion

Question 1

Minerals required for bone formation include

A) calcium and phosphorus.
B) calcium and zinc.
C) iron and sodium.
D) zinc and potassium.
E) calcium and sodium.

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Which nutrient is synthesized and stored in the liver and muscles of animals and is used as a source of quick energy?

A) Protein
B) Fat
C) Calcium
D) Glycogen
E) Starch

Answer 2

D

Question 3

The amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water by 1°C is called

A) the basal energy quotient.
B) a calorie.
C) the resting metabolic rate.
D) a Calorie.
E) the body mass index.

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Which of the following nutrients would yield the most energy per gram?

A) Proteins
B) Carbohydrates
C) Lipids
D) Minerals
E) Vitamins

Question 5

An anorexic person

A) is usually treated with antibiotics.
B) is usually overweight.
C) eats very little food.
D) eats a meal and then vomits.
E) has a bacterial infection in the stomach.

Question 6

Vitamin D is added to milk because it increases

A) digestion of lipids in milk.
B) digestion of milk protein.
C) calcium absorption.
D) iron absorption.
E) the shelf life of milk.

Question 7

Women who become pregnant are encouraged to take supplements of because a deficiency in this nutrient can cause birth defects.

A) folic acid
B) biotin
C) choline
D) vitamin C
E) vitamin K

Question 8

What is the primary energy- storage molecule in plants?

A) Protein
B) Cellulose
C) Starch
D) Cholesterol
E) Chlorophyll

Question 9

Vitamin K is required for

A) proper kidney function.
B) night vision.
C) energy metabolism.
D) collagen synthesis.
E) blood clotting.

Question 10

You eat 25 potato chips, which contain 10 grams of carbohydrate (potato) and 10 grams of fat. This means that

A) about 40 Calories are from fat and 90 Calories are from carbohydrate.
B) all of the calories are from carbohydrate.
C) about half your calories are from fat and half from carbohydrate.
D) about 90 Calories are from fat and 40 Calories are from carbohydrate.
E) all of the calories are from fat.

Question 11

All of the following statements regarding proteins are true EXCEPT

A) some act as receptors on cell membranes.
B) humans can synthesize all of the amino acids needed to make proteins.
C) most enzymes are proteins.
D) they are the primary components of muscle, connective tissue, nails, and hair.
E) kwashiorkor is caused by protein deficiency.

Question 12

The symptoms of pellagra are due to a lack of

A) riboflavin.
B) niacin.
C) pantothenic acid.
D) pyridoxine.
E) thiamin.

Question 13

Sodium and potassium are minerals that are important in

A) the replication of DNA.
B) blood clotting.
C) muscle contraction and nerve impulse conduction.
D) the production of hemoglobin.
E) the development of strong bones and teeth.

Question 14

A person has the highest energy expenditure at rest.

A) moderately physically active
B) very sedentary, overweight
C) moderately sedentary
D) very physically active, muscular

Question 15

An essential nutrient is one that

A) cannot be made by the organism.
B) can be found only in animal products.
C) is used for energy storage.
D) is required in large amounts.

Question 16

The ability of the blood to transport oxygen is greatly reduced in individuals who have a dietary deficiency of this mineral.

A) Iron
B) Sodium
C) Calcium
D) Potassium
E) Zinc

Question 17

The average human body at rest burns about Calories per hour.

A) 5,000
B) 1,000
C) 1
D) 500
E) 70

Question 18

Which nutrients provide energy for animals?

A) Carbohydrates, fats, and proteins
B) Carbohydrates and fats
C) Carbohydrates, fats, and nucleic acids
D) Carbohydrates and proteins
E) Fats and proteins

Question 19

Which of the following help neutralize free radicals that form in the body?

A) Lipids
B) Amino acids
C) Monosaccharides
D) Antioxidants
E) Minerals

Question 20

Which of the following vitamins is an essential nutrient in humans that cannot be synthesized by intestinal bacteria?

