Deck 19: The Cardiovascular System: Blood Vessels

Question 1

Which of the following statements regarding the hepatic portal system is false?

A) It consists of a vein connecting two capillary beds together.
B) It carries nutrients, toxins, and microorganisms to the liver for processing.
C) Its major vessels are the superior mesenteric, inferior mesenteric, and splenic veins.
D) It branches off of the inferior vena cava.

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Which of the following is likely during vigorous exercise?

A) Blood flow to the kidneys increases.
B) Blood will be diverted to the digestive organs.
C) Capillaries of the active muscles will be engorged with blood.
D) The skin will be cold and clammy.

Answer 2

C

Question 3

A patient with essential hypertension might have pressures of 200/120 mm Hg. This hypertensive state could result in all of the following changes except .

A) decreased size of the heart muscle
B) increased incidence of coronary artery disease
C) increased damage to blood vessel endothelium
D) increased work of the left ventricle

Answer 3

A

Question 4

The influence of blood vessel diameter on peripheral resistance is .

A) significant because resistance is directly proportional to the blood vessel diameter
B) insignificant because vessel diameter does not vary
C) the only factor that influences resistance
D) significant because resistance is inversely proportional to the fourth power of the vessel radius

Question 5

Which of the choices below does not explain why low capillary pressures are desirable?

A) Low capillary pressure reduces the load of drainage the lymphatic drainage must handle
B) Most capillaries are extremely permeable and thus even low pressures force solute- containing fluid out of the bloodstream.
C) Low blood pressure is associated with longer life span than high blood pressure.
D) Capillaries are fragile and high pressures would rupture them.

Question 6

The baroreceptors in the carotid sinus and aortic arch are sensitive to which of the following?

A) changes in arterial pressure
B) a decrease in carbon dioxide
C) a decrease in oxygen levels
D) an increase in oxygen levels

Question 7

Which tunic of an artery is most responsible for maintaining blood pressure and continuous blood circulation?

A) tunica intima
B) tunica externa
C) tunica media
D) tunica adventitia

Question 8

Factors that aid venous return include all except .

A) urinary output
B) venous valves
C) activity of skeletal muscles
D) pressure changes in the thorax

Question 9

Modified capillaries that are lined with phagocytes are called .

A) sinusoids
B) thoroughfare channels
C) anastomoses
D) fenestrations

Question 10

Which of the following processes provides a long- term response to changes in blood pressure?

A) neural controls
B) renal regulation
C) chemoreceptor- initiated reflexes
D) baroreceptor- initiated reflexes

Question 11

Which of the following signs of hypovolemic shock is a relatively late sign?

A) cold, clammy skin
B) rapid, thready pulse
C) increased heart rate
D) rapidly falling blood pressure

Question 12

Which of the choices below explains why the arterioles are known as resistance vessels?

A) They distribute blood to various parts of the body.
B) Their prime function is the exchange of nutrients and wastes between the blood and tissue cells.
C) They contain a large quantity of elastic tissue.
D) The contraction and relaxation of the smooth muscle in their walls can change their diameter.

Question 13

Which of the following do not influence arterial pulse rate?

A) the vessel selected to palpate
B) postural changes
C) activity
D) emotions

Question 14

Blood flow to the skin _ _.

A) is controlled mainly by decreasing pH
B) is not an important source of nutrients and oxygen for skin cells
C) increases when body temperature drops so that the skin does not freeze
D) increases when environmental temperature rises

Question 15

A thrombus (blood clot) in the first branch of the arch of the aorta would affect the flow of blood to the .

A) myocardium of the heart
B) right side of the head and neck and right upper arm
C) left upper arm
D) left side of the head and neck

Question 16

Which of the following is the most significant source of blood flow resistance?

A) blood vessel diameter
B) blood viscosity
C) blood vessels type
D) total blood vessel length

Question 17

Which of the following is not true regarding fenestrated capillaries?

A) Fenestrated capillaries in endocrine organs allow hormones rapid entry into the blood.
B) Fenestrated capillaries in the small intestine receive nutrients from digested food.
C) Fenestrated capillaries are essential for filtration of blood plasma in the kidney.
D) Fenestrated capillaries form the blood- brain barrier.

Question 18

Which of the following would not result in the dilation of the feeder arterioles and opening of the precapillary sphincters in systemic capillary beds?

A) an increase in local tissue carbon dioxide
B) a decrease in local tissue oxygen content
C) a local increase in histamine
D) a local increase in pH

Question 19

What do the ductus arteriosus and the foramen ovale become at birth?

A) fossa ovalis; ligamentum arteriosum
B) ligamentum arteriosum; ligamentum teres
C) ligamentum arteriosum; fossa ovalis
D) ligamentum teres; fossa ovalis

Question 20

Which of the following blood pressure readings would be indicative of hypertension?

A) 140/90 in a 70- year- old woman
B) 110/60 in a 20- year- old woman
C) 120/80 in a 30- year- old man
D) 170/96 in a 50- year- old man

Question 21

In the dynamics of blood flow through capillaries, hydrostatic pressure .

