Deck 10: Sex,Gender,and Sexuality

Question 1

The development of pubic hair in males and females is considered a secondary sex characteristic because

A) it is the second sex characteristic to emerge.
B) it is not directly related to sexual reproduction.
C) it occurs for some people but not all people.
D) unlike a primary sex characteristic, it can be easily modified (by shaving).

Answer 1

it is not directly related to sexual reproduction.

Question 2

During puberty,a girl's ovaries begin releasing greater amounts of the type of sex hormones called ________.By contrast,during puberty a boy's testes being releasing greater amounts of the type of sex hormones called ________.

A) estradiol; testosterone
B) testosterone; estradiol
C) estrogens; androgens
D) androgens; estrogens

Answer 2

estrogens; androgens

Question 3

Research suggests that one of the reasons why males tend to be more physically aggressive than females is that males tend to have more ________,which binds with many receptors in the ________ and increases the tendency for aggressive responses.

A) testosterone; prefrontal cortex
B) estradiol; prefrontal cortex
C) testosterone; amygdala
D) estradiol; amygdala

Answer 3

testosterone; amygdala

Question 4

Yi Ling experiences her first menstrual period two months after her twelfth birthday.This event is called ________ and it represents development of a ________ sex characteristic.

A) menarche; primary
B) menarche; secondary
C) spermarche; primary
D) spermarche; secondary

Question 5

Typically developing females have ________ and during puberty they experience ________.

A) testes; spermarche
B) ovaries; spermarche
C) testes; menarche
D) ovaries; menarche

Question 6

Research shows that when people with higher levels of testosterone view angry and fearful faces,there is more activation in the ________ and less activation in the ________.

A) prefrontal cortex; amygdala
B) amygdala; prefrontal cortex
C) thalamus; hypothalamus
D) hypothalamus; thalamus

Question 7

Five participants in a research study are looking at photos of angry faces while their brain activity is being monitored.Participant A is showing much greater activity in the amygdala than Participants B,C,D,or E are showing.According to previous research,the experimenters conclude that Participant A is most likely

A) female, and the others are male.
B) male, and the others are female.
C) high in estrogen, and the others are low in testosterone.
D) low in testosterone, and the others are high in estrogen.

Question 8

The biological sex of an infant with two sex chromosomes is determined by the

A) total number of chromosomes the infant has.
B) presence or absence of an X chromosome.
C) 23rd chromosome, contributed by the mother.
D) 23rd chromosome, contributed by the father.

Question 9

When boys are in puberty,they typically do not know that they have begun to produce sperm until they experience

A) spermarche.
B) semenarche.
C) menarche.
D) andropause.

Question 10

Biological sex is determined by

A) genetic influences only.
B) hormonal influences only.
C) interactive influences of brain and environment only.
D) all of the options determine biological sex.

Question 11

During puberty,typically developing males will experience ________ and females will experience ________.

A) menarche; menarche
B) spermarche; spermarche
C) menarche; spermarche
D) spermarche; menarche

Question 12

Nicole is preparing a detailed report about why males tend to be more aggressive than females.If her report is based on recent findings,which of the following should NOT be included in it?

A) The amygdala has many hormone receptors that are affected by testosterone.
B) Males are likely to have more testosterone than females.
C) Males have an area of the prefrontal cortex that is larger than that area in females.
D) The amygdala develops more rapidly in males than in females.

Question 13

The idea that males and females are similar in most psychological processes is

A) a myth.
B) seen in people with androgen insensitivity syndrome.
C) called the gender similarities hypothesis.
D) called misgendering.

Question 14

Dr.Gupta notices that his patient Benjamin's testosterone level is 20 times higher than it was during Benjamin's last checkup one year ago.Based on this,Dr.Gupta concludes that Benjamin most likely has

A) entered puberty.
B) Klinefelter syndrome.
C) gender dysphoria.
D) Turner syndrome.

Question 15

Dr.Jackson has just delivered a newborn infant with androgen insensitivity syndrome.The baby is genetically male but has ambiguous genitals that much more closely resemble a vagina than a penis.Based on recent research,what is the most appropriate course of action that Dr.Jackson should recommend to the infant's parents?

