Deck 14: Endocrine System

Question 1

Portal capillaries carry releasing hormones from the brain to the

A) neurohypophysis.
B) pancreas.
C) anterior pituitary gland.
D) posterior pituitary gland.

Answer 1

anterior pituitary gland.

Question 2

The adrenal cortex

A) is the target gland of ACTH.
B) secretes catecholamines.
C) is an extension of the sympathetic nervous system.
D) secretes ADH and oxytocin.

Answer 2

is the target gland of ACTH.

Question 3

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)and oxytocin

A) are secreted by the neurohypophysis.
B) are mineralocorticoids.
C) are secreted by the islets of Langerhans.
D) stimulate the kidney to excrete Na+ and water.

Answer 3

are secreted by the neurohypophysis.

Question 4

Which of the following is least associated with the adrenal medulla?

A) catecholamines
B) epinephrine and norepinephrine
C) fight or flight
D) sugar,salt,and sex

Question 5

"Sugar,salt,and sex" is descriptive of

A) ACTH,TSH,somatotropic hormone.
B) cortisol,aldosterone,testosterone.
C) epinephrine,norepinephrine,estrogen.
D) insulin,glucagon,cortisol.

Question 6

Insulin and glucagon

A) are secreted by the beta cells of the islets of Langerhans.
B) elevate blood glucose.
C) are secreted in response to declining plasma levels of glucose.
D) are secreted by the pancreas and are concerned with the regulation of blood glucose.

Question 7

This gland is associated with "sugar,salt,and sex."

A) adrenal cortex
B) pancreas
C) parathyroid gland
D) neurohypophysis

Question 8

The islets of Langerhans

A) are cells found in the adenohypophysis.
B) secrete insulin and glucagon.
C) secrete steroids.
D) secrete releasing hormones.

Question 9

The adrenal medulla

A) is controlled primarily by ACTH.
B) secretes steroids.
C) is part of the "fight-or-flight" response.
D) secretes iodine-containing hormones.

Question 10

Enlargement of the thyroid gland

A) is called a goiter.
B) causes addisonian crisis.
C) makes the person appear cushingoid.
D) causes hypocalcemic tetany.

Question 11

What is the stimulus for the release of insulin?

A) low plasma levels of calcium
B) high plasma levels of potassium
C) high plasma levels of glucose
D) low blood volume

Question 12

Steroids

A) are secreted by the adrenal medulla.
B) include the glucocorticoids,mineralocorticoids,and androgens.
C) stimulate the membranes of the target cells to produce the second chemical messenger,cAMP.
D) are secreted by the pancreas.

Question 13

Insulin,cortisol,thyroxine,and oxytocin

A) are hypothalamic releasing hormones.
B) are secreted by the adenohypophysis.
C) increase blood glucose.
D) are hormones.

Question 14

Which of the following is least descriptive of the hypothalamus?

A) secretes releasing hormones
B) controls the secretion of the anterior pituitary gland
C) secretes ACTH,TSH,and gonadotropins
D) synthesizes oxytocin and ADH

Question 15

The adenohypophysis

A) secretes ADH and oxytocin.
B) refers to the anterior pituitary gland.
C) secretes releasing hormones.
D) secretes glucocorticoids,mineralocorticoids,and androgens.

Question 16

T₃,T₄,and calcitonin are

A) secreted by the thyroid gland.
B) secreted by the parathyroid glands.
C) secreted in response to declining plasma levels of calcium.
D) steroids.

Question 17

Iodine-containing hormones

A) include thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH).
B) are secreted by the hypothalamus as releasing hormones.
C) are steroids.
D) regulate metabolic rate.

Question 18

Catecholamines

A) include cortisol,aldosterone,and testosterone.
B) are secreted by the adrenal cortex.
C) lower plasma glucose.
D) include epinephrine (adrenalin)and norepinephrine.

Question 19

Which of the following is the response to low plasma levels of calcium?

A) secretion of calcitonin
B) secretion of the beta cells of the islets of Langerhans
C) inhibition of the adenohypophyseal release of ACTH
D) secretion of PTH

Question 20

This gland secretes TSH,ACTH,and growth hormone.