A) is the same as capillary blood pressure
B) is completely canceled out by osmotic pressure
C) and osmotic pressure are the same
D) generally forces fluid from the interstitial space into the capillaries

Question 22

If blood pressure is almost normal in a person who has lost blood, does that mean the tissues are receiving adequate blood flow?

A) no
B) not necessarily
C) yes

Question 23

Which of the following is a type of circulatory shock?

A) vascular, due to extreme vasodilation as a result of loss of vasomotor tone
B) cardiogenic, which results from any defect in blood vessels
C) circulatory, where blood volume is normal and constant
D) hypovolemic, caused by increased blood volume

Question 24

Arteriolar blood pressure increases in response to all but which of the following?

A) falling blood volume
B) rising blood volume
C) increasing heart rate
D) increasing stroke volume
E) all of these

Question 25

Aldosterone will _ .

A) promote a decrease in blood volume
B) promote an increase in blood pressure
C) result in a larger output of urine
D) decrease sodium reabsorption

Question 26

The short- term controls of blood pressure, mediated by the nervous system and bloodborne chemicals, primarily operate via all but which of the following?

A) reflex arcs associated with vasomotor fibers
B) reflex arcs involving baroreceptors
C) chemoreceptors
D) altering blood volume

Question 27

Peripheral resistance .

A) decreases with increasing length of the blood vessel
B) increases as blood viscosity increases
C) increases as blood vessel diameter increases
D) is not a major factor in blood pressure in healthy individuals

Question 28

Which of the following chemicals does not help regulate blood pressure?

A) atrial natriuretic peptide
B) nitric acid
C) ADH
D) angiotensin II

Question 29

Select the correct statement about factors that influence blood pressure.

A) Systemic vasodilation would increase blood pressure, due to diversion of blood to essential areas.
B) Excess protein production would decrease blood pressure.
C) An increase in cardiac output corresponds to a decrease in blood pressure, due to the increased delivery.
D) Excess red cell production would cause a blood pressure increase.

Question 30

Which of the choices below reflects the balance (or imbalance) between the direction and amount of fluid that flows across the capillary walls?

A) hydrostatic pressure only
B) hydrostatic and osmotic pressure
C) plasma and formed element concentration
D) blood volume and viscosity

Question 31

The term ductus venosus refers to .

A) a fetal shunt that bypasses the lungs
B) a special fetal vessel that allows umbilical blood to bypass the liver
C) damage to the valves in the veins, leading to varicose veins
D) a condition of the aged in which the arteries lose elasticity

Question 32

Cerebral blood flow is regulated by _ .

A) ADH
B) skin temperature
C) intrinsic autoregulatory mechanisms
D) the hypothalamic "thermostat"

Question 33

Which statement best describes arteries?

A) All carry blood away from the heart.
B) All contain valves to prevent the backflow of blood.
C) Only large arteries are lined with endothelium.
D) All carry oxygenated blood to the heart.

Question 34

The pulse pressure is .

A) systolic pressure divided by diastolic pressure
B) systolic pressure plus diastolic pressure
C) diastolic pressure plus 1/3 (systolic pressure plus diastolic pressure)
D) systolic pressure minus diastolic pressure

Question 35

Normal average blood pressure for a newborn baby is .

A) 150/90
B) 130/80
C) 90/55
D) 120/80

Question 36

Brain blood flow autoregulation .

A) is abolished when abnormally high CO₂ levels persist
B) is controlled by cardiac centers in the pons
C) causes constriction of cerebral blood vessels in response to a drop in systemic blood pressure
D) is less sensitive to pH than to a decreased oxygen level

Question 37

Select the correct statement about blood flow.

A) It is relatively constant through all body organs.
B) It is greatest where resistance is highest.
C) Blood flow through the entire vascular system is equivalent to cardiac output.
D) It is measured in mm Hg.

Question 38

Which of the following are involved directly in pulmonary circulation?

A) right ventricle, pulmonary artery, and left atrium
B) left ventricle, aorta, and inferior vena cava
C) superior vena cava, right atrium, and left ventricle
D) right atrium, aorta, and left ventricle

Question 39

Permitting the exchange of nutrients and gases between the blood and tissue cells is the primary function of .

A) arterioles
B) veins
C) arteries
D) capillaries

Question 40

Which of the following is true about veins?

A) Veins are called capacitance vessels or blood reservoirs.
B) Veins have a small lumen in relation to the thickness of the vessel wall.
C) Up to 35% of total body blood is in venous circulation at any given time.
D) Venous valves are formed from the tunica media.

Question 41

Figure 19.1Using Figure 19.1, match the following:
The type of circulatory shock due to abnormal expansion of blood vessels and a rapid drop in blood pressure is _ .

Question 42

The arteries that directly feed into the capillary beds are called .

A) venules
B) arterioles
C) elastic arteries
D) muscular arteries

Question 43

Histologically, the is squamous epithelium supported by a sparse connective tissue layer.

