Deck 6: Developing Gender Identity

Question 1

When children have learned gender labeling, they

A) have developed gender constancy.
B) may still believe that gender can change over time or with effort.
C) are also gender congruent.
D) are typically at least 8 years old.
E) both c and d

Answer 1

B

Question 2

What type of gender-related knowledge do children possess at age 9 months to one year old?

A) the ability to apply gender labels, but not correctly
B) the ability to distinguish female from male faces
C) the ability to select toys that are typical for their own gender
D) the ability to group people of the same gender together

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Young children are more likely to use ________ than ________ to identify a person's gender.

A) personal information . . . . abstract information
B) self-reflection . . . . self-direction
C) activity level . . . . career status
D) clothing styles . . . . genitals

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Children who cannot correctly apply gender labels

A) sometimes show gender consistency.
B) may succeed at other components of gender identity.
C) also fail at other tasks involved with gender identity.
D) represent about 30% of children under age 8 years, and these children are at risk for other cognitive deficits.

Question 5

Gender schema theory predicts that children will develop gender knowledge about their own gender faster than knowledge about the other gender. Research has

A) confirmed this prediction.
B) confirmed this prediction for boys but not for girls.
C) confirmed this prediction for girls but not for boys.
D) failed to confirm this prediction.

Question 6

The development of gender identity includes

A) accepting self as male or female.
B) accepting stereotypical gender behaviors as natural.
C) rejecting behaviors associated with the other gender.
D) trying out all types of gender-related behaviors to determine which ones are appropriate.

Question 7

When comparing gender development of boys and girls,

A) girls develop a stable set of gender-related behaviors (but not knowledge) before boys do.
B) boys develop a stable set of gender-related behaviors (but not knowledge) before girls do.
C) no gender differences appear in the development of gender-related behaviors.
D) development of stable gender-related behaviors varies according to social class.

Question 8

Which gender difference applies to the development of gender identity?

A) Boys experience more severe socialization pressure than girls.
B) Individual variability affects the sequence of gender labeling and gender stability.
C) Children receive inconsistent punishment for gender-typical behaviors.
D) Girls do not receive either punishment or reinforcement for gender-related behaviors, but boys do.

Question 9

Research on the development of gender identity has shown that

A) children develop gender constancy, which is the basis for other components of gender identity.
B) some children have a full concept of gender identity by age 2 years.
C) about 10% of children have at least one component of gender identity unresolved during preadolescence.
D) children show individual variability in age but not in the sequence in which they develop the components of gender identity.

Question 10

Trying to get children to make mistakes concerning the gender of a male doll by dressing the doll in feminine clothing and calling him "her" may lead children as old as ________ into making mistakes.

A) 4 years old
B) preschool age
C) early elementary age
D) teenagers

Question 11

When children begin to learn the labels for the genders,

A) they make few mistakes.
B) they tend to use only one gender label, calling everyone a boy or a girl rather than applying the labels according to gender.
C) girls make fewer mistakes than boys.
D) they tend to apply these labels according to some characteristic other than gender.

Question 12

Five-year-old Jacob says, "I don't want to wear that shirt-it's a girl's shirt. If I wear it, I'll have to be a girl." Jacob

A) shows gender consistency in rejecting feminine clothing.
B) shows gender role flexibility.
C) fails to show gender labeling.
D) fails to show gender consistency.

Question 13

Some researchers have found it useful to divide the concept of gender constancy into the components of

A) gender identity and gender reversal.
B) gender stability and gender consistency.
C) gender stereotyping and gender stability.
D) gender consistency and gender intensification.

Question 14

What effect does developing gender constancy have on individuals?

A) Individuals with gender constancy can begin to learn correct gender labeling.
B) Individuals with gender constancy then develop gender stability.
C) Individuals with gender constancy typically have a diffuse concept of gender-typical activities.
D) Individuals with gender constancy find gender more important than those who have not developed constancy.

