Deck 27: Cardiovascular Diseases

Question 1

Mounds of lipid material and smooth muscle cells covered with fibrous connective tissue and embedded in artery walls are

A)plaques.
B)platelets.
C)thrombosis.
D)an embolism.

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Which of these conditions is not considered a cardiovascular disease?

A)Coronary heart disease
B)Hypertension
C)Stroke
D)Diabetes

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Which of the following is the leading cause of death in the United States?

A)Stroke
B)Coronary heart disease
C)Diabetes
D)Congestive heart failure

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Which of the following is not one of the four classic risk factors for CHD?

A)Alcoholism
B)Smoking
C)Diabetes
D)High blood cholesterol

Question 5

Which of the following is a cause of atherosclerosis?

A)Persistent infection or inflammation in the body
B)Elevated blood HDL levels
C)Chronic hypoglycemia
D)a and c
E)All of the above

Question 6

Mr.Johnson is a 60-year-old Caucasian.He has a BMI of 36.His cholesterol screening revealed: LDL 172 mg/dL, HDL 30 mg/dL, and total cholesterol 250 mg/dL.What risk factors from the above information place Mr.Johnson at risk of CHD?

A)LDL and HDL cholesterol
B)Age
C)Obesity
D)All of the above

Question 7

When a portion of a clot travels through the blood stream, lodges in a narrow artery, and causes sudden tissue death it is called a(n)

A)embolism.
B)platelet.
C)aneurysm.
D)thrombus.

Question 8

All of the following conditions are modifiable risk factors for coronary heart disease except

A)hypertension.
B)gender.
C)diabetes mellitus.
D)high LDL cholesterol.

Question 9

All of the following favor atherosclerosis development except

A)diabetes.
B)elevated LDL.
C)smoking.
D)elevated HDL.

Question 10

Which of the following is a risk factor for CHD?

A)Being female
B)Body weight 20% less than ideal
C)HDL greater than 60 mg/dL
D)LDL cholesterol greater than 160 mg/dL

Question 11

Cholesterol carried by oxidized _____ is embedded in artery walls.

A)chylomicrons
B)HDL
C)LDL and VLDL
D)VLDL and HDL

Question 12

Total cholesterol of 242 mg/dL would be classified as

A)desirable.
B)normal.
C)borderline high.
D)high.

Question 13

Mrs.Thomas had blood work done as ordered by her physician.Her total cholesterol level was 240 mg/dL and HDL was 35 mg/dL.Mrs.Thomas's total cholesterol and HDL indicate she

A)has a desirable blood lipid profile.
B)is at borderline at risk for CHD.
C)is at high risk for CHD.
D)requires more tests.

Question 14

Estrogen replacement therapy has which of the following effects?

A)Reduced LDL
B)Increased HDL
C)Increased risk of blood clotting
D)a and c
E)All of the above
Questions for Section 27.2 Coronary Heart Disease (CHD)

Question 15

If ignored, a potential consequence of atherosclerosis is

A)myocardial infarction.
B)kidney disease.
C)strokes.
D)all of the above

Question 16

In women, CHD occurs about _____ years later than in men.

A)7
B)10
C)15
D)20

Question 17

All of the following are consequences of smoking tobacco except

A)it encourages plaque formation.
B)it lowers blood pressure.
C)it increases inflammation.
D)it increases the likelihood of blood clot formation.

Question 18

Tissue death of the heart muscle caused by blockage of a vessel is

A)congestive heart failure.
B)a heart attack.
C)intermittent claudication.
D)b and c
E)all of the above
Questions for Section 27.1 Atherosclerosis

Question 19

Obesity is to type 2 diabetes as high _____ is/are to atherosclerosis.

A)chylomicrons
B)HDL
C)LDL
D)estrogen levels

Question 20

In atherosclerosis, blood flow to the kidneys

A)decreases.
B)increases.
C)remains unchanged.
D)is re-routed.

Question 21

Mr.Johnson is a 60-year-old Caucasian.He has a BMI of 36.His cholesterol screening revealed: LDL 172 mg/dL, HDL 30 mg/dL, and total cholesterol 250 mg/dL.Which of the following lifestyle changes should he implement?

A)Low-carbohydrate diet
B)Low-fat, low-cholesterol diet
C)Exercise program
D)a and c
E)b and c

Question 22

Moderate consumption of alcohol can reduce the risk of CHD by

A)increasing HDL.
B)deceasing HDL.
C)increasing LDL.
D)decreasing LDL.

Question 23

Clinical trials have shown that approximately _____ gram(s) of plant sterols per day can lower LDL cholesterol by up to 15 percent.