A) tunica adventitia
B) tunica intima
C) tunica externa
D) tunica media

Question 44

Where in the body would you find low oxygen levels causing vasoconstriction and high levels causing vasodilation?

A) lungs
B) heart
C) kidney
D) liver

Question 45

Which of the following is not one of the three main factors influencing blood pressure?

A) emotional state
B) cardiac output
C) blood volume
D) peripheral resistance

Question 46

Figure 19.1Using Figure 19.1, match the following:
Blood islands are embryonic cells from which germ cell layer?

Question 47

The left subclavian artery is the major branch of the aortic arch.

Question 48

The arteries that are also called distributing arteries are the .

A) muscular arteries
B) arterioles
C) elastic arteries
D) capillaries

Question 49

What are the sounds of Korotkoff?

Question 50

The in the carotid sinuses and aortic arch detect increases in blood pressure.

Question 51

Figure 19.1Using Figure 19.1, match the following:
Arterial provide alternate pathways for blood to get to an organ.

Question 52

Mechanisms that do not help regulate blood pressure include _.

A) the dural sinus reflex
B) nervous control that operates via reflex arcs involving baroreceptors, chemoreceptors, and higher brain centers
C) chemical controls such as atrial natriuretic peptide
D) renal regulation via the renin- angiotensin system of vasoconstriction

Question 53

The most common type of blood capillary is the _ .

A) sinusoidal capillary
B) distributing capillary
C) continuous capillary
D) fenestrated capillary

Question 54

The form of circulatory shock known as hypovolemic shock is _.

A) any condition in which blood vessels are inadequately filled and blood cannot circulate normally
B) always fatal
C) shock that results from large- scale loss of blood volume, or after severe vomiting or diarrhea
D) the form of shock caused by anaphylaxis

Question 55

The velocity of blood flow is .

A) slower in the veins than in the capillaries because veins have a large diameter
B) slowest in the capillaries because the total cross- sectional area is the greatest
C) slower in the arteries than in capillaries because arteries possess a relatively large diameter
D) in direct proportion to the total cross- sectional area of the blood vessels

Question 56

Secondary hypertension can be caused by _ .

A) stress
B) arteriosclerosis
C) smoking
D) obesity

Question 57

Figure 19.1Using Figure 19.1, match the following:
Consider the diameter of one 4- mm blood vessel and two 2- mm blood vessels. Would the two 2- mm vessels carry more, less, or the same amount of fluid, given that pressure is a constant? Why?

Question 58

Which of the choices below does not involve tissue perfusion?

A) blood clotting
B) absorption of nutrients from the digestive tract
C) gas exchange in the lungs
D) delivery of oxygen and nutrients to, and removal of wastes from, tissue cells

Question 59

Figure 19.1Using Figure 19.1, match the following:
A family of peptides called are released by the endothelium and are among the most potent vasoconstrictors known.

Question 60

Figure 19.1Using Figure 19.1, match the following:
Capillary found where active capillary absorption of filtrate occurs.

Question 61

Figure 19.2Using Figure 19.2, match the following:
Hepatic portal vein.

Question 62

Which type of blood vessels contain valves and what is their function?

Question 63

Figure 19.2Using Figure 19.2, match the following:
Inferior mesenteric vein.

Question 64

Branches of the celiac trunk include the common hepatic, left gastric, and arteries.

Question 65

Figure 19.2Using Figure 19.2, match the following:
The internal carotid arteries supply the with blood.

Question 66

Figure 19.2Using Figure 19.2, match the following:
The veins drain the gall bladder.

Question 67

Figure 19.2Using Figure 19.2, match the following:
Right gastroepiploic vein.

Question 68

Figure 19.1Using Figure 19.1, match the following:
Sinusoid capillary.

Question 69

Define vasoconstriction and vasodilation. What is the mechanism of regulation?

Question 70

Figure 19.2Using Figure 19.2, match the following:
Superior mesenteric vein.

Question 71

Figure 19.2Using Figure 19.2, match the following:
Describe the forces that determine fluid movements across capillary walls.

Question 72

Figure 19.2Using Figure 19.2, match the following:
The most common form of shock is .

Question 73

The abdominal aorta divides into three arteries at its terminus; what are they?

Question 74

Figure 19.2Using Figure 19.2, match the following:
Splenic vein.

Question 75

Figure 19.1Using Figure 19.1, match the following:
Capillary with intercellular clefts found in the skin and muscles.

Question 76

Figure 19.1Using Figure 19.1, match the following:
The mesenteric arteries branch off the abdominal aorta, but the mesenteric veins do not connect directly to the vena cava. Why?

Question 77

Figure 19.1Using Figure 19.1, match the following:
Capillary found in endocrine organs that allows hormones to gain rapid entry into the blood.

Question 78

The outermost layer of a blood vessel is the tunica intima.

Question 79

Figure 19.1Using Figure 19.1, match the following:
Capillary that may contain Kupffer cells in the lining.

Question 80

Figure 19.2Using Figure 19.2, match the following:
List the major factors that are linked to essential hypertension and note which ones are controllable by the patient.