Question 1

Which o f th e fo llow ing ho rm on es do es NO T Increase p las m a g luc os e?&#10;A) Cortisol&#10;B) Glucagon&#10;C) GH&#10;D) Epinephrine&#10;E) Insu lin

Accepted Answer

Insulin lowers blood glucose levels by facilitating the uptake of glucose into tissues and stimulating the liver to store glucose as glycogen, contrasting with the other hormones listed, which all work to increase plasma glucose levels.

Question 2

The effects of circulating catecholamines include&#10;A) Incre ase d he art rate&#10;B) Increased liver glyc og en olys is&#10;C) D ilatio n o f th e p up ils&#10;D) Constriction of arterioles in the kidney&#10;E) All of the above

Accepted Answer

Catecholamines, such as adrenaline and noradrenaline, have various effects on the body, including increasing heart rate, promoting liver glycogenolysis (the breakdown of glycogen to glucose), causing dilation of the pupils, and constricting arterioles in the kidney to regulate blood pressure.

Question 3

Epinephrine Increases heart rate by binding to&#10;A) a&#10;B) a&#10;C) &#254;&#10;D) &#254;&#10;E) &#254;

Accepted Answer

Epinephrine increases heart rate primarily by binding to β₁ receptors, which are located in the heart and are responsible for increasing cardiac output.

Question 4

Catecholamines are synthesized from&#10;A) Tryptophan&#10;B) Se ro ton in&#10;C) Glutamine&#10;D) Tyrosine&#10;E) As pa rtic ac id

Accepted Answer

Catecholamines, which include dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine, are synthesized from the amino acid tyrosine.

Question 5

Which of the following hormones Increases liver glycogen stores?&#10;A) Cortisol&#10;B) Glucagon&#10;C) GH&#10;D) Epinephrine&#10;E) Thyroxine

Accepted Answer

Cortisol increases liver glycogen stores by promoting gluconeogenesis, which is the synthesis of glucose from non-carbohydrate sources, and the subsequent storage of this glucose as glycogen in the liver.

Question 6

Stimulation of epinephrine secretion from the medulla comes from&#10;A) Post-ganglionic parasympathetic nerves originating in the dorsal motor nucleus&#10;B) Pre-ganglionic parasympathetic nerves originating in the dorsal motor nucleus&#10;C) Post-gang lionic symp athetic nerves originating in the thoracic spinal cord&#10;D) Pre-g ang lionic sy m path etic ne rves origin ating in the th orac ic spin al cord&#10;E) Pre-gang lionic symp athetic nerves originating in the lumba r spinal cord

Accepted Answer

Epinephrine secretion from the adrenal medulla is stimulated by pre-ganglionic sympathetic nerves originating in the thoracic spinal cord. These nerves directly innervate the adrenal medulla, triggering the release of epinephrine into the bloodstream.

Question 7

Epinephrine&#10;A) Dilates bronchioles through a&#10;B) Constricts bronchioles through a&#10;C) Dilates bronchioles through &#254;&#10;D) Constricts bronchioles through &#254;&#10;E) Dilates bronchioles through a

Accepted Answer

Epinephrine dilates bronchioles primarily through its action on β2 adrenergic receptors, which are responsible for relaxing smooth muscle in the bronchioles and thus increasing airway diameter.

Question 8

The en zym e( s) res po ns ible for ca tec ho lam ine de gr ad atio n is&#10;A) MAO (mono am ino oxidase)&#10;B) PNMT (phenylethanolamine N methyl transferase)&#10;C) COM T (catecholamine -O-methyl transferase)&#10;D) DOPA decarboxylase&#10;E) Both A and C are correct

Accepted Answer

MAO (monoamine oxidase) and COMT (catechol-O-methyltransferase) are the enzymes responsible for the degradation of catecholamines, such as dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine. MAO is involved in the oxidative deamination, while COMT adds a methyl group to catecholamines, facilitating their breakdown.

Question 9

Catecholamines are released systemically from&#10;A) The ad ren al m ed ulla&#10;B) Pr eg an glio nic pa ra sym pa the tic n er ve ter m ina ls&#10;C) Pr eg an glio nic sym pa the tic n er ve ter m ina ls&#10;D) The hypothalamus&#10;E) The kidney

Accepted Answer

Catecholamines, which include adrenaline (epinephrine) and noradrenaline (norepinephrine), are primarily released systemically from the adrenal medulla, a part of the adrenal glands located above the kidneys.

Question 10

The &#34;flight or fight&#34; response includes all of the following EXCEPT&#10;A) Incre ase d he art rate&#10;B) Dilation of the bronchioles&#10;C) Increased lipo lysis&#10;D) Vasoconstriction&#10;E) Co ns trictio n o f the pu pils

Accepted Answer

The "fight or flight" response, triggered by the sympathetic nervous system, includes physiological changes such as increased heart rate, dilation of the bronchioles, increased lipolysis, and vasoconstriction to redirect blood flow to essential organs and muscles. However, it does not include constriction of the pupils; instead, pupils dilate to allow more light into the eyes and improve vision under stress or threat.

Question 11

The eff ec t of ep ine ph rin e o n g luc os e m eta bo lism is&#10;A) Decreas ed glu co ne og en es is&#10;B) Incr eas ed liver g lyco ge no lysis&#10;C) Decreased insulin secretion&#10;D) Decreas ed m us cle glyc og en olys is&#10;E) Decreased plasma glucose

Accepted Answer

The answer of The eff ec t of ep ine...

Deck 66: The Adrenal Medulla