A) neurohypophysis
B) pancreas
C) adrenal medulla
D) anterior pituitary gland

Question 21

Estrogen,progesterone,and testosterone

A) are feminizing hormones.
B) induce virilization.
C) are secreted by the gonads.
D) are secreted by the adenohypophysis.

Question 22

Which of the following is a function of parathyroid hormone?

A) It causes the excretion of calcium in the urine.
B) It stimulates osteoblastic activity to form bone.
C) It stimulates the thyroid gland to secrete calcitonin.
D) It increases plasma levels of calcium.

Question 23

PTH

A) lowers plasma calcium.
B) stimulates osteoclastic activity.
C) is an iodine-containing hormone.
D) stimulates osteoblastic activity and causes blood calcium to increase.

Question 24

Lactogenic hormone

A) is also called oxytocin.
B) is a gonadotropin.
C) stimulates the mammary glands to make milk.
D) exerts its greatest effect on the gonads.

Question 25

The secretion of cortisol by the adrenal gland suppresses further secretion of ACTH by the anterior pituitary gland.What is this interaction called?

A) cerebral lateralization
B) circadian rhythm
C) cellular differentiation
D) negative feedback control

Question 26

A deficiency of insulin causes

A) hypocalcemia.
B) hyperglycemia.
C) Cushing's syndrome.
D) adrenal shock.

Question 27

TSH

A) stimulates the thyroid gland to secrete calcitonin.
B) is secreted by the neurohypophysis.
C) stimulates the hypothalamus to secrete TRH,thyrotropin-releasing hormone.
D) is secreted by the anterior pituitary gland.

Question 28

Which of the following steroids is an androgen?

A) progesterone
B) testosterone
C) estrogen
D) aldosterone

Question 29

Testosterone is best described as

A) virilizing.
B) lactogenic.
C) adenohypophyseal.
D) pancreatic.

Question 30

ACTH stimulates the

A) hypothalamus to secrete corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH).
B) adenohypophysis to secrete cortisol.
C) adrenal cortex to secrete cortisol.
D) adrenal medulla to secrete glucagon.

Question 31

Growth hormone

A) is secreted by the adenohypophysis.
B) stimulates growth of the musculoskeletal system.
C) is also called somatotropic hormone.
D) all of the above.

Question 32

The only hormone that lowers blood glucose is

A) glucagon.
B) insulin.
C) epinephrine.
D) cortisol.

Question 33

Calcitonin and parathyroid hormone

A) are both secreted by the parathyroid glands.
B) increase plasma levels of calcium.
C) decrease plasma levels of calcium.
D) control plasma levels of calcium.

Question 34

Oxytocin

A) is a neurohypophyseal hormone that stimulates the uterine muscle to contract,thereby assisting in labor.
B) is a gonadotropin.
C) stimulates the kidney to reabsorb Na⁺ and water,thereby expanding blood volume.
D) is a mineralocorticoid.

Question 35

Insulin

A) is secreted by the beta cells of the islets of Langerhans.
B) is secreted by the liver.
C) raises blood glucose.
D) is released by the pancreas in response to low blood glucose levels.

Question 36

Which of the following is not controlled by a hypothalamic-releasing hormone?

A) ACTH
B) ADH
C) growth hormone
D) prolactin

Question 37

Which of the following hormones are found within the hypophyseal hypothalamic portal capillaries?

A) gonadotropins
B) releasing hormones
C) catecholamines
D) mineralocorticoids

Question 38

Which of the following structures connects the hypothalamus and the adenohypophysis?

A) islets of Langerhans
B) portal capillaries
C) corpus callosum
D) medulla oblongata

Question 39

Which of the following is most descriptive of cAMP?

A) second chemical messenger
B) catecholamine that contributes to the "fight-or-flight" response
C) steroid
D) releasing hormone

Question 40

Cretinism,myxedema,and Graves' disease are all

A) thyroid hormone-deficiency diseases.
B) thyroid hormone disorders due to oversecretion of thyroxine.
C) calcium imbalances due primarily to the lack of calcitonin.
D) disorders of thyroid gland function.