A) Folic acid
B) Vitamin C (ascorbic acid)
C) Biotin
D) Vitamin B5 (pantothenic acid)
E) Vitamin K

Question 21

In most animals, digestion occurs

A) intracellularly, through collar cells.
B) intracellularly, through simple absorption.
C) extracellularly, within a gastrovascular cavity.
D) extracellularly, within a cavity that is open at both ends.
E) extracellularly, within the circulatory system.

Question 22

Sea anemones, hydra, and sea jellies digest food extracellularly within a

A) gastrovascular cavity.
B) rumen.
C) lysosome.
D) food vacuole.
E) digestive tract.

Question 23

Wolves, seals, and cats have enlarged canines and molars designed for shearing rather than grinding or chewing. How would you classify these animals on the basis of the type of teeth they possess?

A) Herbivores
B) Omnivores
C) Carnivores
D) Ruminants

Question 24

How would you classify an organism that consumes and digests both plant and animal sources of nutrients?

A) Omnivore
B) Ruminant
C) Herbivore
D) Carnivore

Question 25

Which of the following is a water- soluble vitamin?

A) A
B) C
C) D
D) E
E) K

Question 26

Which part of the digestive tract has the lowest pH?

A) Pancreas
B) Small intestine
C) Rectum
D) Large intestine
E) Stomach

Question 27

Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding a gastrovascular cavity?

A) Digestion is exclusively intracellular.
B) Absorption occurs within collar cells.
C) Ingestion and elimination occur through a single opening.
D) Digestion is unnecessary because of the small size of the particles absorbed.
E) Digestion occurs in specialized chambers.

Question 28

What type of digestion takes place inside the mouth?

A) Absorption only
B) Chemical digestion only
C) Ingestion only
D) Mechanical and chemical digestion
E) Mechanical digestion only

Question 29

All of the following structures are found in the digestive system of birds EXCEPT a(n)

A) small intestine.
B) esophagus.
C) gizzard.
D) abomasum.
E) crop.

Question 30

Which of these animals uses collar cells to obtain food for intracellular digestion?

A) Sponges
B) Earthworms
C) Hydra
D) Humans
E) Protists

Question 31

When your mother told you to drink your milk because it would help build strong bones, she was

A) right, because milk contains vitamin D, which promotes bone growth.
B) wrong, because milk contains large amounts of vitamin C, which causes scurvy.
C) right, because milk contains vitamin C, which is involved in maintaining the walls of blood vessels in the retina.
D) wrong, because milk contains large amounts of vitamin D, which causes rickets.
E) wrong, because milk contains large amounts of vitamin E, which helps with the formation of red blood cells.

Question 32

Which of the following contains indigestible fiber, mucus, and dead microorganisms that are eliminated from the body?

A) Feces
B) Chyme
C) Pancreatic juice
D) Bile
E) Ghrelin

Question 33

Ruminants

A) rely on a muscular gizzard to grind their food.
B) harbor symbiotic microorganisms that digest cellulose.
C) are obligate meat- eaters, or carnivores.
D) have a two- chambered stomach.
E) have a very short small intestine.

Question 34

A shipworm is an animal that subsists entirely on a diet of wood. What digestive feature is this animal likely to have in order to survive on this highly specialized diet?

A) A gastrovascular cavity
B) Large amounts of proteases and lipases
C) Intracellular digestion
D) Symbiotic microorganisms that produce cellulose- digesting enzymes
E) A three- chambered stomach

Question 35

Which vitamin plays a major role in blood clotting?

A) B12
B) B1 (thiamin)
C) K
D) D
E) A

Question 36

Which of the following produces the cellulose- digesting enzyme (cellulase) in a cow's digestive tract?

A) Cells lining the small intestine
B) Microorganisms in the rumen
C) Liver
D) Pancreas
E) Gallbladder

Question 37

With the widespread public interest in low- fat food, some companies have started to use synthetic fats that cannot be broken down and absorbed by the digestive system. What problem might be associated with a typical American diet that includes large amounts of these synthetic fats?

A) Obesity
B) Vitamin K deficiency
C) Vitamin C deficiency
D) Protein deficiency
E) Anorexia

Question 38

Your roommate tells you that because she has no time to eat healthy foods, she is taking megadoses of vitamins. You warn her that this may be dangerous, because certain vitamins can accumulate in body fat. Megadoses of which of the following vitamins would be most likely to cause toxic effects?