A) surgical alteration to give the infant male genitals and raise the infant as male
B) surgical alteration to give the infant female genitals and raise the infant as female
C) do not alter the infant's genitals and raise the infant as female
D) do not alter the infant's genitals and wait for the infant to develop a gender identity

Question 16

Dale is a 12-year-old boy who wakes up to find that his sheets are wet.His parents explain that he most likely ejaculated during a wet dream and that this is a normal part of puberty for a boy.Based on this,Dale is most likely experiencing

A) semenarche.
B) spermarche.
C) menstruation.
D) menarche.

Question 17

Mark was on a business trip when his wife went into labor with their first child.He returned to his hotel room from an all-day conference to discover the following message: "Your wife just gave birth to an infant without an SRY gene." Should Mark be concerned by this news?

A) No, it means the infant is genetically male.
B) No, it means the infant is genetically female.
C) Yes, it means the infant has Kleinfelter syndrome.
D) Yes, it means the infant has androgen insensitivity syndrome.

Question 18

Typically developing males have ________ and during puberty they experience ________.

A) ovaries; menarche
B) testes; menarche
C) testes; spermarche
D) ovaries; spermarche

Question 19

When a person experiences conflicting or ambiguous aspects of biological sex,this condition is called

A) intersexuality.
B) bisexuality.
C) ambisexuality.
D) homosexuality.

Question 20

Which of the following biological facts does NOT help explain why females tend to be less aggressive than males?

A) Females tend to have less testosterone than males.
B) The amygdala develops less rapidly in females than in males.
C) Females, on average, experience menarche at an earlier age today compared to 50 years ago.
D) Females may have an area of the prefrontal cortex that is larger than that area in males.

Question 21

Kyung is studying for his psychology exam.He is correctly trying to remember that people learn gender roles through gender ________and people learn gender identity through ________.

A) schemas; cognitive development theory
B) schemas; the gender similarities hypothesis
C) role socialization; cognitive development theory
D) role socialization; the gender similarities hypothesis

Question 22

Common beliefs about people of particular genders based on many people's similar gender schemas are called gender

A) stereotypes.
B) roles.
C) identities.
D) expressions.

Question 23

People with androgen insensitivity syndrome

A) develop Turner syndrome.
B) develop Klinefelter syndrome.
C) are genetically female.
D) are genetically male.

Question 24

A newborn infant at Springfield Hospital has only a single 23rd chromosome.Based on this,this infant is best described as

A) being biologically female.
B) being biologically male.
C) transgender.
D) experiencing intersexuality.

Question 25

Michael was born with three sex chromosomes.At 20 years old,he has a very small but functional penis,a high voice,a naturally hairless face and chest,and well-developed breasts.Based on this,Michael is most likely experiencing intersexuality due to

A) Turner syndrome.
B) congenital adrenal hyperplasia.
C) Klinefelter syndrome.
D) androgen insensitivity syndrome.

Question 26

Information about gender roles and gender identity are a part of a person's cognitive structures that organize information about gender categories.These cognitive structures are called gender

A) schemas.
B) lenses.
C) perspectives.
D) biases.

Question 27

When a person such as Coy Mathis is described as transgender,what does this mean?

A) She has a gender identity that is not the same as her biological sex.
B) She definitely feels a lot of distress about her assigned gender.
C) She is sexually and/or romantically attracted to people of the same sex.
D) She is sexually and/or romantically attracted to people of the same sex and people of a different sex.

Question 28

Bruce Reimer was born biologically male.However,he underwent surgery as an infant to remove his penis after it was damaged and then was raised as a female.Later in life Bruce declared that he truly identified as a male.Bruce's story most clearly illustrates that gender identity is a result of

A) biology, which can override gender role socialization.
B) gender role socialization, which can override biology.
C) people being born transgender.
D) people becoming transgender due to environmental influences.

Question 29

Which of the following is NOT an example of information contained in some people's gender schemas?