A)1
B)2
C)3
D)4

Question 24

The Therapeutic Lifestyle Changes (TLC) recommendation for total fat intake is _____ percent of daily kcalories in order to promote a healthy blood cholesterol and lipoprotein profile.

A)<20
B)<30
C)25-35
D)35-40

Question 25

Which of the following hasn't been proven to independently help lower the risk of CHD?

A)Weight loss
B)Smoking cessation
C)Increase in HDL
D)Increase in physical activity

Question 26

Mr.Bidwell, age 68, suffered an MI six weeks ago.On his clinic visit he tells you he has been trying to manage his diet.You ask him to describe a typical dinner.Mr.Bidwell probably understands his dietary instructions if he describes a dinner of

A)baked chicken, macaroni and cheese, green beans, and Jell-O.
B)shrimp creole, rice, salad with blue cheese dressing, and sherbet.
C)turkey, cranberry sauce, steamed vegetables, and angel food cake.
D)spare ribs, boiled potato, and coleslaw.

Question 27

Based on the limited data provided, which of the following individuals has the lowest risk for developing CHD?

A)A 40-year-old man with controlled hypertension
B)A 50-year-old post-menopausal woman
C)A 45-year-old woman who is 5'2" and weighs 125 lbs
D)A 45-year-old woman with an HDL level of 50 mg/dL

Question 28

_____ dietary fat is shown to have the strongest effect on blood cholesterol levels and TLC's recommendation is that it contribute less than _____ percent of total kcalories.

A)Polyunsaturated, 10
B)Saturated, 7
C)Saturated, 10
D)Monounsaturated, 7

Question 29

Mr.Goldman is a 55-year-old Caucasian who has suffered an MI.His total cholesterol level is 242 mg/dL, LDL is 172 mg/dL, HDL is 35 mg/dL, and triglycerides are 400 mg/dL.Which statement by Mr.Goldman suggests some accurate recall of dietary instructions for lowering his cholesterol?

A)"I should drink a glass of wine every day to raise my HDL cholesterol."
B)"I'm supposed to eat 300 mg of cholesterol/day."
C)"I must eliminate red meat from my diet."
D)"Avoidance of saturated fat is a primary concern."

Question 30

The effect of diets rich in omega-3 fatty acids is a(n)

A)decrease in serum cholesterol.
B)decrease in serum triglycerides.
C)increase in serum triglycerides.
D)tendency to form thrombi.

Question 31

Which of the following is a CHD risk equivalent, which carries the same risk for a major coronary event as established CHD?

A)Type 2 diabetes
B)Cigarette smoking
C)Elevated LDL and VLDL
D)All of the above

Question 32

The American Heart Association recommends eating at least _____ servings of fatty fish per week for CHD risk reduction.

A)2
B)3
C)4
D)5

Question 33

Mr.Johnson is a 60-year-old Caucasian.He has a BMI of 36.His cholesterol screening revealed: LDL 172 mg/dL, HDL 30 mg/dL, and total cholesterol 250 mg/dL.Mr.Johnson's LDL and HDL cholesterol are classified as _____, respectively.

A)low and low
B)low and high
C)high and low
D)high and high

Question 34

High intakes of carbohydrates (> 60% of total kcalories) cause triglyceride levels to _____ and HDL cholesterol to _____.

A)decrease, decrease
B)decrease, increase
C)increase, decrease
D)increase, increase

Question 35

A source of omega-3 fatty acids is

A)fish oil.
B)flaxseeds.
C)peanuts.
D)a and b
E)all of the above

Question 36

Mr.Johnson is a 60-year-old Caucasian.He has a BMI of 36.His cholesterol screening revelaed: LDL 172 mg/dL, HDL 30 mg/dL, and total cholesterol 250 mg/dL.From the above information, what is Mr.Johnson's risk of CHD?

A)Very low
B)Moderate
C)Very high
D)Not enough information is provided

Question 37

The American Heart Association recommends that all adults participate in at least _____ minutes of moderate-intensity physical activity on most days of the week.

A)10
B)17
C)25
D)30

Question 38

Martha has been advised to limit trans fats in her diet.Which of the following snack foods would this include?

A)Chocolate
B)Skim milk
C)French fries
D)Pretzels

Question 39

For what length of time should a person with a high risk of CHD try to lower LDL cholesterol with a trial of Therapeutic Lifestyle Changes (TLC) before considering drug therapy?

A)1-2 weeks
B)3-4 weeks
C)1-2 months
D)3-6 months

Question 40

Which of the following is a good source of fiber that will help reduce blood lipids?

A)Barley
B)Oats
C)Wheat
D)a and b
E)a, b, and c

Question 41

Harry has a doctor's appointment for her annual physical.The doctor has determined that he is at risk for a stroke and prescribes:

A)an anticoagulant.
B)a statin.
C)a diuretic.
D)a low-sodium diet.

