Deck 9: Gender Inequality

Question 1

People begin to treat children in specific ways because of their gender:

A)from the moment they are born
B)when they begin kindergarten
C)at the onset of puberty
D)when they enter college
E)when they enter the labor force

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Researchers have found that boys are responded to positively when they act in masculine ways,but when they act in feminine ways,they are either admonished or ignored.This finding provides the most support for which approach to gender?

A)the biological approach
B)the gender socialization approach
C)the cultural approach
D)the social position approach
E)the ideological approach

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Why does gender inequality exist?

A)because men and women generally do different kinds of work
B)because women are responsible for child rearing
C)because men hunt
D)because men engage in military activities
E)because the activities of men and women are valued differently

Answer 3

E

Question 4

Over the past fifty years,women's participation in the paid labor force:

A)has risen continuously
B)has dropped continuously
C)has remained the same
D)has gone up and down with no clear pattern
E)rose for the first twenty-five years but dropped for the last twenty-five

Question 5

Male dominance in a society is usually referred to as:

A)patriarchy
B)matriarchy
C)patrilocality
D)matrilocality
E)egalitarianism

Question 6

Norah Vincent's 2006 book Self-Made Man: One Woman's Year Disguised as a Man illustrates how:

A)gender is pervasive in structuring social life
B)biological differences make it difficult for a woman to pretend to be a man
C)gender is irrelevant in most everyday encounters
D)hormones can deepen a woman's voice
E)voice training cannot help a woman sound like a man

Question 7

__________ refers to physical differences of the body between men and women.

A)Sex
B)Gender
C)Sexuality
D)Genetics
E)Segregation

Question 8

In 1975,only __________ of married women with preschool-age children (under six years old)were in the labor force,yet this figure had increased to __________ by 2009.

A)19 percent; 77.9 percent
B)19 percent; 57.9 percent
C)39 percent; 77.9 percent
D)39 percent; 57.9 percent
E)59 percent; 37.9 percent

Question 9

Which of the following is NOT an example of aggression that is consistent with female gender role socialization?

A)interpersonal aggression
B)malicious gossip
C)bad-mouthing
D)physical fights
E)all of the above

Question 10

What is an example of "doing gender"?

A)growing a beard
B)choosing to wear a dress
C)keeping your hair long
D)deepening your voice
E)all of the above

Question 11

In the United States,men generally have more status,power,and prestige than women.This is an example of:

A)gender conformity
B)matriarchy
C)masculinity
D)berdache
E)gender inequality

Question 12

__________ refers to the psychological,social,and cultural differences between women and men.

A)Sex
B)Gender
C)Sexuality
D)Genetics
E)Segregation

Question 13

Which of the following statements is true concerning the !Kung of the Kalahari Desert?

A)!Kung men are aggressive.
B)!Kung women are aggressive.
C)!Kung women hunt.
D)!Kung men provide the majority of the food.
E)!Kung men engage in childcare.

Question 14

In Navajo culture,the nádleehí,male-bodied people with feminine natures:

A)are considered especially honorable
B)are devalued
C)cross-dress because they consider cross-dressing erotic
D)do not actually exist; it is simply a myth
E)were banned from Navajo society

Question 15

How can the increase in female labor force participation over the last fifty years be explained?

A)There has been an increase in demand for clerical and service work.
B)Many women now postpone family formation to complete their education and establish themselves in the labor force.
C)A majority of women now work outside the home during their child-bearing years.
D)All of the above are true.
E)There has been no increase.

Question 16

Variations in gender roles across cultures demonstrate that:

A)gender roles are biologically determined
B)gender roles are culturally determined
C)Western social scientists have a bias that distorts their understanding of gender roles
D)there is no such thing as gender roles
E)gender roles are essentially the same everywhere, with only minor variations

Question 17

Which of the following statements is true concerning the role of biology in explaining the behavior patterns of men and women?

A)Biological factors wholly determine behavior patterns in men and women.
B)There is abundant evidence that supports the biological origins of behavior patterns in men and women.
C)The biological evidence shows that social context has little to do with shaping the behavior patterns of men and women.
D)The biological evidence shows that social interaction has little to do with shaping the behavior patterns of men and women.
E)Nearly a century of research fails to identify the physiological and biological origins of the behavior patterns of men and women.

Question 18

Theories of "natural difference" are often grounded in:

A)animal behavior evidence
B)anthropological evidence
C)historical evidence
D)social psychological evidence
E)social structural evidence

Question 19

Which of the following statements concerning Afghanistan and the bacha posh,daughters transformed into sons,is true?

A)It is a myth that some families transform one young daughter into a son.
B)Most of the time, a bacha posh returns to womanhood when the child enters puberty.
C)Parents of bacha posh consider transforming their girls into boys to be cruel.
D)Girls are highly prized.
E)Families with only sons often experience shame and pity.