A) Vitamin E
B) Thiamin
C) Folic acid
D) Vitamin C

Question 39

Which of the following best describes the process of bringing food into the digestive system through an opening?

A) Absorption
B) Adsorption
C) Digestion
D) Indigestion
E) Ingestion

Question 40

You awaken to discover your alarm clock failed to ring. You just might be able to make it to class on time if you leave immediately (skip breakfast) and sprint to reach the lecture hall two blocks away. What energy source is most likely being used to fuel your activity?

A) Protein
B) Phospholipid
C) Fat
D) Glycogen
E) Cellulose

Question 41

Which hormone stimulates the activity of gastric glands?

A) Secretin
B) Cholecystokinin
C) Gastrin
D) Pepsinogen

Question 42

Which of these enzymes catalyzes the breakdown of starch (a polysaccharide)?

A) Amylase
B) Peptidase
C) Pepsin
D) Lipase
E) Bile

Question 43

Which of the following is responsible for stimulating the release of pancreatic juice into the small intestine?

A) Leptin
B) Ghrelin
C) Gastrin
D) Pepsin
E) Cholecystokinin

Question 44

Most chemical digestion occurs in the

A) large intestine.
B) stomach.
C) esophagus.
D) mouth.
E) small intestine.

Question 45

Which of the following can be absorbed directly into the bloodstream?

A) Fats
B) Polysaccharides
C) Large proteins
D) Amino acids
E) Triglycerides

Question 46

Which of the following plays a key role in the absorption and distribution of fats?

A) Microvilli and villi
B) Segmentation and peristalsis movements
C) Secretin and gastrin
D) Large intestine and rectum
E) Chylomicrons and lacteals

Question 47

The stomach differs from the small intestine in that it

A) produces enzymes that work best at a low pH.
B) secretes hormones that travel through the bloodstream.
C) does not secrete mucus.
D) secretes enzymes.
E) has tiny projections called villi that are folded into microvilli.

Question 48

Digested fats are packaged into , which are too big to enter blood capillaries and so have to diffuse into lacteals, where fats enter the lymph and are transported within the lymphatic system.

A) chyme
B) lipases
C) bile salts
D) micelles
E) chylomicrons

Question 49

Which of the following regions of the digestive tract exhibits segmentation movements as well as peristalsis?

A) Small intestine
B) Esophagus
C) Anus
D) Rectum
E) Stomach

Question 50

The cells lining the small intestine have projections into the lumen of the intestine. These projections, combined with the highly folded layering of cells lining the lumen, function to

A) slow the nerve impulses that trigger peristalsis.
B) increase the surface area for nutrient absorption.
C) facilitate countercurrent exchange.
D) decrease the reabsorption of water.
E) increase the rate of peristalsis.

Question 51

The major function of the large intestine is to

A) make bile.
B) reabsorb water.
C) digest food.
D) neutralize chyme.
E) produce digestive enzymes.

Question 52

What structure prevents swallowed material from passing into the larynx?

A) Glottis
B) Tongue
C) Epiglottis
D) Pharynx
E) Pyloris

Question 53

Which of the following is a gastric enzyme that breaks down proteins into peptides?

A) Lipase
B) Sodium bicarbonate
C) Pepsin
D) Amylase
E) Bile

Question 54

The pH of the digestive tract is

A) high throughout.
B) basic in the stomach and acidic throughout the rest of the tract.
C) neutral throughout.
D) acidic in the stomach and neutral in the intestines.
E) low throughout.

Question 55

Amylase is produced by the

A) salivary glands, small intestine, and pancreas.
B) small intestine only.
C) salivary glands only.
D) pancreas only.
E) salivary glands and pancreas.

Question 56

If you chew on a piece of bread long enough, it will begin to taste sweet because

A) disaccharidases are forming glucose.
B) lipases are forming fatty acids.
C) amylase is breaking down starches into disaccharides.
D) maltase is breaking down maltose.
E) proteases are forming amino acids.

Question 57

Digestion begins in the

A) stomach.
B) pharynx.
C) small intestine.
D) mouth.
E) colon.