Question 42

Which of the following has been identified as a contributing risk factor for hypertension that can't be modified?

A)Obesity
B)BMI > 30
C)Genetics
D)Alcoholism

Question 43

Gina is visiting her grandparents.She notices that her grandfather has periods of confusion, numbness, and difficulty speaking.He most likely is suffering from:

A)a heart attack.
B)a stroke.
C)angina.
D)TIAs.

Question 44

Which of the following groups of foods are most appropriate for a hypertensive client on a low-fat, low-sodium, high-potassium diet?

A)Macaroni and cheese, carrot and raisin salad, and chocolate layer cake
B)Fried shrimp, french fries, spinach salad with Italian dressing, and fresh strawberries
C)Cheese omelet, buttermilk biscuits, and apple pie
D)Black bean patty, lettuce and tomato with vinegar and olive oil, and baked potato with low-fat plain yogurt

Question 45

The kidneys regulate blood pressure by

A)controlling the secretion of hormones.
B)regulating cardiac output.
C)adjusting the diameters of arterioles.
D)all of the above

Question 46

Which statement is false?

A)Epidemiological studies have clearly demonstrated that dietary antioxidants prevent CHD in adults.
B)There is currently no recommendation to use antioxidant supplements for heart disease prevention.
C)Elevated levels of homocysteine in the blood are associated with greater risk for CHD.
D)B vitamin supplements are not currently recommended for reducing CHD risk.

Question 47

Early dietary interventions after an MI include a

A)low-protein diet.
B)low-sodium diet.
C)high-kcalorie diet.
D)high-fiber diet.

Question 48

Mr.Parks owns a sandwich shop.He has hired you to help him to revise his "lunch specials" so that he can label them "heart healthy." One popular "special" offers a 3 oz.cut of grilled sirloin on a sour dough bun; and a salad that includes ½ tomato, lettuce leaf, and ½ Tbsp.blue cheese dressing.Which of the following would be the most effective revision to recommend to Mr.Parks?

A)Add a fruity smoothie
B)Substitute vinegar and olive oil for the salad dressing
C)Provide a choice of wheat or sour dough bun
D)Double the amount of lettuce

Question 49

Which of the following is the leanest cut of beef?

A)Top sirloin steak
B)Rib eye steak
C)Brisket
D)Hamburger meat

Question 50

For adults, normal resting blood pressure, in absence of any other illnesses, should be about

A)<100 / <70 mmHg.
B)<110 / <80 mmHg.
C)<120 / <80 mmHg.
D)<120 / >90 mmHg.

Question 51

For each _____ increase above normal blood pressure, the risk of heart attack doubles.

A)10/5 mm Hg
B)20/5 mm Hg
C)20/10 mm Hg
D)25/15 mm Hg

Question 52

People cannot usually feel the effects of which of the following?

A)Stroke
B)MI
C)Hypertension
D)Intermittent claudication

Question 53

If left untreated, hypertension can lead to

A)renal failure.
B)heart failure.
C)a stroke.
D)all of the above

Question 54

A recommendation for clients with hypertension is a low-sodium diet that is

A)high in potassium and high in calcium.
B)low in potassium and high in calcium.
C)low in potassium and low in calcium.
D)high in potassium and low in calcium.

Question 55

Regular aerobic physical activity

A)lowers HDL.
B)increases HDL.
C)increases LDL.
D)has no effect on cholesterol.

Question 56

Which of the following individuals is at the highest risk for stroke?

A)A 65-year-old Caucasian with family history of heart disease
B)A 65-year-old obese African American with a history of hypertension
C)A 55-year-old African American with family history of hypertension
D)A 45-year-old Caucasian with family history of diabetes

Question 57

Which reading is indicative of pre-hypertension?

A)117/80 mm Hg
B)125/80 mm Hg
C)140/90 mm Hg
D)140/80 mm Hg

Question 58

Mr.Peabody had a stroke seven days ago.Initially he was fed via tube feeding because he had dysphagia.Today the tube has been removed and his diet is advanced to mechanical soft with nectar-thick liquids.Which of the following foods would be the most appropriate for Mr.Peabody?

A)Pureed carrots
B)Ground meat
C)Sliced apple
D)Apple juice

Question 59

Prior to feeding someone post-stroke, the health care professional should assess the client for

A)food intolerance.
B)salt sensitivity.
C)swallowing ability.
D)hydration status.

Question 60

Sean is attending his first cardiac rehabilitation meeting.He should expect all of the following except:

A)exercise therapy.
B)smoking cessation counseling.
C)prepared meals.
D)medication education.

Question 61

Which diet is the most appropriate for her condition?