Question 20

Theorists who believe in the social construction of gender:

A)argue that only gender is socially constructed; sex is clearly biological
B)argue that both gender and sex are socially constructed
C)argue that neither gender nor sex is socially constructed
D)accept that there are some gender differences that are biological
E)agree with those who argue that sex is largely biologically determined

Question 21

Comparable worth policies are relatively rare for all of the following reasons EXCEPT:

A)It is easy to assess the worth of jobs.
B)Comparable worth is inflationary.
C)Comparable worth will cause wage losses and unemployment.
D)Feminists argue that comparable worth reinforces gender stereotyping.
E)Comparable worth faces obstacles in the courts.

Question 22

The making of unwanted sexual advances by one individual toward another,in which the first person persists even though it is clear that the other party is resistant is called:

A)patriarchy
B)gender typing
C)sexual harassment
D)gender profiling
E)gender construction

Question 23

In the Wal-Mart class-action lawsuit filed by Betty Dukes and thousands of her fellow female Wal-Mart workers,the plaintiffs claimed:

A)that Wal-Mart had an official corporate policy that blocked women's career opportunities
B)that each local store manager had no discretion over pay and promotions and that lack of discretion favored men
C)that most of the store managers were sexist and mean-spirited
D)that supervisors worked in a corporate culture that permitted bias against women to infect, perhaps subconsciously, their discretionary decision making
E)that supervisors informally agreed to not promote women

Question 24

Betty Dukes,along with her coworkers,filed a class-action lawsuit charging Wal-Mart with preventing women from achieving upward mobility in the company.In this example,Betty and her coworkers claim they:

A)are hitting the glass ceiling
B)are riding the glass escalator
C)are experiencing gender typing
D)are experiencing sex segregation
E)are experiencing comparable worth

Question 25

With respect to the study conducted in Great Britain investigating views of managers interviewing female applicants for positions as technical staff members in the health services mentioned in your textbook,which of the following statements is NOT true?

A)Interviewers always asked the women about whether they had, or intended to have, children.
B)Interviewers always asked the men about whether they had, or intended to have, children.
C)Most interviewers saw asking women about whether they had, or intended to have, children as part of their task in assessing whether a female applicant would prove to be a reliable colleague.
D)Most interviewers accepted the principle that women should have the same career opportunities as men.
E)All of the above statements are true.

Question 26

Stanford University sociologist Shelley Correll and her colleagues found that:

A)mothers are less likely to be hired than non-mothers who have the same work experience and qualifications, and mothers are offered significantly lower starting pay than equally qualified non-mothers for the same job
B)mothers are less likely to be hired than non-mothers who have the same work experience and qualifications; however, mothers are offered significantly higher starting pay than equally qualified non-mothers for the same job
C)mothers are more likely to be hired than non-mothers who have the same work experience and qualification, and mothers are offered significantly higher starting pay than equally qualified non-mothers for the same job
D)mothers are more likely to be hired than non-mothers who have the same work experience and qualifications; however, mothers are offered significantly lower starting pay than equally qualified non-mothers for the same job
E)mothers were just as likely to be hired than non-mothers who have the same work experience and qualifications, and mothers are offered about the same starting pay as equally qualified non-mothers for the same job

Question 27

Six of the ten richest self-made women in the world are:

A)American
B)Chinese
C)German
D)Indian
E)Russian

Question 28

Which of the following groups does the most housework?

A)unmarried childless women
B)married women with children
C)unmarried childless men
D)married men with children
E)unmarried men with children

Question 29

Which of the following is an example of quid pro quo sexual harassment?

A)sexual language
B)lewd posters
C)sexual advances that make a worker so uncomfortable that it is difficult for her to do her job
D)when a supervisor demands sexual acts from a worker as a job condition
E)none of the above; quid pro quo is not a type of sexual harassment

Question 30

In 2009,the ratio of women's to men's earnings among full-time,year-round workers was:

A)52.3 percent
B)62.4 percent
C)72.2 percent
D)82.1 percent
E)92.3 percent

Question 31

Childcare work is considered "women's work," and construction work is considered "men's work." Childcare workers generally make less than construction workers.This situation exemplifies:

A)masculinity
B)gender socialization
C)gender typing
D)the glass ceiling
E)the glass escalator

Question 32

Which of the following differential behaviors was NOT a pattern found in schools?

A)Male students interacted more with their teachers than female students did.
B)Boys were more often scolded and punished than girls.
C)Teachers are more likely to solicit information from boys than girls.
D)Girls were more likely to call out answers in class than boys.
E)When girls tried to bring attention to themselves by calling out in class without raising their hands, they were reprimanded.

