Deck 12: Social Psychology

Question 1

Dirk just failed the driving portion of his driver's license exam.Dirk will most likely explain his failure by saying that he

A) did not practice driving enough.
B) did not study the driver's manual very well.
C) does not have good spatial or navigational skills.
D) could not see well because it was raining.

Answer 1

could not see well because it was raining.

Question 2

In a study,participants were shown two soundless 30-second clips of unfamiliar political candidates and asked to determine which candidate had won a recent election.Knowing the research on thin slices of behavior,how accurate were the participants' predictions?

A) very accurate because this provides significant information
B) not accurate because 30 seconds would not provide enough information
C) very accurate because of discrimination against certain political parties
D) not accurate because the clip did not show background information on the election

Answer 2

very accurate because this provides significant information

Question 3

When starting a new job,Carl's wife advises him to avoid making quick decisions about his coworkers.The research on thin slices of behavior would suggest that this advice is

A) good because opinions usually change as you learn more information about someone.
B) good because this information can lead to stereotypes.
C) bad because analyzing this information usually leads to personal attributions.
D) bad because accurate judgments can be made using little information.

Answer 3

bad because accurate judgments can be made using little information.

Question 4

Which of the following questions would NOT be investigated in social psychology?

A) Why do romantic relationships fail?
B) Why do fraternities use hazing on new members?
C) Why is smoking so addictive?
D) Why does advertising work?

Question 5

Gamiel and Aliyah go out to eat and Gamiel does not leave a tip for the waiter.If Aliyah explains his behavior by saying that he is cheap,she is making a(n)________ attribution.If Aliyah explains his behavior by saying the service was terrible,she is making a ________ attribution.

A) temporary; permanent
B) personal; situational
C) unstable; stable
D) uncontrollable; controllable

Question 6

Attributions about other people's behavior can vary on each of the following dimensions EXCEPT

A) personal or situational.
B) permanent or temporary.
C) controllable or uncontrollable.
D) primary or secondary.

Question 7

Inga is participating in a debate.In reviewing her performance,Inga will most likely attribute her own errors to ________ and her opponent's errors to ________.

A) lack of preparation; having the flu
B) lack of preparation; noise from the crowd
C) noise from the crowd; having the flu
D) noise from the crowd; lack of preparation

Question 8

Which of the following information is NOT communicated by the face?

A) thin slices of behavior
B) interest
C) trustworthiness
D) personal attributions

Question 9

In explaining other people's behaviors,people from Western cultures tend to emphasize ________ factors and people from Eastern cultures tend to emphasize ________ factors.

A) personal and situational; personal
B) personal and situational; situational
C) personal; personal and situational
D) situational; personal and situational

Question 10

The main reason that people make attributions that reflect the just world hypothesis is that these explanations

A) increase their self-esteem.
B) make them feel safer.
C) reduce discrimination.
D) make them feel empathy.

Question 11

While driving,a car pulls out in front of you and forces you to slam on the brakes.You think to yourself that the driver of that car cannot drive.You have just made a ________ attribution for the other driver's behavior.

A) stereotyped
B) cognitive
C) personal
D) situational

Question 12

When explaining other people's behavior,the tendency to overemphasize personality traits and underestimate situation factors is referred to as the

A) actor/observer bias.
B) fundamental attribution error.
C) ingroup/outgroup bias.
D) self-fulfilling prophecy.

Question 13

Subtle forms of prejudice that coexist with the rejection of racist beliefs is called

A) modern racism.
B) discrimination.
C) subtyping.
D) stereotyping.

Question 14

Brent blames his poor performance in a recent marathon race on his poorly fitting shoes.However,Brent believes that other runners who did poorly are naturally slow runners.Brent's reasoning illustrates the

A) self-fulfilling prophecy.
B) actor/observer bias.
C) fundamental attribution error.
D) ingroup/outgroup bias.

Question 15

Julia is a Native American student.When her teacher tries to make eye contact with her,Julia always looks away.The best explanation for this behavior is that Julia

A) is frightened of her teacher.
B) feels ashamed about something.
C) has different norms for eye contact.
D) avoids showing thin slices of behavior.

Question 16

Behaving in a way that confirms your own or other people's expectations is referred to as

A) stereotyping.
B) discrimination.
C) prejudice.
D) self-fulfilling prophecy.