A) Men are generally taller than women.
B) Girls and boys are equally interested in playing sports.
C) People have a sense of self as male or female or something in between.
D) Men become sexually aroused by being restrained in handcuffs.

Question 30

Encouraging college students to consider a variety of careers,regardless of whether they are traditionally considered "jobs for men" or "jobs for women," is one way to

A) encourage a homosexual sexual orientation.
B) encourage a transgender gender identity.
C) overcome gender stereotypes.
D) overcome gender dysphoria.

Question 31

The Kidz World toy store used to have a section labeled "Toys for Boys" that included footballs,chemistry sets,and toy trucks,and a separate section labeled "Toys for Girls" that included dolls,play kitchen sets,and costume jewelry.Last month the store's manager combined these two sections into one,and removed the gender labels.The manager hoped it would help people change their ideas about which toys are appropriate for a child.The manager is trying to change people's gender

A) roles.
B) stereotypes.
C) dysphorias.
D) identities.

Question 32

Jerome's parents have noticed that he is not developing normal secondary sex characteristics for a male going through puberty,so they have taken him to their physician,Dr.Sanchez,for testing.Dr.Sanchez explains to Jerome's parents that Jerome has Klinefelter syndrome.What conclusion can we NOT draw from this information?

A) Jerome has two female sex chromosomes.
B) Jerome has one male sex chromosome.
C) Jerome has higher than normal production of testosterone.
D) Jerome has lower than normal production of testosterone.

Question 33

Bilal believes that boys are generally strong,aggressive,and interested in sports,while girls are generally polite,expressive,nurturing,and interested in relationships.These beliefs reflect Bilal's gender

A) expression.
B) schemas.
C) identity.
D) role socialization.

Question 34

At a college in the United States a female runner was found to have XY sex chromosomes,lack ovaries and a uterus,and have internal testes that produce high levels of testosterone.This runner may be described as experiencing intersexuality because she

A) is biologically male but experiences personal distress about this assigned gender.
B) is biologically male but genetically female.
C) is biologically male but identifies as female.
D) does not clearly fall into the binary of being biologically male or biologically female.

Question 35

Namra,a Pakistani girl,and Rosalie,an Italian girl,both aspire to be politicians.Based on the typical gender role socialization in their respected countries,which girl is likely to have a harder time realizing her dream?

A) Namra
B) Rosalie
C) Both will have extreme difficulty.
D) Both will have very little difficulty.

Question 36

Darshana is a girl who did not develop normally when she reached puberty.A genetic test confirmed that Darshana has Turner syndrome and she is now receiving estrogen replacement therapy.Based on this,you can conclude that the genetic test revealed that Darshana has

A) two female sex chromosomes and no male sex chromosomes.
B) one female sex chromosome and no male sex chromosomes.
C) two female sex chromosomes and one male sex chromosome.
D) one female sex chromosome and one male sex chromosome.

Question 37

James was born with a penis but during puberty began to grow breasts.After various medical tests,a doctor tells James that he has XXY sex chromosomes.Based on this you know that James is most likely experiencing

A) normal development of primary sex characteristics.
B) normal development of secondary sex characteristics.
C) atypical development as explained by the gender similarities hypothesis.
D) atypical development due to his intersexuality.

Question 38

When little Billy first meets his new babysitter,Tanya,Billy assumes that Tanya is male because she has short hair and is wearing a football jersey.Billy's mistake was most likely due to a mismatch between his own gender ________ and Tanya's gender ________.

A) schema; expression
B) expression; schema
C) role; dysphoria
D) dysphoria; role

Question 39

Gender is best understood as being ________ and sexual orientation is best understood as being ________.

A) binary; binary
B) binary; on a continuum
C) on a continuum; binary
D) on a continuum; on a continuum

Question 40

Christopher and William are adopting an infant.The infant's medical record shows that the infant has XX sex chromosomes and in the photo the infant appears to have a penis.Based on this information,the infant most likely

A) is a typically developing male.
B) has Turner syndrome.
C) is a typically developing female.
D) has congenital adrenal hyperplasia.

