Deck 23: Religious Division and Political Consolidation in Europe

Question 1

Compare and contrast Lutheranism and Calvinism in regard to matters of religious reform.

Answer 1

Answers would include a discussion of the context of Germany,role of the church,indulgences,confinement of Lutheranism to Germany,internationalizing aspects of Calvinism,predestination and nature of the church hierarchy.

Question 2

As Lord Protector of England,Oliver Cromwell

A) enjoyed the support of a large majority of the population.
B) required high taxes to quell numerous rebellions, including those in Ireland and Scotland.
C) was less successful than his son, who succeeded him.
D) enjoyed cordial relations with the Parliament.
E) oversaw the restoration of Charles II to the throne.

Answer 2

required high taxes to quell numerous rebellions, including those in Ireland and Scotland.

Question 3

The message conveyed by Hobbes' Leviathan was a belief that

A) humanity would find its way to a better future.
B) humanity could make more progress once religion was abolished.
C) humanity was irredeemably stained by original sin.
D) humanity by nature would do good if taught to do so.
E) humanity recognized its need for a strong government to maintain control of society.

Answer 3

humanity recognized its need for a strong government to maintain control of society.

Question 4

The big winners of the Thirty Years' War were

A) England and Holland.
B) Spain and Portugal.
C) England and Spain.
D) France and Sweden.
E) Austria and Holland.

Question 5

Explain the rationale behind 17?? century absolutism and in what ways was it applied in Europe.

Question 6

Elaborate on English religious history including the Anglican Church's early development and highlighting challenges from Henry VIII through the Glorious Revolution.

Question 7

Explain the major ways in which Eastern Europe differed from Western Europe in the 17?? and 18?? centuries.

Question 8

The one thing that most upset other Christians about the Anabaptists was

A) their ideas about sharing that sounded a bit like what would later be called communism.
B) a belief in adult baptism.
C) their rapid spread through Europe that threatened the Calvinist movement.
D) their rejection of the teachings of Ulrich Zwingli.
E) a belief about infant baptism.

Question 9

Discuss the impact of the Protestant Reformation on European politics.

Question 10

Calvin demanded works as well as faith to prove that one was

A) capable of doing good.
B) worthy of Heaven.
C) not destined to Hell.
D) trying to do God's will on earth.
E) a member of the Elect.

Question 11

The major significance of England's Glorious Revolution was that

A) the people actually pushed for the calling of William and Mary to take the helm.
B) William and Mary became beloved leaders who ruled for several decades.
C) England obtained a standing army and kept it, even during times of peace.
D) Parliament, representing the people, took sovereignty away from the British monarch for good.
E) Elizabeth was removed from the throne.

Question 12

The triumph of Lutheranism was brought about in part by

A) Luther's tremendous popularity with Church authorities.
B) Luther's strong defense by the prince of Saxony.
C) the printing press.
D) Both A and B.
E) Both B and C.

Question 13

The first modern peace treaty was that of

A) Nantes.
B) Bohemia.
C) Paris.
D) Westphalia.
E) Utrecht.

Question 14

Which of these was not a major reason for German church support for reform within the Church?

A) The existence of many small principalities too weak to fight Church leadership.
B) Forced taxation by Rome.
C) The charismatic sermons delivered by Martin Luther to the German poor.
D) The desire of many German princes to find a just cause for challenging Roman authority.
E) The anger of German government leaders that the money they sent to Rome was being used to pursue goals they did not support.

Question 15

The issue that sparked the Lutheran Reformation was

A) papal defiance of the emperor.
B) immorality in convents and monasteries.
C) the sales of indulgences.
D) salvation through works.
E) the Investiture Controversy.

Question 16

Much more than Lutheranism,the Calvinist faith succeeded in becoming

A) Episcopal.
B) nationalistic.
C) liberal.
D) international.
E) conservative.

Question 17

Which of the following statements was not true of Calvinism?

A) By about 1570, Calvinists had gained control of most of Europe, including France and England.
B) Calvinists believed that the church body could choose as well as change their pastors at will.
C) Calvinists did not develop a clerical hierarchy, but there were elected elders.
D) Calvinists believed that they must defy secular laws if those laws conflicted with God's word.
E) The governing body of the church included both clerical leaders and ordinary members.

Question 18

Calvinism differed most from previous Christian movements in his belief in

A) justification by faith.
B) predestination of souls.
C) salvation through works.
D) individual Bible interpretation.
E) original sin.

Question 19

In what ways did Catholicism respond to the Protestant onslaught? How did this crystallize into the Counter-Reformation? Discuss the major elements of the Catholic Reformation.

Question 20

Lutheranism is most clearly differentiated from Catholicism by a belief in

A) predestination.
B) the Trinity.
C) justification by faith.
D) royal supremacy.
E) adult baptism.