Question 33

John is an elementary school teacher who is encouraged by management to apply for the vacant principal position at his school.Even though there are equally qualified or more qualified female teachers,he is told he will get excellent recommendations.In this example,John:

A)is hitting the glass ceiling
B)is riding the glass escalator
C)is experiencing gender typing
D)is experiencing sex segregation
E)is experiencing comparable worth

Question 34

Which country,of those listed below,has the lowest percent of women in senior management?

A)Netherlands
B)Canada
C)Hungary
D)United States
E)All of the countries listed above have the same percent of women in senior management.

Question 35

Which of the following statements concerning housework is true?

A)Women do more housework now than they did in 1976.
B)Men do less housework now than they did in 1976.
C)Unmarried childless men do more housework after getting married.
D)Married men with more than three children do less housework than married childless men.
E)Women earn less than men and therefore do most of the housework in exchange for economic support from men.

Question 36

A local college adjusted the pay of its workers so that workers were paid by education and experience in order to remedy the gender pay gap between female-dominated and male-dominated jobs.This adjustment is an example of:

A)gender typing policies
B)sex segregation policies
C)comparable worth policies
D)glass ceiling policies
E)glass escalator policies

Question 37

A promotion barrier that prevents a woman's upward mobility within an organization is called:

A)a glass ceiling
B)a glass escalator
C)gender typing
D)sex segregation
E)comparable worth

Question 38

In which country,of those listed below,is the difference in the hours worked each day by men and women,including housework and childcare,the lowest?

A)Mexico
B)Italy
C)India
D)United States
E)All of the countries listed above have the same difference.

Question 39

Female politicians are more likely to be:

A)members of the Republican party rather than the Democratic party
B)involved in local politics rather than national politics
C)in the U.S.Senate than male politicians
D)in the U.S.House of Representatives than male politicians
E)none of the above; there is no gender difference in politics

Question 40

As a result of differential treatment in schools,girls are socialized to be:

A)quiet
B)inquisitive
C)outspoken
D)active problem solvers
E)none of the above; boys and girls are not treated differently in schools

Question 41

Which of the following issues is addressed in the Platform for Action agreed to at the 1995 United Nations Women's Conference in Beijing?

A)the burden of poverty on women
B)violence against women
C)the effects of armed or other kinds of conflict on women
D)inequality between men and women in power and decision making
E)all of the above

Question 42

About __________ of those who are moved across borders as part of the worldwide sex trade are under age eighteen.

A)10 percent
B)30 percent
C)50 percent
D)70 percent
E)90 percent

Question 43

What is the goal of the United Nations Conference on Women?

A)to promote the traditional role of women in bearing children, raising them, and ensuring the domestic tranquility of the home
B)to ensure women's equal access to economic resources, including vocational training and markets
C)to ensure that no country interferes with the gender role definitions of another
D)to catapult women into government leadership positions
E)to prevent the use of birth control and abortion in low-income countries

Question 44

Which form of feminist theory believes that gender inequality is produced by unequal access to civil rights and certain social resources?

A)liberal feminism
B)radical feminism
C)black feminism
D)Parsonian functionalism
E)Marxism

Question 45

Which of the following is NOT an accurate assessment of rape?

A)Between consensual sex and rape lies a continuum of pressure, threat, coercion, and force.
B)Most rapes are committed by men against women.
C)Men and women have different perceptions regarding what constitutes forced sex.
D)The total number of sexual assaults, attempted rapes, and rapes has decreased significantly since 2002.
E)Rape is a purely sexual act.

Question 46

Why are women so often the targets of sexual violence?

A)because women frustrate men by sexually teasing them and then not having sex with them
B)the revealing clothing women wear these days
C)the highly sexualized content in entertainment media
D)because men believe that they are entitled to have sexual access if they already know the women
E)because women rarely fight back

Question 47

Which of the following countries has the highest percent of female members in its national legislature?

A)United States
B)Sweden
C)Iran
D)Canada
E)Singapore

Question 48

Which statement among the following concerning violence against women is FALSE?

A)One in five women worldwide will be a victim of rape or attempted rape in her lifetime.
B)More women worldwide are injured as a result of beatings by spouses than by any other cause.
C)In India in 2008, there were an estimated 8,172 deaths of women at the hands of husbands and relatives because the women brought an insufficient dowry.
D)Between 100 million and 140 million girls and women have been subjected to "genital mutilation."
E)Female infanticide is no longer practiced-even in the least developed world.

Question 49

Which of the following positions is shared by all schools of feminist thought?

A)Women have an unequal position in society.
B)Gender has little influence on social life.
C)Gender inequality can never be eradicated.
D)Gender inequality is a social construction.
E)The roots of gender inequality are in biology.