Question 41

Dr.Coelho is writing a report on a new patient.She diagnoses the patient,a 16-year-old male,with gender dysphoria.Based on this diagnosis,the patient is likely to display all of the following symptoms EXCEPT

A) thoughts of suicide
B) anxiety
C) depression
D) physical pain

Question 42

Imagine that the political leaders of Japan,a traditional culture,want to encourage more girls in their culture to become business leaders and scientists.In order to achieve their goal,Japanese politicians should encourage Japanese

A) parents to keep their daughters at home to care for their siblings.
B) girls to spend most of their time with their mothers and other adult females.
C) parents to praise their daughters for participating in activities enjoyed by boys.
D) boys to tease girls for participating in activities enjoyed by boys.

Question 43

Carlos is biologically male but he does not feel particularly male,nor does he feel particularly female.Based on this,Carlos's gender identity is best described as

A) transgender.
B) gender dysphoric.
C) genderqueer.
D) androgynous.

Question 44

Ophelia believes that as a woman her role is to stay home and care for children while her husband works.Ophelia could have learned this gender role in all of the following ways EXCEPT by

A) traveling widely to many nontraditional cultures.
B) being rewarded for staying at home and caring for her children.
C) trying to work outside the home and finding it very difficult and frustrating.
D) seeing her mother, aunts, and sisters stay home and care for their children.

Question 45

Kyle is interning at a psychological clinic for adolescents.His new patient,Isaac,has been diagnosed with gender dysphoria.Based on this information,Kyle can correctly conclude that Isaac is ________ about his assigned gender.

A) transgender and distressed
B) genderqueer and distressed
C) transgender but not distressed
D) genderqueer but not distressed

Question 46

LaShawna prefers that people use female pronouns when referring to her but describes herself as feeling something in between "male" and "female." She says she is proud to represent the best elements of each gender.LaShawna is describing her gender

A) role.
B) identity.
C) expression.
D) dysphoria.

Question 47

A male who is only attracted to other males is most likely to call himself ________,and a female who is only attracted to other females is most likely to call herself ________.

A) lesbian; gay
B) gay; lesbian
C) homosexual; bisexual
D) bisexual; homosexual

Question 48

Marisol explains to her best friend that she is bisexual.Marisol is discussing her

A) biological sex.
B) gender identity.
C) sexual orientation.
D) sexual activity.

Question 49

Shana is a female who says that she is sexually attracted to other females.Based on this,we can conclude that Shana's sexual orientation is

A) either homosexual or bisexual.
B) only heterosexual.
C) only homosexual.
D) only bisexual.

Question 50

Tom believes that it is his wife's role to do the laundry and to cook the meals,because that is what he saw his own mother doing when he was growing up.Based on this,Tom's expectations about gender roles in the household was shaped by

A) imitation.
B) observation.
C) operant conditioning.
D) classical conditioning.

Question 51

Samuel describes himself as asexual.From this description,we can conclude that he

A) does not experience sexual attraction.
B) does not feel romantic attraction.
C) does not identify as male or female.
D) is incapable of achieving orgasm.

Question 52

A young girl named Malala Yousafzai was brutally attacked and nearly killed for attending school and speaking out against Islamic militants opposed to education for females in her traditionalist Pakistani culture.This is an extreme example of a girl being punished for defying

A) primary sex characteristics.
B) secondary sex characteristics.
C) gender identity.
D) gender roles.

Question 53

Shannon is meeting new coworkers.Shannon explains that she is biologically male but identifies as female.Based on this,we can conclude that Shannon is

A) genderqueer.
B) androgynous.
C) both genderqueer and androgynous.
D) neither genderqueer nor androgynous.

Question 54

Mikhail's parents smile and cheer approvingly whenever Mikhail plays contact sports with his friends.However,his parents yell at him whenever Mikhail plays with his sister's dolls.In this example,Mikhail's gender role socialization is being influenced by

A) observational learning.
B) operant conditioning.
C) classical conditioning.
D) modeling.

Question 55

Imagine that you are a psychologist interviewing students who are participating in a study on sex and gender.Of the four students described below,which one would you categorize as androgynous?

