Deck 7: Culture and Health

Question 1

According to the text book,cultures differ in how they view the human body.These different conceptions of the human body influence how people of different cultures approach health and disease,treatment,and perhaps even the types of diseases that affect them.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

Considering the relationship between psycho-social determinants of health and disease,which one of the following statements is correct?

A)Type A personality syndrome appeared to be at greater risk for cardiovascular disease and heart attacks than non-Type A personality
B)Type A personality syndrome informs that psychology and physiology is not closely related
C)Type A personality syndrome is not related to the risk of cardiovascular disease
D)All of the above

Answer 2

Type A personality syndrome appeared to be at greater risk for cardiovascular disease and heart attacks than non-Type A personality

Question 3

According to the text book,different cultural ways of living take different tolls on the human body.Consequently,they are associated with different risk factors and rates for different disease processes.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

Which one of the following statements is correct?

A)Concepts of health does not differ between cultures nor within a pluralistic culture such as the United States or Canada
B)The behaviors,such as displeasing the holy people of the past or the present; disturbing animal and plant life;,and breaking social rules and taboos;,is not the result of the ill health
C)Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CAM)incorporates medical and health care systems and practices that are not considered conventional medicine to treat illness and promote health
D)None of the above

Question 5

Mulatu and Berry (2001)point out that health perspectives may differ between individuals from the dominant or mainstream culture and those of the non-dominant social and ethnocultural group.

Question 6

According to Schneiderman (2004),many of the leading causes of death and disease are directly and indirectly attributable to lifestyle choices and unhealthy behaviors.

Question 7

Which one of the examples is not one of the six different medical diseases found by Matsumoto and Fletcher (1996)?

A)Infections
B)Parasitic diseases
C)Cerebrovascular diseases
D)All of the above

Question 8

In China,the concept of health,based on Chinese ______ and ____,focuses on the principles of yin and yang,which represent negative and positive energies,respectively.What are these two things.

A)Religion and philosophy
B)Religion and traditional belief
C)Traditional belief and value
D)Religion and experience

Question 9

What is not the characteristic of a type A personality?

A)Rush
B)Agitated
C)Irritable
D)All of the above

Question 10

Which one of the following statements is incorrect in terms of yin and yang?

A)The Chinese believe that our bodies are made up of elements of yin and yang
B)Balance between these two forces results in good health; an imbalance-too much yin or too much yang leads to poor health
C)Eating too many foods from one of the elements can disturb the balance of the two elements
D)Maintaining the balance between the two elements involves only the mind and body

Question 11

The concept of ______ has been used in recent years in contemporary psychology to denote not only a lack of disease but the presence of positive health states.

A)Stress
B)Skepticism
C)Hardiness
D)Depression

Question 12

According to the World Health Organization (WHO),health is _______.

A)A state of complete physical,mental,and social well-being,and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity
B)A state of complete physical well-being
C)A state of complete mental well-being
D)None of the above

Question 13

Too much or too little of any of the four humors throws the body out of balance,resulting in disease.Derivatives of these terms such as _________,_________,and ______ are widely used in health and medical circles today.Which of the following cannot be one of the examples above in the blank?

A)Painful
B)Sanguine
C)Phlegmatic
D)Choleric

Question 14

Which one of the following statements is incorrect in terms of traditional psychological approaches view of biomedical model?

A)It views the origin of abnormal behaviors as residing within the person
B)Abnormalities may result from lack of gratification or overgratification of basic,instinctual processes or from learned responses
C)In the model,health is characterized as the lack of disease
D)Medicine and psychology do not have a profound influence on treatment approaches

Question 15

Which one of the findings by Matsumoto and Fletcher (1996)explain correctly the relationship between cultural dimensions and incidence of diseases?

A)High power distance is positively related to the rates of infections and parasitic diseases
B)High individualism is negatively related to the rates of malignant neoplasm,circulatory disease,and heart disease
C)High uncertainty avoidance predicts high rates of cerebrovascular disease
D)High Masculinity predicts low rates of infections and parasitic diseases,cerebrovascular disease

Question 16

Which one of the following statements is incorrect in terms of culture and conceptions of the body?