Question 15

At about what age do children possess knowledge of gender-typical activities?

A) 7 months
B) 12 months
C) 24 months
D) 3 years or older

Question 16

Four-year-old Alicia says, "I'm a girl, but I can be a daddy when I grow up, if I want to." Alicia

A) shows gender consistency.
B) fails to show gender stability.
C) shows gender role flexibility.
D) has a poor generalization of gender schema.

Question 17

Children as young as _______ have been found to be able to distinguish female from male faces.

A) 7 months
B) 12 months
C) 2 years
D) 3 years or older

Question 18

Some gender differences occur in the development of gender identity;

A) both girls and boys learn about behaviors associated their own gender before learning about the other.
B) girls learn feminine gender role behaviors as well as behaviors associated with the male gender role before boys do.
C) boys learn masculine gender role behaviors as well as behaviors associated with the female gender role before girls do.
D) these differences are largest for children whose parents fail to adopted traditional gender roles.

Question 19

When young boys prefer playing with dolls to playing sports and like to wear girls' clothing,

A) this behavior is a definite symptom of gender identity disorder.
B) this behavior is a signal that these boys will be homosexual adults.
C) these boys are likely to seek sexual reassignment surgery as adults.
D) this behavior is unusual, but these boys may have no gender identity problems.

Question 20

A child who has trouble with gender labeling

A) is typically older than 4 years.
B) cannot apply the words girl and boy correctly.
C) becomes inflexible in the use of gender words.
D) consistently reverses the labels for the genders.

Question 21

The famous case of John/Joan involved a boy

A) who was the subject of sex reassignment because his penis was destroyed when he was 7 months old.
B) who developed a serious case of gender identity disorder, wanting to be a girl, and was the youngest case of sexual reassignment surgery ever performed.
C) whose parents dressed him as a boy but dressed his twin brother as a girl to determine the effects of socialization on gender identity.
D) whose divorced parents disagreed over his gender identity.

Question 22

In addition to exposure to prenatal hormones, other biological factors that may contribute to gender identity formation include

A) human evolutionary history and genetics.
B) environment and nurture.
C) parents' gender role ideology and presence of siblings.
D) estrogen and androgen.

Question 23

Studies have found some differences in the patterns of developing gender flexibility, but the studies agree that

A) adolescents have the greatest gender role flexibility.
B) children do not have the cognitive capability for gender role flexibility.
C) adults' gender role flexibility is higher than that of adolescents.
D) gender role flexibility is rare at any age.

Question 24

What is most likely to be an influence for gender egalitarianism?

A) fathers
B) mothers
C) sisters
D) male peers

Question 25

Another case similar to the John/Joan case involved a boy whose penis was destroyed when he was 2 months old. This boy

A) was not considered for sexual reassignment surgery.
B) was given extensive counseling as an adolescent to help him adjust to not having a penis.
C) made a successful transition to the female gender role.
D) never made a successful transition to the female gender role.

Question 26

Who is most likely to endorse gender equality?

A) adolescent girls
B) adolescent boys
C) adult women
D) adult men
E) both a and c are equally likely

Question 27

Studies that have examined the influence of prenatal testosterone exposure on the play preferences of girls and boys during childhood found that

A) both boys and girls were affected, but girls may be more strongly affected than boys.
B) boys' behavior was affected, making these boys more aggressive than other boys.
C) neither girls' nor boys' behavior was affected by prenatal testosterone exposure.
D) high estrogen levels-not high testosterone exposure- had an effect.

Question 28

Which of the following is true concerning gender role flexibility?

A) Gender role flexibility precedes gender role knowledge.
B) Young adults show less gender role flexibility than adolescents.
C) Children and adolescents are more willing to allow gender role flexibility for themselves than for others.
D) Parents influence the development of gender role flexibility, but peers and siblings have little influence.

