Deck 16: Managers As Leaders

Question 1

Path-goal theory states that employee performance and satisfaction are likely to be positively influenced when the leader compensates for shortcomings in either the employee or the work setting.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

Cognitive theories are leadership theories that identified behaviors that differentiated effective leaders from ineffective leaders.

Answer 2

False

Question 3

Path-goal theory holds that subordinates with an external locus of control will be more satisfied with a directive style.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

Ideally, all managers should be leaders.

Question 5

According to Ibn Khaldun, "Asabiya" mostly stems from blood ties and alliances.

Question 6

Despite the best efforts of researchers, it proved impossible to identify one set of traits that would always differentiate leaders from nonleaders.

Question 7

According to Fiedler's research, task-oriented leaders tend to perform better in situations that are very favorable or unfavorable to them.

Question 8

Fiedler's contingency model of leadership style proposed that effectiveness depends on the ability and willingness of the subordinates.

Question 9

According to Ibn Khaldun, "perfecting details" mean the detailed messages that leaders communicate to their followers.

Question 10

Transactional and transformational leadership are opposing approaches to getting things done.

Question 11

Robert House assumed that leadership style changes depending on the situation.

Question 12

Robert House's path-goal theory is an expectancy theory of motivation.

Question 13

According to the Prophetic-Caliphal model, a combination of personalism and individualism leads to a lack of institutional development.

Question 14

According to the University of Michigan studies, leaders who are production oriented are described as emphasizing interpersonal relationships and as taking a personal interest in the needs of their followers.

Question 15

Effective leaders do not need a high degree of knowledge about the company, industry, and technical matters.

Question 16

According to Fiedler's research, relationship-oriented leaders seemed to perform better in very unfavorable situations.

Question 17

According to the Prophetic-Caliphal model, strong attachment to the leader will occur if people expect a "great man" and a "great man" really emerges.

Question 18

The managerial grid only provides a framework for conceptualizing leadership style.

Question 19

Robert House's achievement-oriented leader sets challenging goals and expects followers to perform at their highest level.

Question 20

"Asabiya" is one of the four elements of the Khadra's Prophetic-Caliphal model.

Question 21

Credibility is the degree to which followers perceive someone as honest, competent, and able to inspire.

Question 22

Leadership is ________.

A) the process of influencing a group toward the achievement of goals
B) the function of influencing a group towards the achievement of goals
C) directing a group towards the achievement of goals
D) a group that achieves goals

Question 23

Ibn Khaldun's most famous book, in which he included a perspective on leadership, is called the ________.

A) Assiyash wal Hukm (or "Politics and Governing")
B) Tareekh (or "History")
C) Muqaddimah (or "Introduction")
D) Assabiyat AlArab (or "The Group bond among Arabs")

Question 24

Of the five dimensions that make up the concept of trust, loyalty seems to be the most critical when someone assesses another's trustworthiness.

Question 25

A charismatic leader is likely seen as being self-confident and influential.

Question 26

Legitimate power and authority are inherent in management positions.

Question 27

Charismatic leadership may not always be needed to achieve high levels of employee performance.

Question 28

Leadership ________.

A) is based on management direction
B) has only been studied since the early twentieth century
C) has a requirement of at least five members to be led
D) cannot be developed, according to research

Question 29

Trust is the belief in the integrity, character, and ability of a leader.

Question 30

Women's economic activity rate in the Arab world is low but remains much higher than the activity rate found in other developing countries.

Question 31

One element of the prophetic-caliphal model of leadership is ________.

A) the amount of resources that a leader has
B) the presence of a group bond
C) the role of asabiya
D) individualism

Question 32

A vision should offer clear and compelling imagery that taps into people's emotions and inspires enthusiasm to pursue the organization's goals.

Question 33

Charisma is the ability to create and articulate a realistic, credible, attractive vision of the future for any organization or organizational unit that grows out of and improves on the present.

Question 34

The scarcity of female leaders in the Arab world is a unique case not found anywhere else in the world.

Question 35

Ibn Khaldun describes "asabiya" as ________.

A) the agreements between tribes
B) the leader's ability to force compliance
C) the follower's attachment to the leader
D) the group feeling or group bond

Question 36

The challenge for many managers is learning how to become an effective team leader.

Question 37

Persons who are able to influence others and who possess managerial authority are termed ________.