A)MacLachlan (1997)points out that common theories of disease in many Latin American cultures involve a balance between hot and cold which is similar to the concept of yin and yang in Chinese
B)Social and cultural factors play a major role in the perception of one's own and other's body shapes,and these perceptions influence the relationship between culture and health
C)The longer some immigrants have lived in traditionally Western cultures,the more their ideal body shape changes to one that is thinner
D)Furnham and Alibhai (1983)found that the perception of body shape of the Kenyan British were different from those of the British

Question 17

______ stands for socioeconomic status and it is consistently associated with health outcomes,with people of higher ___ enjoying better health than do people of lower ___ What is the appropriate term on the blanket?

A)SES
B)SOS
C)SIE
D)SCN

Question 18

Which one of the following statements is not true about the findings of Crandall and Martinez (1996)'s findings?

A)Mexican students were less concerned about their own weight,and were more accepting of overweight people,than American students
B)Anti-overweight attitudes in the United States appeared to be part of a social ideology that holds individuals responsible for their life outcomes
C)Attributions of controllability and responsibility were less important in predicting anti-overweight attitudes in Mexico,where antipathy toward overweight people did not appear to be related to any ideological framework
D)None of the above

Question 19

Most industrialized countries and cultures today suggests that the body is comprised of four humors: ________,_________,________,and ______.Which one of the following example cannot be the one of them?

A)Blood
B)Phlegm
C)Blue bile
D)Black bile

Question 20

In the United States,our views of health have been heavily influenced by what many call the _________ of health and disease.Fill in the blanks respectively.

A)Worldwide mental health model
B)Biomedical model
C)Aggression model
D)Phenomenological model

Question 21

Singh-Manoux et al (2006)found that objective perceptions of SES appears to better predict health and changes in health rather than the subjective assessment of SES.

Question 22

According to the study by Yip (2005),the concept of health is not confined to the individual but encompasses surrounding relationships and environment.

Question 23

In the biomedical model,_____ is a cause of disease,whether viral,bacterial,or other; the root of all physical and medical diseases.What is this cause?

A)Pathogen
B)Sensitivity
C)Stress
D)Personality

Question 24

MacLachlan (1997)points out that common theories of disease in many Latin American cultures involve a balance between hot and cold,some illnesses or states are ____,others ____.Fill in the blanks respectively

A)Hot,cold
B)Red,blue
C)Hot,cool
D)Cold,hot

Question 25

What is the limitation of the study on the individualism-collectivism cultural dimension and heart disease by Triandis et al (1988)?

A)Many other variables such as class,industrialization and life style confounded their results
B)They conducted the study in only two countries
C)They used the individualism-collectivism cultural dimension,which is not reliable
D)There are no limitations in the study

Question 26

According to the WHO report,countries with religions that strongly condemned the act of suicide had lower reported rates of suicide than countries without religions that strongly condemned suicide.However,researchers suggested that the reports may have been biased because _____________.

A)The sample size is small
B)The results was reported by the WHO
C)The countries with religious sanctions against suicide may have been less willing to report and record suicides
D)None of the above

Question 27

The Biomedical model views disease as resulting from a specific,identifiable cause originating inside the body

Question 28

Which of the following is a positive state of health that goes beyond the absence of disease.

A)Happiness
B)Meditation
C)Hardiness
D)Nirvana

Question 29

Which one is not one of the major types of National health systems?

A)Entrepreneurial
B)Welfare-oriented
C)Comprehensive
D)All of the above

Question 30

According to a psychological model of cultural influences on physical health,what is not one of the factors of environment that influences health and disease?

A)Temperature
B)Climate
C)Sanitation
D)Insurance

Question 31

Which one of the following statements is incorrect in terms of culture and conceptions of the body?

A)Cultures differ in how they view the human body
B)Different conceptions of the human body influence how people of different cultures approach health,disease and treatment etc.
C)MacLachlan (1997)suggested that cultures have different metaphors for how they conceptualize the human body
D)Huff (1999)suggested the notion of balance and imbalance in the body

Question 32

According to Matsumoto and Fletcher (1996),culture influences human emotion and human physiology,particularly with respect to autonomic nervous system activity and the immune system.