Question 29

When children learn the rules for gender category formation, they become unwilling to make exceptions. That is, they tend to

A) use a variety of flexible gender categories.
B) find it difficult to limit their categories to the two standard choices.
C) stereotype on the basis of gender.
D) use several different cognitive strategies to identify a stranger's gender.

Question 30

Mothers and fathers

A) are not equally influential in developing traditional gender roles-fathers are more influential.
B) are not equally influential in developing traditional gender roles-mothers are more influential.
C) are equally influential in developing traditional gender roles.
D) are not nearly as influential concerning gender roles as siblings are.

Question 31

What predicts egalitarian attitudes in men?

A) having parents with traditional attitudes
B) living on their own as bachelors
C) being from a single-parent family
D) having a college education

Question 32

Despite the high level of gender stereotyping that typically occurs during adolescence, _________ has been associated with an increase in gender flexibility.

A) the transition to junior high school
B) the transition to high school
C) negative reinforcement for gender atypical behaviors
D) preparation for marriage

Question 33

What is a likely conclusion concerning the role of biological factors in determining gender identity?

A) Prenatal testosterone exposure determines both male and female gender identity.
B) Prenatal testosterone exposure determines male gender identity, but female gender identity occurs through social influence.
C) Biological influences provide a basis for gender identity, but other factors also contribute.
D) There is little evidence that biology plays any role in gender identity development.

Question 34

A study that concentrated on "tomboys" found that these girls were

A) actually less masculine than most girls.
B) similar to most girls in their preferred play activities.
C) more masculine in their preferred play activities than their sisters and also more masculine than girls with congenital adrenal hyperplasia.
D) more masculine in their preferred play activities than most boys.

Question 35

Parents who hold traditional attitudes about gender roles tend to have children who

A) react to their parents' traditionalism by being nontraditional.
B) examine the basis for gender roles more closely than children of nontraditional parents.
C) have difficulty learning gender labeling.
D) have traditional attitudes concerning gender roles.

Question 36

Adolescents tend to be inflexible in applying gender rules to ________ but allow more flexibility when applying gender rules to _________.

A) themselves . . . . others
B) others . . . . themselves
C) boys . . . . girls
D) girls . . . . boys

Question 37

For girls exposed to testosterone during prenatal development and who have developed congenital adrenal hyperplasia,

A) their gender identity is more likely to be male than female.
B) their gender identity is more likely to be female than male.
C) they often establish a male gender identity during childhood but switch to a female gender identity during adolescence.
D) they have a female gender identity, but about 80% are lesbians.

Question 38

The presence of prenatal testosterone

A) influences development of the genitals.
B) influences development of the brain.
C) influences male fetuses but not female fetuses.
D) both a and b
E) none of the above

Question 39

The famous case of John/Joan suggested that

A) gender identity has strong biological components.
B) male gender identity cannot be changed, but female gender identity is flexible.
C) after age 5 years, gender identity is permanent.
D) none of the above

Question 40

Between ages 5 and 7, children have __________ with ________.

A) poorly formed gender identity . . . . too much gender role flexibility
B) well formed gender identity . . . . too much gender role flexibility
C) poorly formed gender identity . . . . limited gender role flexibility
D) well formed gender identity . . . . limited gender role flexibility

Question 41

How do age peers react to children who cross gender boundaries and prefer the activities associated with the other gender?

A) After some initial misgivings, these children are accepted by their peers.
B) These children are subject to teasing, threats, and harassment.
C) These children often react to teasing by turning into bullies themselves.
D) Boys are accepted for cross-gender behavior to a great extent than girls are.

Question 42

Peers may help to enhance or restrict gender flexibility. During junior high and high school, peers tend to _______, and in college peers tend to _______.