A) organizers
B) visionaries
C) leaders
D) managers

Question 38

People working for charismatic leaders are motivated to exert extra work effort but express lower satisfaction.

Question 39

Perfecting details, according to Ibn Khaldun, refer to ________.

A) the personal qualities of the leader
B) the details of the leader's message
C) the environmental factors that shape a leader's behavior
D) the attributes of the leader's tribe or family

Question 40

Legitimate power and authority are one in the same.

Question 41

Which of the following describes the leadership style in which the leader generally gives the group complete freedom to make decisions and complete the work in whatever way it sees fit?

A) autocratic style
B) laissez-faire style
C) cultural style
D) democratic style

Question 42

Which of the following describes the leadership style in which a leader tends to centralize authority, dictate work methods, make unilateral decisions, and limit employee participation?

A) democratic style
B) laissez-faire style
C) cultural style
D) autocratic style

Question 43

According to the Ohio State studies, which of the following dimensions of leader behavior refers to the extent to which a leader is likely to define and structure his or her role and the roles of group members in the search for goal attainment?

A) psychological structure
B) intelligence structure
C) consideration structure
D) initiating structure

Question 44

According to the Ohio State studies, a leader who was high in ________ helped group members with personal problems, was friendly and approachable, and treated all group members as equals.

A) initiating structure
B) consideration
C) production orientation
D) employee orientation

Question 45

The Ohio State and the University of Michigan studies were ________.

A) about the same time and had similar research objectives
B) about the same time, but had different research objectives
C) at different times, but had similar research findings
D) at different times, but had similar research objectives

Question 46

The ________ style of leadership describes a leader who tends to involve employees in decision making, delegate authority, encourage participation in deciding work methods and goals, and use feedback as an opportunity for coaching employees.

A) laissez-faire
B) autocratic
C) democratic
D) cultural

Question 47

The Fiedler model was based on the premise that a certain leadership style would be ________.

A) more effective than concern for production
B) most effective in different types of situations
C) less effective than the behavioral styles models
D) effective depending on the followers

Question 48

According to the prophetic-caliphal model of leadership, a vacuum of leadership ________.

A) is never really filled
B) occurs when a leader dies
C) results from a leader who does not have the necessary resources
D) is filled by the expectation of the "great man"

Question 49

According to the prophetic-caliphal model of leadership, the combination of personalism and individualism leads to ________.

A) lack of institutional development
B) an expectation that the leader will succeed
C) weak attachment to the leader
D) an expectation that the leader will fail

Question 50

In the University of Iowa behavioral studies, group members' satisfaction levels were generally ________.

A) maintained when the leader was autocratic in the short run
B) higher under a democratic leader than under an autocratic one
C) improved when the leader was considerate of the outcomes
D) higher under an autocratic leader in the long run

Question 51

Fiedler's term '________' refers to the degree of influence a leader has over power-based activities.

A) leader-member relations
B) responsibility
C) position power
D) task structure

Question 52

The ________ model proposed that effective group performance depended upon the proper match between the leader's style of interacting with his or her followers and the degree to which the situation allowed the leader to control and influence.

A) Fiedler contingency
B) Leader participation
C) Path Goal
D) Situational leadership

Question 53

Research by Fiedler uncovered three contingency dimensions that define the key ________.

A) leader behavioral style factors for determining leader effectiveness
B) follower factors for determining leader effectiveness
C) situational factors for determining leader effectiveness
D) situational factors for determining follower effectiveness

Question 54

Which of the following are two of the three key situational factors that Fiedler felt were important in determining leader effectiveness?

A) task structure and leader-member relations
B) maturity of organization and subordinates
C) organizational success and position power
D) leader-member relations and maturity of followers

Question 55

Personalism, in the prophetic-caliphal model of leadership, refers to ________.

A) a person making personal connections with his/her followers
B) a person easily following a potential leader
C) a person being easily insulted by others
D) a person's insistence on his personal opinion

Question 56

According to the Ohio State studies, the dimension of leader behavior that is defined as the extent to which a leader had job relationships characterized by mutual trust and respect for group members' ideas and feelings is called ________.

A) cultural
B) physical
C) consideration
D) initiation

Question 57

Research on leadership made it increasingly clear that predicting leadership success involved ________.

A) was more complex than a few leadership styles
B) something more complex than isolating a few leader traits or preferable behaviors
C) proper analysis of leader consideration for people and concern for production
D) hiring managers that could demonstrate and develop trust with workers

Question 58

Trait theory ignores ________.