Question 17

Paul was recently attacked when he was walking home from a bar.Jenna believes that Paul must have done something to deserve or provoke the attack.Jenna's explanation is an example of the

A) actor/observer bias.
B) fundamental attribution error.
C) self-fulfilling prophecy.
D) just world hypothesis.

Question 18

Franklin sees that Sarah often goes to her math professor's office hours.Franklin thinks that Sarah must be terrible at math.This is an example of the

A) actor/observer bias.
B) fundamental attribution error.
C) self-fulfilling prophecy.
D) ingroup/outgroup bias.

Question 19

Negative feelings,opinions,and beliefs associated with a stereotype are known as

A) discrimination.
B) prejudice.
C) the ingroup/outgroup bias.
D) the fundamental attribution error.

Question 20

Larry says,"I forgot milk at the grocery store because I was thinking about picking my daughter up from school." When Larry's wife forgets to buy milk he says,"She forgot milk at the store because she's an airhead." This is an example of the

A) actor/observer bias.
B) fundamental attribution error.
C) ingroup/outgroup bias.
D) just world hypothesis.

Question 21

Linda has a stereotype about how a car mechanic behaves.The main advantage of her belief is that it ________.The main disadvantage is that it ________.

A) is a mental shortcut; can be changed too easily
B) identifies critical information; is a mental shortcut
C) is basically accurate; is not very detailed
D) allows for rapid processing; can lead to errors

Question 22

Roger is trying new foods.So far,he dislikes oysters but enjoys Brussels sprouts.Based on his attitudes,what can you predict?

A) He came to dislike oysters faster than he came to like Brussels sprouts.
B) He came to like Brussels sprouts faster than he came to dislike oysters.
C) He came to dislike oysters through mere exposure.
D) He came to like Brussels sprouts through low attitude accessibility.

Question 23

Mandy has a stereotype that engineers are dull.When she meets Matt,an engineer who writes exciting stories,she will likely create a subtype that

A) Matt is the exception to the rule about engineers.
B) engineers can be interesting and creative.
C) Matt has not always been an engineer.
D) creativity should be measured differently in engineers.

Question 24

You believe that eating fried food is bad for your health,but you eat fried chicken often.In this case,you have a(n)________ attitude about eating fried food.

A) accessible
B) conditioned
C) simple
D) complex

Question 25

Baily saw a bright orange sweater while shopping and thought it was ugly.Then Baily starts to see more and more people wearing the orange sweaters,which makes her like the sweater more and eventually buy one herself.This situation is an example of

A) the mere exposure effect.
B) cognitive dissonance.
C) classical conditioning.
D) postdecisional dissonance.

Question 26

When Tyronne first heard a new song on the radio,he disliked it.However,after hearing it played many times on the radio,he is surprised that he has grown to like it.Tyronne's positive attitude toward the song after listening to it multiple times is best explained by

A) cognitive dissonance.
B) implicit attitudes.
C) the mere exposure effect.
D) the elaboration likelihood model.

Question 27

To create hostility and prejudice between the two groups of boys in his study,Sherif

A) had the groups compete with each other.
B) told each group negative things about the other group.
C) started a fight between members of the two groups.
D) clearly favored one group over the other.

Question 28

Selena thinks that all computer programmers are antisocial and boring.When she meets Mark,a computer programmer,she immediately decides that she does not like him.Selena's beliefs are ________,and not liking Mark is ________.

A) a stereotype; prejudice
B) prejudice; a stereotype
C) a self-fulfilling prophecy; prejudice
D) a self-fulfilling prophecy; a stereotype

Question 29

Ms.Parsons teaches in a jigsaw classroom.Her students are most likely to

A) form new groups with classmates from within and outside their group.
B) compete with classmates within their group.
C) cooperate with classmates both within and outside their group.
D) be prejudiced against classmates from outside their group.

Question 30

Which of the following does NOT increase the likelihood that an attitude predicts behavior?

A) the personal relevance of the attitude
B) the ease with which the attitude can be accessed from memory
C) the values associated with the attitude
D) the specificity of the attitude

Question 31

Hal is a police officer who believes that all elderly people are bad drivers.He issues tickets to a lot of elderly drivers.The way that Hal unfairly targets and punishes elderly drivers is best described as

A) modern racism.
B) prejudice.
C) stereotyping.
D) discrimination.

Question 32

When attitudes influence feelings and behavior on an unconscious level they are called

A) explicit.
B) implicit.
C) simple.
D) complex.