A) restrict gender flexibility . . . . promote gender flexibility
B) restrict gender flexibility . . . . more severely restrict gender flexibility
C) promote gender flexibility . . . . promote gender flexibility
D) urge others to try different gender roles . . . . keep inappropriate gender behavior private

Question 43

The cultivation theory of media effects proposes that

A) the media cultivate a climate in which a variety of gender-related behaviors are tolerated.
B) in order to understand the influence of media, one must cultivate an attitude of tolerance.
C) the media cultivate beliefs and attitudes about the world that lead people to imagine that their lives should match these images.
D) the media may take any role that society cultivates for the media.

Question 44

The inaccuracies in gender role portrayals in the media include not only stereotypical depictions but also

A) highlight female roles more than male roles.
B) minimize women's importance.
C) show a disproportionate number of powerful, middle-aged and older adults.
D) depict women as more intelligent and competitive than men.

Question 45

Biased media portrayals

A) have little power to influence people because they realize that these depictions are fictional.
B) may be influential, even though people realize that they are fictional.
C) have the power to influence people unless they realize that the depictions are fictional.
D) influence women more than men.

Question 46

Gender segregation

A) tends to produce single-gender playgroups during childhood.
B) must be imposed by adults or it will not continue.
C) can be overcome through parental encouragement to play in gender-integrated groups.
D) became illegal in 1972.

Question 47

Television commercials in Korea, Japan, and Malaysia

A) portray women in less stereotypical terms than commercials on U.S. television.
B) portray men more and women less stereotypically than commercials on U.S. television.
C) show women in a wider variety of employment and recreational activities than commercials on U.S. television.
D) show the same type of stereotyping as commercials on U.S. television commercials.

Question 48

Families vary in their beliefs concerning gender equality, and ethnicity is one factor that relates to egalitarianism. Which of the following families would be most likely to impose stereotypical gender roles?

A) White families with a mother and a father
B) African American families with single-parent mothers
C) African American families with a mother and a father
D) Hispanic families with a mother and a father

Question 49

Analyzing movies and television programming reveals

A) more female than male characters.
B) more powerful female than male characters for younger characters but not for older ones.
C) more male than female characters.
D) a decreasing emphasis on the "war between the sexes."

Question 50

The media messages that older children and adolescents receive from video games, comic strips, and literature

A) present less stereotypical portrayals than television.
B) present even more stereotypical portrayals than television.
C) have less power to influence these children and adolescents than television does.
D) has become feminist rather than promoting gender stereotyping.

Question 51

The gender of siblings is an important influence in developing gender role behaviors. The pattern that tends to create the most traditional gender attitudes is

A) all sisters.
B) all brothers.
C) older and younger sisters with a middle brother.
D) a mixture of sisters and brothers.

Question 52

In broad, overall terms, the media tend to

A) emphasize similarities between women and men.
B) emphasize differences between women and men.
C) promote gender equality.
D) ignore gender.

Question 53

The underrepresentation of women on television

A) also occurs in movies.
B) occurs in children's entertainment programming but not in cartoons.
C) occurred during the 1970s and 80s but is not longer a problem.
D) all of the above

Question 54

Preschool children watch an average of about ________ hours of television per week.

A) 10
B) 20
C) 30
D) 60

Question 55

The pattern of influence of siblings on developing gender roles is

A) a pattern of mutual interaction of influence.
B) a pattern of younger influencing older siblings until early adolescence, then the pattern reverses and older siblings become more influential.
C) a pattern in which older siblings influence younger siblings.
D) not apparent from the research that has been conducted at this point.

Question 56

The types of gender bias that appear on television programming oriented toward adults

A) is largely absent in programming oriented toward children.
B) is absent in programming oriented toward boys but strong in programming oriented toward girls.
C) is absent in programming oriented toward girls but strong in programming oriented toward boys.
D) is present in programming oriented toward children.

Question 57

In terms of family interactions, the most sharply gendered activities are usually

A) household chores.
B) supervised playtime.
C) time allotted for homework.
D) access to video games.