A) the interactions of leaders
B) the interactions of leaders and their group members as well as situational factors
C) situational factors in the leadership research
D) the characteristics of the group members

Question 59

Early research into leadership traits sought ________.

A) characteristics that might differentiate leaders from nonleaders
B) and found the traits status of leaders
C) identification of traits that leaders could use
D) to clarify the need for leadership traits

Question 60

The University of Iowa studies discussed all of the following leadership styles except ________.

A) laissez-faire
B) accommodating
C) autocratic
D) democratic

Question 61

Which of the following is not one of the hypotheses that have evolved from the path-goal theory?

A) Subordinates with an external locus of control will be less satisfied with a directive style.
B) Supportive leadership results in high employee performance and satisfaction when subordinates are performing structured tasks.
C) Directive leadership is likely to be perceived as redundant among subordinates with high perceived ability or with considerable experience.
D) The clearer and more bureaucratic the formal authority relationships, the more leaders should exhibit supportive behavior and deemphasize directive behavior.

Question 62

Path-goal theory identifies two classes of contingency variables that moderate the leadership-behavior outcome as ________.

A) tact and relationship
B) path and goal
C) environment and personal characteristics of followers
D) people and history

Question 63

Who developed path-goal theory?

A) Fiedler
B) Blake and Mouton
C) House
D) Lewin

Question 64

According to path-goal theory, a manager who consults with subordinates and uses their suggestions exhibits what type of leadership behavior?

A) participative
B) supportive
C) directive
D) achievement oriented

Question 65

Which of the following is included in the class of contingency variables termed "environmental factors"?

A) locus of control and experience
B) task structure and formal authority system
C) employee satisfaction
D) perceived ability

Question 66

Fiedler's dimension termed '________' is the degree of confidence, trust, and respect subordinates had for their leader.

A) leader-member relations
B) task structure
C) power relationship
D) authority

Question 67

According to the path-goal theory, directive leadership will lead to higher employee satisfaction when there is ________ within a work group.

A) high structure
B) substantial conflict
C) internal locus of control
D) cohesiveness

Question 68

According to path-goal theory, a leader who lets subordinates know what's expected of them, schedules work to be done, and gives specific guidance as to how to accomplish tasks is termed ________.

A) achievement oriented
B) directive
C) participative
D) supportive

Question 69

The ________ theory is a contingency theory that focuses on followers' readiness.

A) active leadership
B) consideration leadership
C) passive leadership
D) situational leadership

Question 70

According to path-goal theory, a leader who is friendly and shows concern for the needs of subordinates is termed ________.

A) participative
B) achievement oriented
C) supportive
D) directive

Question 71

Fiedler assumed a person's leadership style was ________.

A) relative
B) fixed
C) dimensional
D) contingent

Question 72

The main role of the leader is to facilitate and communicate in which of the following leadership styles?

A) telling
B) participating
C) selling
D) delegating

Question 73

________ is derived from the belief that effective leaders clarify the path to help their followers get from where they are to the achievement of their work goals and make the journey along the path easier by reducing roadblocks and pitfalls.

A) Path Goal Theory
B) Leader Participation Model
C) Fiedler's Theory
D) Contingency Theory

Question 74

According to Hersey and Blanchard, a high task-low relationship situation calls for the ________ leadership style.

A) delegating
B) selling
C) participating
D) telling

Question 75

Which of the following leadership styles describes a leader who provides little direction or support?

A) telling
B) delegating
C) selling
D) participating

Question 76

Which of the following is included in the class of contingency variables termed "personal characteristics of the follower"?

A) performance
B) employee satisfaction
C) locus of control
D) formal authority system

Question 77

The degree to which the job assignments are formalized and procedurized is the ________ contingency dimension according to Fiedler.

A) task structure
B) centralization
C) position power
D) subordinate maturity

Question 78

A leader who sets challenging goals and expects very high performance levels from subordinates is classified as what type of leader, according to path-goal theory?

A) achievement oriented
B) participative
C) democratic
D) supportive

Question 79

Which of the following leadership styles describes a leader who provides both directive and supportive behavior?

A) selling
B) delegating
C) telling
D) participating

Question 80

Reviews of the major studies undertaken to test the overall validity of Fiedler's model have shown ________.

A) minor evidence to refute the model
B) considerable evidence to refute the model
C) minor evidence to support the model
D) considerable evidence to support the model