Question 41

The hypersecretion of this hormone is least likely to cause hyperglycemia.

A) cortisol
B) growth hormone
C) insulin
D) epinephrine (adrenalin)

Question 42

The neurohypophysis

A) is the anterior pituitary gland.
B) secretes ACTH,TSH,and the gonadotropins.
C) secretes the releasing hormones.
D) is the posterior pituitary gland.

Question 43

The person with ___________ is most likely to receive insulin therapy.

A) myxedema
B) Graves' disease
C) diabetes insipidus
D) hyperglycemia

Question 44

What is the most likely effect of a deficiency of aldosterone?

A) high blood pressure
B) low level of potassium in the blood
C) low blood volume and hypotension
D) goiter formation

Question 45

Kussmaul respirations occur in response to

A) hyperglycemia.
B) metabolic acidosis.
C) pH:7.48.
D) dehydration.

Question 46

Which of the following is most likely to cause the secretion of calcitonin?

A) hypocalcemia
B) hyperglycemia
C) dehydration
D) elevated plasma calcium

Question 47

Which of the following is characterized by low blood volume?

A) Cushing's syndrome
B) tetany
C) diabetes insipidus
D) oversecretion of ACTH

Question 48

Obesity

A) antagonizes insulin.
B) elevates blood glucose.
C) causes Na⁺ and water reabsorption,thereby increasing blood pressure.
D) all of the above.

Question 49

Identify: an excessive growth of hair in locations where hair growth in women is normally minimal.

A) goitrogenic effect
B) addisonian crisis
C) myxedema
D) hirsutism

Question 50

Which of the following is most responsive to treatment with thyroxine?

A) diabetes mellitus
B) hyperglycemia
C) myxedema
D) Graves' disease

Question 51

Excess secretion of epinephrine

A) relieves anxiety.
B) stimulates the synthesis of glycogen.
C) elevates blood glucose.
D) slows heart rate and lowers blood pressure.

Question 52

This gland secretes melatonin and is concerned with our biologic rhythms.

A) pancreas
B) adenohypophysis
C) pineal gland
D) adrenal gland

Question 53

Hypocalcemic tetany

A) causes a flaccid paralysis.
B) resembles neuromuscular blockade by curare.
C) may be caused by a deficiency of PTH.
D) is due to a deficiency of insulin.

Question 54

Which group is incorrect?

A) hormones of the anterior pituitary gland:ACTH,prolactin,TSH,oxytocin
B) steroids:cortisol,aldosterone,testosterone
C) secretions of the gonads:estrogen,progesterone,testosterone
D) hormones secreted by the thyroid gland:T3,T4,calcitonin

Question 55

Ketoacidosis is most related to

A) adrenal cortical insufficiency.
B) Cushing's syndrome.
C) excess fatty acid catabolism.
D) hyperglycemia.

Question 56

Iodine,colloid,and goiter refer to this gland.

A) pancreas
B) parathyroid
C) thyroid
D) neurohypophysis

Question 57

Bronzing

A) always accompanies hyperglycemia.
B) is the most prominent symptom of Cushing's syndrome.
C) is characteristic of chronic adrenal cortical insufficiency (Addison's disease).
D) is a consequence of ADH insufficiency.

Question 58

Which group is incorrect?

A) hormones of the anterior pituitary gland:ACTH,prolactin,TSH,growth hormone
B) hormones of the posterior pituitary gland:ADH,oxytocin
C) steroids:cortisol,aldosterone,testosterone,epinephrine
D) secretions of the gonads:estrogen,progesterone,testosterone

Question 59

This gland secretes two hormones: one hormone elevates blood glucose and the second hormone decreases blood glucose.

A) adrenal cortex
B) adenohypophysis
C) thyroid
D) pancreas

Question 60

Insulin

A) stimulates the formation of glycogen.
B) increases the transport of glucose into a cell.
C) stimulates the synthesis of proteins and fats.
D) all of the above.