A)High-calorie, high-protein
B)2 g Na
C)Low-fat
D)2 g Na/ no concentrated sweets

Question 62

Brian most likely suffered:

A)a transient ischemic attack.
B)a myocardial infarction.
C)hypoglycemia.
D)thrombosis.

Question 63

Max has been diagnosed with cardiac cachexia secondary to congestive heart failure.Which of the following would be a possible medical nutrition therapy recommendation for him?

A)Liquid supplements
B)Tube feedings
C)Small, frequent meals
D)All of the above

Question 64

The term for malnutrition associated with chronic heart failure is

A)cardiac cachexia.
B)anorexia nervosa.
C)dyspnea.
D)tachycardia.

Question 65

Which of the following health care professionals evaluates the chewing and swallowing abilities of patients?

A)Occupational therapist
B)Registered dietitian
C)Speech-language pathologist
D)Physical therapist

Question 66

When clients have edema associated with chronic heart failure, physicians usually order

A)cholesterol restriction and bile acid sequestrants.
B)saturated fat restriction and corticosteroids.
C)sodium restriction and diuretics.
D)carbohydrate restriction and insulin.

Question 67

Ms.Leland is discharged from the hospital and returns to her doctor due to constipation for greater than 3 days.Which of the following is likely contributing to her change in bowl pattern?

A)Decreased activity
B)Diuretic usage
C)Decreased intake of diet and liquids
D)All of the above
E)None of the above

Question 68

Dietary guidelines for the management of hypertension emphasize

A)avoidance of calcium-rich foods.
B)a diet rich in fresh fruits and vegetables.
C)6 oz.wine per day.
D)avoidance of starchy foods.

Question 69

Over time, Ms.Leland suffers from _____ and must decide whether she will have _____ to help meet her nutritional needs.

A)cardiac cachexia, a PEG placed
B)kidney failure, dialysis started
C)liver failure, a liver transplant
D)cardiac cachexia, PPN initiated
Brian Schmidt is a 58-year-old lawyer with a history of hypertension.His blood pressure has been under fairly good control with prescription medication.His secretary notices that he had a period of confusion and difficulty speaking at a meeting.She advises him to see his doctor.

Question 70

Which medication is appropriate to improve her fluid status?

A)Diuretic
B)Vasodilator
C)Insulin
D)Anti-coagulant

Question 71

Which of the following physical symptoms of disease does not interfere with eating and nutrition status?

A)Nausea
B)Polyuria
C)Difficulty with breathing
D)Gastroesophageal reflux

Question 72

Mr.Silvestri is not able to grasp his utensils, nor can he feed himself.Which professional can best help him?

A)Registered dietitian
B)Registered nurse
C)Occupational therapist
D)Physical therapist

Question 73

Case Studies
Margaret Leland is retired and 76 years old and lives alone.Her only daughter lives two hours away.She has a past medical history of heart attack, smoking for 20 years, hypertension, and type 2 diabetes.She complains of decreased appetite and disinterest in food.
Ms.Leland is admitted to the cardiac unit with shortness of breath and fluid retention in her extremities.What is the most likely diagnosis?

A)Stroke
B)Congestive heart failure
C)COPD
D)Myocardial Infarction

Question 74

Miss Conley has congestive heart failure with cardiac cachexia.Which of the following should she avoid?

A)Liquid supplements
B)High-fiber foods
C)Alcohol
D)Exercise

Question 75

Mrs.Gonzales has been placed on a two-gram sodium diet for her hypertension.Which of the following statements suggests some understanding of her dietary restriction?

A)"I will only eat ham twice per week."
B)"I will use monosodium glutamate (MSG)."
C)"I will not use salt at the table."
D)"I can eat foods seasoned with garlic salt."

Question 76

Generally, patients with heart failure benefit from a daily sodium restriction of _____.

A)1 gram
B)2 grams
C)3 grams
D)4 grams

Question 77

Which of the following meals is lowest in sodium?

A)Pancakes, sausage, and orange juice
B)Broiled fish, baked potato, and spinach
C)Spaghetti with tomato sauce, carrots, and dinner roll
D)Cheeseburger on a bun with lettuce, tomato, and ketchup and a milkshake

Question 78

Which of the following disabilities can decrease an individual's energy needs?

A)Cerebral palsy
B)Loss of a limb due to amputation
C)Disabilities that affect muscle tension and reduce physical activity
D)a and b
E)b and c

Question 79

A physician places his patient on diuretics to treat hypertension.The medication works by:

A)reducing blood volume.
B)reducing triglyceride breakdown.
C)reducing absorption of sodium in the intestine.
D)regulating blood clotting.

Question 80

Which of the following are prescribed to treat hypertension?

A)Nicotinic acids
B)Diuretics
C)Thrombolytics
D)All of the above