Question 33

Mr.Powell,a white man who does not believe that racial discrimination is a problem in his community,feels most comfortable crossing the street to avoid a black man wearing a hooded sweatshirt.Mr.Powell is displaying

A) subtyping.
B) a minimal group paradigm.
C) modern racism.
D) ingroup favoritism.

Question 34

Casey eats a lot of junk food.She knows the negative consequences of her diet,but rationalizes her behavior by saying the junk food helps her deal with her anxiety.Casey is using this explanation because she is uncomfortable with the inconsistency between her actions and her beliefs and wants to reduce

A) implicit attitudes.
B) simple attitudes.
C) cognitive dissonance.
D) attitude accessibility.

Question 35

Jane believes that all student athletes are stupid.One of her classmates,Patrick,has the highest GPA in her class and is also the star of the track team.How is Jane's stereotype for student athletes likely to change given her knowledge of Patrick?

A) She will no longer stereotype student athletes as stupid.
B) She will alter her stereotype so that it only applies to professional athletes.
C) She will not change her stereotype and she will ignore Patrick's behavior.
D) She will not change her stereotype and she will categorize Patrick as a subtype.

Question 36

You believe that smoking is bad for you,so you do not smoke and avoid places where people are likely to be smoking.In this case,you have a(n)________ attitude about smoking.

A) simple
B) complex
C) accessible
D) conditioned

Question 37

Lucia is an engineering student.According to ingroup/outgroup bias she most likely believes other engineering students are ________ and liberal arts students are ________.

A) unique individuals; very similar to each other
B) unique individuals; unique individuals
C) very similar to each other; very similar to each other
D) very similar to each other; unique individuals

Question 38

John and Nolan are huge fans of the New York Knicks basketball team,whereas Brad is a fan of the Brooklyn Nets.Which of the following is John most likely to do?

A) He will favor Nolan because he belongs to the ingroup.
B) He will favor Brad because he belongs to the outgroup.
C) He will be hostile to Brad because of discrimination.
D) He will like Nolan and Brad equally because of stereotypes.

Question 39

Miriam believes she is not attractive so she typically wears ugly clothing.As a result,men rarely show interest in her,which confirms to her that she is not attractive.Miriam's behavior is an example of a(n)

A) actor/observer bias.
B) self-fulfilling prophecy.
C) fundamental attribution error.
D) ingroup/outgroup bias.

Question 40

The more that Edward sees Bella on campus,the more positive his attitudes become toward her.Edward's attitude is becoming more positive with every encounter because of

A) the mere exposure effect.
B) attitude accessibility.
C) cognitive dissonance.
D) the elaboration likelihood model.

Question 41

Bob has a negative attitude toward healthy eating.Bob's doctor describes research showing that healthy eating can help him live longer.Bob does not pay attention to what he is saying,but is impressed by his doctor's confidence and intelligence,so he changes his attitude toward healthy eating.Bob has changed his attitude based on the ________ route to persuasion.

A) central
B) peripheral
C) emotional
D) rational

Question 42

Payton and his friends wear matching jerseys at the football game.When his friends start yelling curses at the players,Payton starts cursing,too,even though normally Payton rarely yells or curses at anyone.Payton's yelling in this case is best explained by

A) obedience.
B) deindividuation.
C) social loafing.
D) social facilitation.

Question 43

Which of the following is illustrated in the Stanford prison study?

A) People will behave according to their roles in a situation.
B) People are innately, or naturally, violent, unless limited by society.
C) People will not obey orders when the orders violate their principles.
D) People placed in all-male groups will establish a social hierarchy.

Question 44

Brendan does not like psychology,but he is still taking an introductory psychology class.Due to cognitive dissonance,Brendan will probably have a(n)________ attitude by the end of the semester.

A) more positive
B) more negative
C) neutral
D) unchanged

Question 45

You are recruiting part-time tutors for an elementary school.Dissonance theory suggests that a successful strategy to increase the commitment of these tutors would be to pay them a

A) salary that increases over time.
B) small amount of money.
C) large bonus after three months.
D) large salary as soon as they start.

Question 46

A political candidate wants to create a long-lasting positive image.According to the elaboration likelihood model,the candidate would use commercials

A) that feature attractive celebrities.
B) with short emotional attacks on the opponent.
C) with catchy slogans and attention-grabbing graphics.
D) that clearly explain campaign issues.

Question 47

Jim has a negative attitude toward healthy eating.Jim's doctor describes research showing that healthy eating can help him live longer.Jim pays very close attention and thinks very carefully about this explanation and then changes his attitude toward healthy eating.Jim has changed his attitude based on the ________ route to persuasion.