Question 33

According to Matsumoto and Fletcher (1996),collectivism is generally correlated with geographic location; countries closer to the (or near)equator tend to be more _____.Countries closer to the (or near)equator also have hotter climates,which foster the spread of organisms responsible for infectious and parasitic diseases.Fill in the blank.

A)Individualistic
B)Collectivistic
C)Diverse
D)Isolated

Question 34

____ affects attitudes on health care and treatment,attributions about the causes of health and disease processes,the availability of health care and health care delivery systems,help seeking behaviors,and many other aspects of disease and health care.

A)Stress
B)Emotion
C)Culture
D)Language

Question 35

Which of the following is not one of the cultural dimensions that Matsumoto & Hetcher (1996)found?

A)Power distance
B)Uncertainty avoidance
C)Masculinity
D)Openness

Question 36

According to Terrell (1992),cultural differences do not exist in perceptions of problems and in preferred strategies for coping with them.

Question 37

The various systems of the body produce harmony or health when in ______,illness and disease when in _________.Fill in the blanks respectively

A)Balance,harmony
B)Imbalance,harmony
C)Balance,imbalance
D)None of the above

Question 38

_______ suggests abnormalities may result from lack of gratification or overgratification of basic,instinctual processes.Fill in the blank.

A)The Biomedical model
B)Freudian psychoanalytic theory
C)Classical or operant conditioning
D)Piaget

Question 39

Which of the following view(s)the origin of abnormal behaviors as residing within the person.

A)The Biomedical model
B)Traditional psychological approaches
C)Cognitive psychological approaches
D)The Psychoanalytic

Question 40

The________ is a model of health that views disease as resulting from a specific,identifiable cause originating inside the body.Fill in the blank.

A)Biomedical model
B)Physiological model
C)Social interaction model
D)Stress coping model

Question 41

The WHO's definition of overweight is a ________ at or above 25; for obesity,it is a ____ at or above 30.However,there is no strong consensus on the definition of overweight and obesity for children and adolescents.

A)Body-mass index
B)HBSC
C)WHO
D)None of the above

Question 42

This is a medical disorder in which a decrease in bone density leads to a gradual weakening of the bones.It can be a particularly devastating disease for older women of European or Asian descent.

A)Anemia
B)Glucosuria
C)Cancer
D)Osteoporosis

Question 43

In Akan and Grilo's (1995)study,low self-esteem and high public _______________ were associated with greater levels of problematic eating behaviors,attitudes,and body dissatisfaction.Fill in the blank.

A)Self-reliance
B)Self-consciousness
C)Self-monitoring
D)Self-identity

Question 44

Based on the text book,what is the psychological determinant of health and disease?

A)Personality
B)Motivation
C)Positive thinking
D)Curiosity

Question 45

According to Triandis and his colleagues (1988),people who live in individualistic cultures do not have the same types or degrees of social relationships; therefore,they have less of a buffer against stress and are more susceptible to heart disease.

Question 46

What should we have to be aware of in order to develop effective methods of both assessment and treatment?

A)Culture-specific systems of healing
B)Universality of healing
C)Lists of hospitals across cultures
D)Social economical status

Question 47

A country's health care delivery system is a product of many factors.Which one of the factors below is not one of them?

A)Social and economic development
B)Technological advances
C)Influence of neighboring and collaborating countries
D)All of the above are contributing factors

Question 48

Matsumoto,Kouznetsova,Ray,Ratzlaff,Biehl,and Raroque (1999)suggest that greater discrepancy between self and societal cultural values may lead to greater psychological stress,necessitating greater degrees of coping,which affects _______ and _____,and causing greater degrees of anxiety and depressions,ultimately leading to more physical health problems.Fill in the blanks respectively.

A)Feeling,personality
B)Academic performance,social interaction
C)Human relationship,business
D)Emotion,mood

Question 49

Triandis and his colleagues (1988)suggested that culture,specifically ______,plays an important role in mediating stress,which affects health.Fill in the blank.

A)Personality
B)Language
C)Education
D)Social support