Deck 14: Nonessential Trace and Ultratrace Minerals

Question 1

Which mineral may substitute for magnesium in the complement system?

A) boron
B) cobalt
C) silicon
D) nickel

Answer 1

D

Question 2

What ultratrace element is normally consumed at <100 µg/d, mainly from nuts, legumes, grains, and chocolate, and has been assigned a Tolerable Upper Intake Level of 1 mg/d?

A) nickel
B) silicon
C) cobalt
D) boron

Answer 2

A

Question 3

In humans, signs of nickel _____ include nausea, vomiting, and difficulty breathing.

A) toxicity
B) deficiency
C) subclinical deficiency
D) carcinogenesis

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Boron is associated with which of the following functions?

A) metabolism of methionine and methylation of DNA
B) bone development and mediation of the inflammatory response
C) synthesis of glucosamine, chondroitin sulfate, and collagen
D) insulin action

Question 5

Which of the following interacts with fluoride in such a way as to inhibit absorption?

A) aluminum
B) phosphate
C) calcium
D) sodium

Question 6

Because of its anti-inflammatory actions, which element may reduce the severity of rheumatoid arthritis?

A) cobalt
B) boron
C) silicon
D) arsenic

Question 7

Which mineral is known to influence nickel absorption?

A) sodium
B) chloride
C) iodine
D) iron

Question 8

What ultratrace element plays a role in the metabolism of methionine to taurine?

A) boron
B) arsenic
C) vanadium
D) nickel

Question 9

For what ultratrace element that is well known for its toxicity, yet is now deemed essential in small quantities, have no human dietary requirement and no Tolerable Upper Intake Level been established?

A) arsenic
B) cobalt
C) boron
D) vanadium

Question 10

Which element is second only to oxygen in abundance on earth?

A) nickel
B) vanadium
C) silicon
D) cobalt

Question 11

Which element impairs iodine uptake, causing compensatory goiter in mice?

A) boron
B) cobalt
C) nickel
D) arsenic

Question 12

Which ultratrace element affects the composition, structure, and strength of bones as well as cell membrane stability and inflammation?

A) vanadium
B) cobalt
C) arsenic
D) boron

Question 13

What foods are rich sources of silicon?

A) whole grains and root vegetables
B) coffee and beer
C) milk and milk products
D) meats, poultry, and fish

Question 14

Which micromineral plays a contributing role in the formation of hydroxyapatite crystals that are more resistant to acid erosion?

A) arsenic
B) selenium
C) fluoride
D) nickel

Question 15

Human toxicity has been shown as blackfoot disease, a peripheral vascular condition, in individuals drinking water contaminated with _____.

A) boron
B) arsenic
C) silicon
D) vanadium

Question 16

Which ultratrace element was used as a preservative for meat, fish, and dairy products in the early 1900s, considered dangerous for humans in the 1920s, and then deemed essential starting in the 1980s?

A) cobalt
B) arsenic
C) boron
D) vanadium

Question 17

Which categories of food provide the most nickel?

A) red meats
B) nuts, legumes, grains
C) fish
D) milk and milk products

Question 18

Which of the following groups of foods are richest in boron, providing 1.0 to 4.5 mg/100 g?

A) raisins, legumes, nuts, and avocados
B) pork, beef, and poultry
C) milk , butter, cheese, and yogurt
D) fish and shellfish

Question 19

Selenium and iodine interact antagonistically with _____.

A) arsenic
B) vanadium
C) boron
D) silicon

Question 20

The element that appears to be needed for formation and utilization of methyl groups and formation of S-adenosylmethionine is _____.

A) silicon
B) vanadium
C) arsenic
D) boron

Question 21

Which ultratrace element is not required by humans in its ionic form, but is a necessary component of the coenzyme form of a vitamin?

A) iron
B) boron
C) cobalt
D) vanadium

Question 22

An ultratrace element that can inhibit many systems that require phosphate, such as phosphotransferases, is _____.

A) nickel
B) arsenic
C) vanadium
D) boron

Question 23

Which ultratrace element, in pharmacological quantities, mimics the action of insulin?

A) boron
B) silicon
C) nickel
D) vanadium

Question 24

Toxicity of which element results in green tongue, diarrhea, and GI cramps?

A) vanadium
B) silicon
C) arsenic
D) boron

Question 25

What ultratrace element has been shown to inhibit Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase function and the absorption of amino acids at higher concentrations?

A) vanadium
B) arsenic
C) cobalt
D) boron

Question 26

Which ultratrace element enters the cell through transport systems for phosphate, with which it competes?

A) nickel
B) boron
C) vanadium
D) cobalt

Question 27

Which element has a positive influence on collagen synthesis and bone mineralization?

A) silicon
B) vanadium
C) arsenic
D) nickel

Question 28

The major detrimental effect of a long-term excess of dietary silicon, usually in the form of antacids, is _____.

A) cancer
B) asthma
C) diabetes
D) kidney stones

Question 29

Which ultratrace element is a constituent of vitamin B₁₂?

A) arsenic
B) vanadium
C) boron
D) cobalt

Question 30

Which mineral is contained in a preformed metallovitamin essential for humans that cannot be synthesized from dietary sources?

A) cobalt
B) silicon
C) nickel
D) boron

Question 31

The richest dietary sources of vanadium are _____.

A) fats and oils
B) cereal and grain products
C) sweeteners
D) milk products

Question 32

Dietary _____ inhibits absorption of silicon.

A) iron
B) lactose
C) fiber
D) alkalinity