A) central
B) peripheral
C) emotional
D) rational

Question 48

Chris believes that anyone who listens to pop music is an idiot.One day,Chris realizes that the song he is dancing and singing along with on the radio is the newest pop music hit.Chris now decides that listening to pop music is not so bad after all.Chris's attitude change is best explained by

A) attitude accessibility.
B) cognitive dissonance.
C) implicit attitudes.
D) elaboration likelihood.

Question 49

After an earthquake in one city,people were overexcited and there were no police around.So,mobs of people looted the damaged shops and homes.This behavior is most likely a result of

A) social facilitation.
B) group polarization.
C) deindividuation.
D) groupthink.

Question 50

New Smoke wants to market its cigarettes to young adults,so it decides to create an ad using an attractive celebrity couple.By using well-known,high-status people to influence its audience and deliver its message,the company is using the ________ route of persuasion to increase cigarette sales.

A) implicit
B) explicit
C) central
D) peripheral

Question 51

You are trying to decide which of two horses to bet on.After you make your decision,you are likely to be ________ sure about the horse you bet on because of ________.

A) more; postdecisional dissonance
B) less; postdecisional dissonance
C) more; cognitive dissonance
D) less; cognitive dissonance

Question 52

If someone wants to create an attitude that will last a long time,he or she should use the ________ route of persuasion.If someone wants to create an attitude that will last only a short time,he or she should use the ________ route of persuasion.

A) peripheral; central
B) central; peripheral
C) implicit; explicit
D) explicit; implicit

Question 53

When the presence of others leads to enhanced performance,it is an example of

A) social loafing.
B) social facilitation.
C) conformity.
D) deindividuation.

Question 54

Katie gets asked out by two men,Jack and Robert.Although she likes both of them,she decides to go out with Jack.Afterward,she starts to notice more positive qualities about Jack and more negative qualities about Robert.Katie's new attitude is most likely a result of

A) cognitive dissonance.
B) postdecisional dissonance.
C) justification of effort.
D) persuasion.

Question 55

An active and conscious effort to change an attitude by sending a message is referred to as

A) stereotyping.
B) persuasion.
C) cognitive dissonance.
D) attitude accessibility.

Question 56

Lisa believes that drinking alcohol is wrong.However,her boyfriend,Mike,likes to drink beer after work.Instead of breaking up with Mike,she decides that drinking alcohol is not so bad after all.Lisa's attitude most likely changed because of

A) the fundamental attribution error.
B) the actor/observer bias.
C) postdecisional dissonance.
D) cognitive dissonance.

Question 57

Expected standards of conduct,which influence behaviors,are known as

A) conformity.
B) deindividuation.
C) social facilitation.
D) social norms.

Question 58

Elena is working on a team project for her computer science class.Although the entire team is responsible for the project,some people do not feel responsible for contributing to it.Because of this,some team members do not complete their assigned tasks.This is most likely due to

A) group polarization.
B) groupthink.
C) social facilitation.
D) social loafing.

Question 59

Jay is nervous about giving a presentation at work.His presentation sounds fine when he practices alone,but it goes even better when he delivers his presentation to his boss.Because Jay performs even better in front of other people than when he is alone,he is most likely experiencing

A) social loafing.
B) group polarization.
C) social facilitation.
D) normative influence.

Question 60

According to the elaboration likelihood model,persuasion occurs through the ________ routes.

A) central and peripheral
B) implicit and explicit
C) emotional and rational
D) dissonant and consonant

Question 61

When everyone in her class said that they liked to dance,Jill reported liking to dance,too,even though she dislikes dancing.The way that Jill changed her attitude about dancing so that her opinion matched that of her classmates is an example of

A) conformity.
B) compliance.
C) obedience.
D) stereotyping.

Question 62

Alan's friends all smoke.Alan has never wanted to smoke and his friends have never asked him to smoke.However,Alan still feels compelled to start smoking.The force pushing Alan to start smoking is known as

A) obedience.
B) compliance.
C) cooperation.
D) conformity.

Question 63

Orianna wants to ask her boyfriend to build her a bookcase.Before she asks him,she "butters him up" by cooking his favorite meal,renting his favorite movie,and wearing an outfit she knows he likes.She is hoping he will comply with her request if he

A) feels grateful for her efforts.
B) is very attracted to her.
C) is in a good mood.
D) feels guilty.