Question 21

All of these were legacies of the Reformation EXCEPT

A) a higher literacy rate.
B) an emphasis on the individual's moral responsibility.
C) a closer relationship between ordinary church members and their clergy.
D) an increased tolerance for other peoples and other points of view.
E) more conflicts as nationalism became more prevalent.

Question 22

A major legacy of the Reformation was

A) the unification of Germany.
B) long periods of international peace.
C) civil war in several countries.
D) increased religious tolerance.
E) greater emphasis on literacy and education.

Question 23

The Council of Trent

A) met for almost ten years.
B) examined and clarified doctrines and goals of the Catholic church.
C) established the Jesuit order.
D) reversed the church's position on Luther.
E) included numerous Protestant observers.

Question 24

Louis XIV's palace from which he wielded absolute power was ____________________.

Question 25

The monarch that tried to return England to Catholicism was

A) Henry.
B) Mary.
C) Edward.
D) Elizabeth.
E) Richard.

Question 26

The Edict of Nantes granted limited toleration for Protestants in

A) England.
B) Spain.
C) Germany.
D) France.
E) Switzerland.

Question 27

The main goal of the Jesuits was

A) to seek out and destroy texts listed on the Index of forbidden books.
B) to educate people so they could bring souls into or back into the Catholic church through education.
C) to help bring sinners to justice during the Inquisition.
D) to educate the world as to the major differences between Catholics and Protestants.
E) to assist Ignatius of Loyola in obtaining papal permission to found their new religious order.

Question 28

The Anglican Church basically came into being through the marital problems of ____________________.

Question 29

Philip II of Spain had his greatest success with

A) maintaining the Netherlands as a Catholic stronghold.
B) incorporating all of Italy into his empire.
C) defeating the Ottoman Turks in the Mediterranean.
D) maintaining a close relationship with England despite his fruitless courting of Queen Elizabeth.
E) extracting as much gold and silver from the New World as was available.

Question 30

The Lutheran Reformation was,in the end,basically confined to ____________________.

Question 31

Which of the following was true of Maria Theresa?

A) She chose to divide her empire into provinces in order to decentralize the government.
B) Under her leadership, Austria won Silesia during the War of the Austrian Succession.
C) She abdicated in favor of her son Joseph when he came of age in 1780.
D) Contemporaries suggested the empress regretted that she selected Joseph over his brother Leopold.
E) She was the first and only female Austrian leader.

Question 32

Absolute monarchy was able to develop more effectively in Easter Europe because of

A) unstable borders.
B) middle-class expansion.
C) Muslim-Christian conflicts.
D) the ability of noble landlords to maintain feudalism.
E) lack of education on the part of the peasants.

Question 33

The Index,the Inquisition,and the Jesuits all formed a part of

A) Lutheranism.
B) Anglicanism.
C) Calvinism.
D) the Counter-Reformation.
E) Protestantism.

Question 34

The Prussian ruler,Frederick William,the Great Elector,was responsible for

A) leading Prussia through the Seven Years' War.
B) doubling the revenues available to his country.
C) establishing Prussia's first professional standing army.
D) helping defeat Austria during the Seven Years' War.
E) ending feudalism in his domains.

Question 35

Calvinists who considered the Anglican church to be too close to Catholicism and strove for its further reform were called

A) Lollards.
B) Anabaptists.
C) Mennonites.
D) Puritans.
E) Heretics.

Question 36

Mennonites and Amish derive from a Reformation movement known as ____________________.

Question 37

The Act of Supremacy (1534)

A) dissolved English monasteries.
B) gave the English monarch authority over the Church within England.
C) declared the Pope deposed.
D) put England in the Lutheran camp.
E) settled the Investiture Controversy.

Question 38

In Scotland,John Knox is best known for

A) supporting Mary Queen of Scots against Elizabeth I.
B) introducing the ideas of the German, Martin Luther.
C) trying to help bring James II back to power.
D) openly protesting the actions of Henry VIII.
E) the founding of Presbyterianism.

Question 39

Which of the following did not result from the defeat of the Spanish Armada in 1588?

A) It signaled the breakup of Spain's empire.
B) It showed that England should also be considered as one of the world's great powers.
C) It gave the French Protestants hope for their future.
D) The Spanish turned even more toward their empire in the American Southwest.
E) It suggested the end of Spain as a military power.

Question 40

Russia,from 1613-1917,was ruled by this dynasty:

A) Habsburg.
B) Hohenzollern.
C) Romanov.
D) Muscovite.
E) None of the options are correct.

Question 41

The most concrete result of the Glorious Revolution was the creation of the ____________________.

Question 42

The ____________________ ended the German Civil War between Catholics and Lutherans.

Question 43

Ignatius of Loyola is associated with the founding of the ____________________ Order.

Question 44

The first attempt to return the Catholic church to its basic ideas since Roman times was the ____________________.

Question 45

Intendants were French royal governors first set in place by ____________________.

Question 46

In an attempt to reclaim England for Catholicism,and for himself,the Spanish king suffered the destruction of his ____________________ in 1588.