Deck 22: Gene Control of Proteins

Question 1

The X-controlling element gene is

A) SRY.
B) MATa.
C) Xist.
D) XIC.
E) Xce.

Answer 1

E

Question 2

Experiments in which cell nuclei are removed and replaced with nuclei isolated from other cells are termed

A) reciprocal transplant experiments.
B) nuclear transplantation experiments.
C) nuclear switch experiments.
D) nuclear transformation experiments.
E) enucleation experiments.

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Mammalian sex determination is controlled by

A) SRY.
B) TDF.
C) XIC.
D) all of the above.
E) none of the above.

Answer 3

B

Question 4

The developmental trajectory of the cells of an embryo can be tracked and diagrammatically expressed as a developmental atlas.

Question 5

________ cells may differentiate into any cell or tissue type.

A) Pluripotent
B) Hyperpotent
C) Totipotent
D) Potent
E) Omnipotent

Question 6

The X-inactivation center gene is

A) Xce.
B) Xist.
C) SRY.
D) MATa.
E) XIC.

Question 7

Antibody specificity is conferred by the ________ of the L chains.

A) primary structure
B) amino acid composition
C) carboxyl-terminal domains
D) N-terminal domains
E) None of the above

Question 8

Maternal effect genes

A) are feminizing genes.
B) are expressed in daughters only.
C) stimulate oogenesis.
D) are expressed during oogenesis.
E) None of the above

Question 9

The X-inactive specific transcripts gene is designated

A) MATa.
B) XIC.
C) Xce.
D) SRY.
E) Xist.

Question 10

The central function of X-inactivation is

A) dosage compensation.
B) silencing deleterious alleles.
C) silencing imprinted genes.
D) enhancing the expression of genes on the chromosome left active.
E) none of the above.

Question 11

The ________ is a conserved 180-bp sequence found in homeotic genes.

A) HOX box
B) TATA box
C) BICOID box
D) Pribnow box
E) homeobox

Question 12

Which of the following statements is true?

A) Mammalian sex determination can be influenced by temperature.
B) Dosage compensation occurs in the same way in most animals.
C) The testis-determining factor gene is X-linked.
D) Sex determination in fruit flies depends on the X:autosome ratio.
E) Mammals experience random Y inactivation.

Question 13

SRY is

A) Y-controlling element.
B) single-region Y gene.
C) Y-inactivation center gene.
D) sex-determination region of the Y chromosome.
E) none of the above.

Question 14

B and T cells undergo a transformative process called ________ when stimulated by an antigen.

A) differentiation
B) clonal selection
C) determination
D) metamorphosis
E) morphogenesis

Question 15

The first artificially cloned mammal was

A) a cow.
B) a mouse.
C) a human.
D) a sheep.
E) a goat.

Question 16

Which of the following is not a segmentation gene?

A) Gap genes
B) Pair-rule genes
C) Segment polarity genes
D) Homeotic genes
E) All of the above are segmentation genes.

Question 17

Division of fruit fly embryos into subregions is under control of ________ genes.

A) division
B) bicoid
C) segregation
D) developmental
E) segmentation

Question 18

The developmental fate of a cell is established by the process termed

A) differentiation.
B) specialization.
C) development.
D) determination.
E) A, B, and C

Question 19

Which of the following cell types has the lowest developmental potential?

A) Zygote
B) Embryonic stem cell
C) Red blood cell
D) Oocyte
E) All have equal developmental potential.

Question 20

Development can be best expressed by which of the following?

A) Fertilization, development, maturity
B) Induction, differentiation, determination
C) Fertilization, differentiation, determination
D) Induction, determination, differentiation
E) None of the above

Question 21

The major classes of antibody molecules are called antigen-globulins.

Question 22

Vascular plant cells generally have the ability to differentiate into different tissue-a fact long known to horticulturists who propagate plants by cuttings. This means that plants do not have the strict separation of germ and somatic cells as animals do. Might this be expected to accelerate or decelerate evolution in plants relative to animals?

Question 23

The cells of triploid animals, like certain salamanders, are individually larger, yet the overall body size is no different from that of diploids. Pose a developmental hypothesis for the control of morphogenesis in such animals.

Question 24

Several organisms, including the roundworm C. elegans, the mouse Mus musculus, and the flowering plant A. thaliana were discussed in this chapter as model organisms in genetic study. What are some advantages and disadvantages of devoting so much research to model organisms?

Question 25

Antibody diversity is based on a large number of genes and gene families.

Question 26

Determination occurs via induction.

Question 27

Morphogens are substances that help control development.

Question 28

Can you think of a specific example where multiple genome datasets would be useful in the study of morphogenesis?

Question 29

Cloned males are less similar genetically to their clone parents than are cloned females. Why?

Question 30

In what ways does the cloned cat Cc demonstrate the limitations of cloning technology in obtaining desired phenotypes?

Question 31

Recount the evidence that Dolly the sheep was indeed the product of cloning, or cell fusion.

Question 32

Retention of the full genomic structure during cell differentiation is termed DNA constancy.

Question 33

Antennapedia and bithorax belong to a class of mutants called atavistic.

Question 34

Use of embryonic stem cells in federally funded research in the U.S. is being hotly debated. What are the arguments for and against use of such stem cell lines in research and treatment of disease?

Question 35

Contrast dosage compensation in humans with that found in insects like Drosophila.

Question 36

Mutations like bithorax, where a second pair of wings develops in the place of halteres, give clues to the evolutionary origin of differentiated structures. What inferences might you draw from bithorax, or antennapedia?

Question 37

If cell and tissue differentiation is controlled genetically, how can environmental factors play a role in determining the final phenotype?

Question 38

Antibodies elicit production of antigens.

Question 39

T and B cells are so named for the types of antigens they attack.

Question 40

Why is the change associated with development irreversible?

Question 41

Human cloning is presently banned in the United States. What are the arguments for maintaining such a ban?

Question 42

Your body is likely to have existing antibodies that will counter antigens you have yet to contact. How is this accomplished?

Question 43

Is there a relationship between the problems encountered cloning mammals and the rarity of polyploidy in this group?