Question 64

Kat wants a new laptop.She asks her parents to buy a $2,500 laptop.When they refuse,she suggests that they buy her a used laptop for $500,which they do.By starting out with a higher-priced item,knowing her parents will think the lower priced item is a more reasonable request,Kat is using the ________ strategy to get her parents to buy her a laptop.

A) lowballing
B) informational influence
C) door-in-the-face
D) foot-in-the-door

Question 65

After a riot,several people were arrested.One asked,"How can you single me out of the crowd?" Another said,"Wow,I didn't think I would get caught!" These comments reveal that the rioters had most likely been experiencing

A) groupthink.
B) deindividuation.
C) social loafing.
D) group polarization.

Question 66

When Milgram modified his shock experiment so that the teacher could see the learner,the level of obedience

A) increased greatly.
B) increased slightly.
C) decreased.
D) remained unchanged.

Question 67

Darius tutors school children for two hours every week.Each month,his boss asks him to tutor one additional hour.By the end of the year,he is tutoring 12 hours a week.To increase Darius's tutoring hours,his boss has used

A) door in the face.
B) foot in the door.
C) lowballing.
D) conformity.

Question 68

Cade is driving his two roommates across the country.Each roommate believes that it is extremely dangerous to drive straight for 48 hours.However,as a group,they decide to drive straight for 48 hours.When the group makes this dangerous decision,they are showing

A) deindividuation.
B) groupthink.
C) informational influence.
D) the risky-shift effect.

Question 69

In Milgram's shock experiments,the maximum level of shock was administered by about ________ percent of the participants.

A) 65
B) 50
C) 25
D) 10

Question 70

Stanley Milgram's shock experiment illustrates the phenomenon of

A) conformity.
B) compliance.
C) obedience.
D) resistance.

Question 71

When people are more likely to agree with a small request after refusing a large request,it is an example of the ________ strategy.

A) door-in-the-face
B) foot-in-the-door
C) lowballing
D) risky-shift

Question 72

When Milgram modified his shock experiment so that the experimenter gave the teacher orders over the telephone,the level of obedience

A) decreased.
B) increased slightly.
C) dramatically increased.
D) remained unchanged.

Question 73

Professor Leeds asked his students to sign a petition for a community center.Later,he asked the students who signed the petition if they would come to the center and tutor a child.Professor Leeds has just used what technique to get the students to help?

A) door in the face
B) lowballing
C) foot in the door
D) mere exposure

Question 74

A fraternity is planning on having a hazing event in a room with a wall of mirrors.If the mirrors make them more self-aware,this will ________ hazing by ________.

A) decrease; making the members pay attention to their personal standards
B) increase; providing a sense of an audience
C) decrease; making members feel watched
D) increase; posing a challenge to self-esteem

Question 75

When we conform or go along with what the group does because we want to be liked,it is often due to ________ influence.

A) informational
B) normative
C) groupthink
D) deindividuation

Question 76

Carol received no points on an exam question but thinks she deserves some points back.Carol initially asked the teacher for all of the points for the question.The teacher refused,but gave Carol a few more points.To get more points Carol used

A) foot in the door.
B) lowballing.
C) obedience.
D) door in the face.

Question 77

As you walk into class,you notice that everyone is sitting on the floor.You sit on the floor,too.In this situation,the fact that you change your behavior to match the people around you is an example of

A) compliance.
B) obedience.
C) conformity.
D) group polarization.

Question 78

Which of the following is the main conclusion from Milgram's shock experiments?

A) Ordinary people will do terrible things if ordered by an authority.
B) Ordinary people are naturally violent and easily provoked.
C) Ordinary people will follow immoral orders, but only in hypothetical situations.
D) Ordinary people will follow immoral orders, but only in stressful situations.

Question 79

Victor has not started his paper,which is due tomorrow.He asks his friend Christy if she will write the first sentence.Then he asks her to write the next sentence.Next,he asks if she will write the next paragraph.Finally,he asks her to outline the whole paper and she agrees.Victor has just used the ________ technique to get Christy to help him.

A) foot-in-the-door
B) door-in-the-face
C) lowballing
D) obedience

Question 80

Mr.Lahore hired four college students to paint his house.Given what you know about social loafing,which set of conditions is likely to produce the best work by the group of students?

A) Each student paints one room by himself.
B) All the students work together on each room.
C) The students work in two-person teams.
D) The students should all wear the same uniform and paint the rooms together.