Question 58

Bacteria in the large intestine are able to manufacture

A) some minerals.
B) vitamin A.
C) vitamin K.
D) vitamin C.

Question 59

Bile is produced by the liver and stored in the gallbladder. The function of bile is to

A) disperse fats into smaller particles.
B) dissolve salts and detoxify poisons in food.
C) raise the pH of chyme as it enters the small intestine.
D) prevent regurgitation of food into the esophagus and activate stomach acids.
E) lower the pH of the stomach.

Question 60

Bile aids in fat digestion by

A) removing the fatty acid chains from the glycerol.
B) acting directly as a lipid- digesting enzyme.
C) converting lipids to proteins, which can then be digested by proteases.
D) breaking fat into small fat droplets that can then be digested by enzymes.

Question 61

Name the six major categories of animal nutrients.

Question 62

When you swallow, you set in motion a series of wavelike muscle contractions that are collectively called
.

Question 63

The bacterium shown to be associated with the majority of gastric ulcers is

A) Streptococcus lactis.
B) Streptococcus pyogenes.
C) Helicobacter pylori.
D) Escherichia coli.
E) Staphylococcus aureus.

Question 64

How does the highly acidic fluid in the stomach become slightly basic almost immediately upon entry into the small intestine?

A) The acids in this fluid are neutralized by the amylase secreted from the pancreas.
B) The acids in this fluid are neutralized by the sodium bicarbonate secreted from the pancreas.
C) The acids in this fluid remain in the stomach and only the partially digested food enters the small intestine.
D) The acids are absorbed by the small intestine as soon as they leave the stomach.

Question 65

Bile is made by the .

Question 66

Birds ingest sand or small stones to aid in digestion.

Question 67

Humans are able to synthesize all the vitamins they need.

Question 68

Imagine you are a family physician. You see an 18- year- old with a lower- than- normal body weight and teeth that have been eroded by acid. Your diagnosis is

A) liver failure.
B) anorexia.
C) bulimia.
D) ulcer of the small intestine.
E) pancreatitis.

Question 69

The large intestine is the longest part of the digestive tract.

Question 70

Cellulose is the most abundant carbohydrate on Earth.

Question 71

Hydrochloric acid formed in the stomach converts pepsinogen into pepsin, which enables the stomach to begin digesting _ _.

Question 72

A 50- year- old woman visits her doctor with complaints of bruises that will not heal. Her doctor has had her on long- term antibiotic treatment to control some chronic infections. Which of the following explains how her antibiotic treatment is related to her bruising?

A) The antibiotics have destroyed the "good" bacteria in her large intestine that produce vitamin K, which is important for proper blood clotting.
B) The antibiotics weaken the cells lining her capillaries, causing them to leak blood into the surrounding tissues.
C) She is malnourished because the antibiotics have destroyed the "good" bacteria in her digestive system that are responsible for producing the digestive enzymes that she needs to break down her food.
D) The antibiotics have traveled to her liver and are now preventing the liver from producing proteins that circulate in the blood and help with clotting.

Question 73

Fats and oils contain more energy per gram than proteins or carbohydrates.

Question 74

The small intestine is the principal site of both digestion and nutrient absorption.

Question 75

You need the mineral _ in your diet in order to carry oxygen efficiently in your red blood cells.

Question 76

digestion is the process by which food particles are exposed to enzymes that break them down into smaller subunits.

Question 77

Digestion in humans occurs in a gastrovascular cavity.

Question 78

Which of the following structures has both a digestive and a respiratory role?

A) Nose
B) Stomach
C) Pharynx
D) Larynx
E) Esophagus

Question 79

The activity of which of the following digestive enzymes will be affected by the regular consumption of antacids following a meal?

A) Lipase
B) Sucrase
C) Amylase
D) Cellulase
E) Pepsin

Question 80

Which of these dietary changes should I make following surgery to remove my gallbladder? (Hint: How does the gallbladder assist in digestion?)

A) Increase my consumption of protein
B) Decrease my consumption of fats
C) Increase my intake of water
D) Increase my consumption of fats
E) Decrease my consumption of protein