A) David, who is biologically male and identifies as male
B) Emily, who is biologically female and identifies as neither male nor female
C) Jiatong, who is biologically male and identifies as both male and female
D) Felipe, who is biologically male and identifies as female

Question 56

Imagine that you are a psychologist interviewing students who are participating in a study on sex and gender.Of the four students described below,which one would you categorize as genderqueer?

A) Youssef, who is biologically male and identifies as male
B) Michaela, who is biologically female and identifies as neither male nor female
C) Leah, who is biologically male and identifies as both male and female
D) Kayla, who is biologically male and identifies as female

Question 57

A number of research findings suggest that females experience greater erotic plasticity than males.This means that

A) the sexual interests, motivations, and behaviors of females tend to vary more than those of males.
B) females are more likely to be asexual than males are.
C) females are more secretive about their sex lives and sexual fantasies than males are.
D) females are more likely to prefer monogamy than males are.

Question 58

According to the American Psychiatric Association,which of the following is a recognized psychological disorder?

A) experiencing intersexuality
B) having gender dysphoria
C) being transgender
D) having an asexual sexual orientation

Question 59

Amanda lives in the United States,where she grew up thinking and feeling like she is female.When she spent a semester abroad in India,she met several hijra students who thought of themselves as something between male and female.Amanda had a lot of difficulty understanding the experiences of these hijra students,most likely because in the United States,gender identity is usually thought of as ________,whereas in India gender identity is more likely to be thought of as ________.

A) binary; a continuum
B) a result of cognitive development theory; a result of gender role socialization
C) a continuum; binary
D) a result of gender role socialization; a result of cognitive development theory

Question 60

Ten-year-old Haruna observes that her mother and her older sister are both successful chemical engineers.Because of this,Haruna wants to watch YouTube videos to find fun experiments that she can conduct at home using common household chemicals such as baking soda and vinegar.She is also saving her allowance to buy the deluxe junior chemistry set she saw in a local hobby store.Based on this information,it is clear that Haruna is experiencing

A) genderqueer gender identity.
B) male gender identity.
C) gender role socialization.
D) gender dysphoria.

Question 61

If a person experiences an unchanging sexual interest,arousal,or behavior associated with an object,type of person,or situation not usually associated with sex,then he or she is most likely experiencing

A) sexual dysfunction.
B) fetishism.
C) a paraphilia.
D) a paraphilic disorder.

Question 62

William is a graduate student interested in studying the genetic influences on sexual orientation.One of the first things that William learns is that

A) the Y sex chromosome inherited from the father seems to be related to men being gay.
B) identical twins are more likely to have the same sexual orientation than non-identical twins.
C) researchers have found clear evidence of a "gay gene" that is associated with homosexuality.
D) hormones are not known to have any influence on sexual orientation.

Question 63

Sabrina is a scientist giving testimony in court on the biological factors associated with sexual orientation.Among other things,Sabrina testifies about research showing that the probability of a boy being born gay increases if he has one or more older ________ and is ________.

A) brothers; left-handed
B) brothers; right-handed
C) sisters; left-handed
D) sisters; right-handed

Question 64

Which of the following is generally true?

A) Men and women masturbate with about equal frequency.
B) Men masturbate more frequently than women do.
C) Women masturbate more frequently than men do.
D) Young men masturbate more frequently than young women do, but the pattern reverses after middle age.

Question 65

Colleen is a woman who is sexually and romantically attracted to men but not women.Her brother,Mark,is also sexually and romantically attracted to men but not women.Based on this,Colleen's sexual orientation is most likely ________ and Mark's sexual orientation is most likely ________.

A) heterosexual; heterosexual
B) lesbian; gay
C) heterosexual; gay
D) lesbian; heterosexual

Question 66

The sexual orientation of a female who is NOT attracted to males is best described as

A) lesbian.
B) bisexual.
C) asexual.
D) It is impossible to tell without more information.

Question 67

Based on psychological research,which of the following men does NOT have an increased likelihood of being gay?