Question 58

The gender stereotyping in commercials on children's television

A) is prominent in all types of commercials.
B) is minimal when the commercial features both girls and boys.
C) is prominent when the commercial features only one gender.
D) has disappeared over the past 25 years.
E) both b and c

Question 59

Television commercials in Europe and Africa

A) portray women in less stereotypical terms than commercials on U.S. television.
B) portray men more and women less stereotypically than commercials on U.S. television.
C) show women in a wider variety of employment and recreational activities than commercials on U.S. television.
D) show the same type of stereotyping as commercials on U.S. television commercials.

Question 60

Parents who say that they believe in gender equality

A) make nontraditional toy choices for their young children.
B) may behave and treat their children in gender-stereotypical ways.
C) counteract society's sexism by showing preference to daughters.
D) are usually more sexist than parents with traditional gender attitudes.

Question 61

In addition to exhibiting dissatisfaction with his or her biological sex, children with gender identity disorder must

A) want to be the other sex.
B) be depressed.
C) show a strong preference for activities associated with the female gender role.
D) all of the above

Question 62

One of the controversies related to gender identity disorder is

A) the large number of children who receive this diagnosis and who also receive treatment with psychoactive medication.
B) the diagnosis of the disorder in children but the lack of a diagnostic category for adults who exhibit the same symptoms.
C) the reluctance of psychiatrists to diagnose girls who exhibit clear symptoms of this disorder.
D) the number of gay men who should receive this diagnosis but fail to do so.

Question 63

The term transsexual refers to

A) individuals who are attracted to people of the same gender as they are.
B) individuals who dress in clothing appropriate to the other gender.
C) individuals who prefer occupations typically associated with the other gender.
D) individuals who feel as though they should be the other gender.

Question 64

Gender identity disorder

A) occurs when there is extra or missing chromosomal material in chromosome pair 23.
B) is more common in girls because of the disadvantages of the female gender role.
C) occurs when a child rejects the gender identity that matches his or her biological sex.
D) has become more common than in the past, now accounting for about 12% of individuals.

Question 65

A 5-year-old girl who protested wearing dresses and preferred football to Barbies would probably

A) receive a diagnosis of gender identity disorder.
B) be showing signs of being lesbian as an adult.
C) maintain these feelings and preferences into adolescence and adulthood.
D) have fewer problems with parents or peers than a boys who expresses cross-gender preferences.
E) all of the above

Question 66

A diagnosis of gender identity disorder is more likely when

A) the child rejects same-gender behaviors as well as prefers other-gender behaviors.
B) the child is a girl rather than a boy.
C) the parents have nontraditional rather than traditional gender role ideology.
D) the parents have traditional rather than nontraditional gender role ideology.

Question 67

What beliefs do typical 4- and 5-year-old boys hold about their parents' approval of their play behavior?

A) Boys believe that their fathers will approve of gender-typical toy play and disapprove of gender-atypical choices.
B) Boys believe that their mothers will disapprove of playing with dolls, but they do not express opinions about their fathers' approval.
C) Boys do not believe that their parents notice what toys they choose.
D) Boys believe that their parents will approve of their toy choices but will not approve of girls as playmates.

Question 68

Media depictions of adolescent girls and boys tend to

A) emphasize safe sex and avoiding unwanted pregnancy.
B) emphasize unrealistic body image for girls and depict unrealistic sexuality for boys.
C) be similar to programming oriented toward adults and thus involve many complex moral themes.
D) be similar to programming oriented toward children and thus involve an optimistic view of the world.

Question 69

In a study of boys with gender identity disorder,

A) these boys' parents treated them the same as other boys during childhood.
B) these boys behaved in ways that were indistinguishable from other boys during childhood but began to show differences during adolescence.
C) they rejected masculine behaviors but also rejected feminine behaviors.
D) the disorder persisted into adulthood for the majority of boys.

Question 70

Boys with gender identity disorder are likely to become men

A) with gender dysphoria who may seek sexual reassignment surgery.
B) who are transvestites.
C) who are gay.
D) all of the above