Question 50

The Platform for Action agreed to at the 1995 United Nations Women's Conference in Beijing called on countries to:

A)give precedence to women's rights when cultural traditions conflict with women's rights
B)give women the right to control their own reproduction and sexuality
C)give women the right to inherit wealth and property
D)address the issue of persistent discrimination against and violation of the rights of the girl child
E)all of the above

Question 51

Comparable worth policies would be a strategy most likely to be supported by which type of feminism?

A)liberal feminism
B)radical feminism
C)black feminism
D)Parsonian functionalism
E)Marxism

Question 52

What is NOT a criticism of the functionalist approach to the family expressed by sociologist Talcott Parsons?

A)The approach ignores social tensions.
B)Families have to be supportive to successfully socialize children.
C)The approach promulgates a conservative view of the social world.
D)There is nothing natural or inevitable about the allocation of tasks in society.
E)The approach condones the subordination of women.

Question 53

The functionalist sociologist Talcott Parsons referred to being the breadwinner in the family as filling the:

A)expressive role
B)instrumental role
C)gendered role
D)sex segregated role
E)anomic role

Question 54

Joe hangs out with men who discuss women as if they were sexual objects.This makes him insensitive to the difference between consensual and nonconsensual sex.Which concept best explains this situation?

A)"rape culture"
B)rape awareness
C)gender inequality
D)sex segregation
E)the biology of sex

Question 55

The functionalist sociologist Talcott Parsons used the term __________ to refer to providing care and security to children and offering them emotional support.

A)expressive role
B)instrumental role
C)gendered role
D)sex segregated role
E)anomic role

Question 56

Which of the following statements concerning rape is true?

A)Most women consent to being raped.
B)Rape is a purely sexual act, not an act of violence.
C)When a rape leaves no physical wounds, it is seldom traumatic.
D)Most rapes go unreported.
E)Most rapes are committed by strangers.

Question 57

According to the functionalist sociologist Talcott Parsons,the family is most efficient when it operates with a clear sexual division of labor,with the females performing the __________ role and the males performing the __________ role.

A)expressive; instrumental
B)instrumental; expressive
C)sexual; passive
D)passive; sexual
E)none of the above; Parsons did not believe in a sexual division of labor

Question 58

What agency has helped develop ties among women's movements in countries around the world?

A)the men's movement
B)the International Roundtable of Global Corporations (IRGC)
C)the United Nations Conference on Women
D)the National Security Administration
E)None of the above; no such ties currently exist

Question 59

A sociological perspective that emphasizes the centrality of gender in analyzing the social world and particularly the uniqueness of women is known as:

A)feminist theory
B)liberal theory
C)queer theory
D)postmodern theory
E)rational choice theory

Question 60

A political office is more likely to be considered "man's work," the:

A)more time the politician spends in the spotlight
B)more often it is held by a Democrat
C)farther from home the political office
D)closer to home the political office
E)fewer people a politician has on staff

Question 61

What does the research on monkeys castrated a birth and the story of identical twins raised as different genders suggest about the role of social interaction and social context in explaining gender differences?

Question 62

Compare liberal feminism with radical feminism.Which perspective best explains gender inequality today? Which perspective provides the best solutions?

Question 63

Which feminist perspective would most likely advocate for the overthrowing of the patriarchal order?

A)liberal feminism
B)radical feminism
C)black feminism
D)Parsonian functionalism
E)Marxist feminism

Question 64

In what ways are boys and girls treated differently at school? What are some consequences for this differential treatment?

Question 65

Using the !Kung of the Kalahari Desert,the bacha posh in Afghanistan,and the nádleehí in Navajo culture as support,discuss how gender can be seen as a social construction.

Question 66

Describe female labor force participation patterns over the last fifty years.How can this pattern be explained?

Question 67

What are comparable worth policies? What are some reasons why comparable worth policies are not widely adopted?

Question 68

Which perspective focuses on the interaction of race,class,and gender in the disadvantages faced by women?

A)liberal feminism
B)radical feminism
C)black feminism
D)Parsonian functionalism
E)Marxism

Question 69

How do gender,marital status,and parental status interact in time spent doing housework?

Question 70

Which perspective argues that gender inequality is the result of male domination in all aspects of social and economic life?

A)liberal feminism
B)radical feminism
C)black feminism
D)Parsonian functionalism
E)Marxism

Question 71

Which strategy would NOT be supported by liberal feminists?

A)laws that prohibit discrimination against women
B)laws that protect women from sexual harassment
C)affirmative action policies for women
D)family-friendly policies in the workplace
E)the abolition of marriage

Question 72

What criticisms do black feminists make about the feminist movement?

Question 73

Discuss Talcott Parsons's view of the family.What criticisms have been made about his analysis? What is your position?

Question 74

Which type of feminism would be most likely to reject the statement "sisterhood is universal"?

A)liberal feminism
B)radical feminism
C)black feminism
D)Parsonian functionalism
E)Marxist feminism

Question 75

Why are women so often the targets of sexual violence?