A) Thomas, who is right-handed and has three older brothers
B) Aziz, whose parents were a married gay couple
C) Guanyu, who has three gay cousins on his mother's side of the family
D) Jamal, whose identical twin brother is gay

Question 68

Mustafa and Elian,a gay male couple,are adopting an infant son.They are concerned about how they might influence the sexual orientation of their son,so they consult a psychologist.The psychologist correctly advises Mustafa and Elian that,according to research,

A) children need an opposite-sex parent in order to develop a heterosexual orientation.
B) there is little or no evidence to suggest that parents affect the sexual orientation of their children.
C) the child's sexual orientation can likely be successfully changed later in life using conversion therapy.
D) the child's sexual orientation is his own choice and is not influenced by environment or biology.

Question 69

Girls with congenital adrenal hyperplasia,who experience greater levels of androgens prenatally,have a greater tendency toward being lesbian or bisexual as they become adults.This is an example of

A) the influence of genetics on sexual orientation.
B) an environmental influence on sexual orientation.
C) a reversible influence on sexual orientation.
D) the influence of hormones on sexual orientation.

Question 70

Kumar is a 38-year-old man with a wife and two daughters.Twenty years ago when he was a freshman in college,Kumar occasionally had sex with his male roommate.Based on this information,what is the best way to describe Kumar's sexual orientation?

A) straight
B) bisexual
C) gay
D) It is impossible to tell without more information.

Question 71

A person's psychological experience of wanting to engage in sexual activity is called

A) excitement.
B) desire.
C) orgasm.
D) eroticism.

Question 72

Which of these statements correctly summarizes the research on what influences sexual orientation?

A) There is stronger research evidence for biological influences on sexual orientation than there is for environmental influences.
B) There is stronger research evidence for environmental influences on sexual orientation than there is for biological influences.
C) The evidence is equally strong for both biological and environmental influences on sexual orientation.
D) Little or no evidence exists for either biological influences or environmental influences on sexual orientation.

Question 73

Marisol is a psychologist who conducts research on the sexual response cycle.To best familiarize herself with the research that has already been done on the sexual response cycle,Marisol should read the writings of

A) Alfred Kinsey and his colleagues.
B) Sigmund Freud.
C) Simon LeVay.
D) William Masters and Virginia Johnson.

Question 74

Keith is an adolescent male who has never had sex with anyone.Keith is emotionally and romantically attracted to females and wants to date a female friend from school.Keith is sexually attracted to males and becomes sexually aroused when he is near certain male friends he finds attractive.Based on this,Keith's sexual orientation is most likely

A) asexual.
B) gay.
C) bisexual.
D) heterosexual.

Question 75

According to research,which of these people is LEAST likely to be sexually aroused by erotic photographs of women?

A) Nicole, a heterosexual woman
B) William, a heterosexual man
C) Amanda, a bisexual woman
D) Thomas, a homosexual man

Question 76

Jonah's parents have brought him to a counselor because Jonah claims to have no sexual interest in either males or females even though he went through puberty five years ago.The counselor determines that Jonah has normal primary and secondary sex characteristics and his gender identity is male.He enjoys intimacy and companionship with women,but he has no sexual attraction to them or to males.Based on this information,Jonah seems most likely to have a(n)________ sexual orientation.

A) asexual
B) bisexual
C) androgynous
D) genderqueer

Question 77

According to the best available evidence from psychological research,sexual orientation is

A) related to biological factors.
B) related to environmental factors.
C) a personal choice.
D) able to be changed with certain kinds of therapy.

Question 78

Shinobu is a male who says that he is bisexual.From this you can definitely conclude that he

A) is equally attracted to both males and females.
B) may or may not be equally attracted to males and females.
C) is attracted to males but not females.
D) is attracted to females but not males.

Question 79

Excitement,plateau,orgasm,and resolution are stages of

A) sexual identity.
B) paraphilic disorders.
C) desire.
D) the sexual response cycle.

Question 80

According to the research of Masters and Johnson,the sexual response cycle includes all of the following stages EXCEPT

A) inhibition.
B) excitement.
C) plateau.
D) resolution.