Deck 1: Psychology Yesterday and Today

Question 1

The history of psychology (and most other sciences)drew heavily on philosophy.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

Describe the influences of early myths and ancient Greek philosophies on psychology.

Answer 2

-Early explanations of human behaviour were rooted in superstition and magic.
-Later,philosophers,beginning with the ancient Greeks,tried to develop more objective theories of human consciousness and reality.
-The work of such early philosophers as Hippocrates,Socrates,Plato,and Aristotle contributed to the later formation of psychology as a natural science.

Question 3

Darwin argued that dihybrid crossing was responsible for the characteristics that survive in a population.

Answer 3

False

Question 4

Wundt believed that the unconscious mind,rather than the conscious mind,was instrumental in predicting behaviour.

Question 5

According to humanists,all people have the potential for creativity,positive outlook,and the pursuit of higher values.

Question 6

Gestalt psychology is named after the German psychologist,Ernst Gestalt,who coined the term.

Question 7

Describe the three major branches of psychology and summarize key trends in psychology.

Question 8

Define psychology and describe the goals and levels of analysis psychologists use.

Question 9

Negative reinforcement is often confused with punishment.

Question 10

Summarize the major principles of the psychoanalytical,behaviourist,humanistic,cognitive,and neuroscience approaches to psychology.

Question 11

Behaviourists argue that researchers should only study what they can observe.

Question 12

Mental processes describe the activity of our brains when we are engaged in thinking.

Question 13

Socrates believed that "truth" is an objective concept that is NOT dependent on perception.

Question 14

Jasmine is a psychiatrist specializing in childhood trauma.She believes that childhood events form the basis of the adult personality.Jasmine is most likely a psychoanalyst.

Question 15

The psychobiology/neuroscience approach emphasizes the importance of brain structure and brain activity as explanations for behaviour.

Question 16

Hebb is credited with coining the term "cell assembly."

Question 17

Name important early psychologists and describe their major theories and research methods.

Question 18

Voluntarism focused on the belief that a person's free will ultimately determines human behaviour.

Question 19

The person level of analysis may include how intelligence or motivation influences behaviour.

Question 20

Functionalists viewed the mind as an ever-changing stream of mental events that respond to changing environments.

Question 21

Alison is trying to decide what her major should be in university,so she talks to her guidance counsellor.Alison realizes that she is very interested in learning about people,specifically,their mental processes and behaviours.What would be the best major for Alison,given her interests?

A) sociology
B) anthropology
C) psychology
D) political science

Question 22

Observable acts committed by other organisms,either in response to an environmental cue or initiated from within the organism,are called

A) mental processes.
B) behaviour.
C) theories.
D) culture.

Question 23

Psychology is defined as

A) the science of behaviour.
B) the study of mental processes.
C) the study of mental disorders and their treatment.
D) the science of behaviour and mental processes.

Question 24

Most psychologists work in the counselling or clinical branch of psychology.

Question 25

Clara is having trouble understanding what is meant by 'mental processes' for her upcoming psychology test.Her study buddy explains the concept to her by saying that 'mental processes' would include everything below EXCEPT

A) reading.
B) planning a route home from school.
C) withdrawing your hand from a hot stove
D) remembering your 16?? birthday party.

Question 26

What distinguishes a 'mental process' from a 'behaviour'?

A) A mental process is more effortful than a behaviour.
B) A behaviour is intentional, a mental process isn't.
C) A behaviour is observable, a mental process isn't.
D) A mental process is in response to an environmental cue while a behaviour is in response to an internal cue.

Question 27

Bae believes in the importance of culture and shared responsibility to those in his family and social group.His views could be described as collectivistic.

Question 28

Josette works at a university and conducts research in her lab.Josette is most likely in the academic branch of psychology.

Question 29

The main difference between a 'behaviour' and a 'mental process' is that

A) a mental process is more effortful than a behaviour.
B) a behaviour is intentional, a mental process is not.
C) a behaviour is observable, a mental process is not.
D) a mental process is in response to an environmental cue while a behaviour is in response to an internal cue.

Question 30

What goal of psychology attempts to characterize and discuss observations about behaviour?

A) description
B) explanation
C) prediction
D) control

Question 31

Dr.Bernard is the first scientist to study a new species that was recently found.Given that humans don't know anything about this creature,what is the first goal that Dr.Bernard should achieve?

A) description
B) explanation
C) prediction
D) control

Question 32

In psychology's early history,how was the mind studied?

A) using brain imaging techniques
B) using surgical techniques
C) by studying outward behaviour
D) by studying people with brain lesions

Question 33

Which of the following goals of psychology is correctly matched with a description?

A) Prediction - changing how often behaviour occurs
B) Control - making careful observations regarding behaviour.
C) Description - determining the circumstances in which behaviour is likely to occur.
D) Explanation - identifying the causes of behaviour

Question 34

The recognition that behaviour is shaped by an individual's memories and abilities to process information is acknowledging which level of analysis in psychology?

A) the brain
B) the person
C) the group
D) the culture

Question 35

Your text defines psychology as

A) the study of how humans change.
B) the study of thoughts, feelings, and behaviours.
C) the study of mental processes and behaviours.
D) the study of how humans fit in society.

Question 36

Your text lists each of the following as a goal of psychology EXCEPT

A) description.
B) control.
C) analysis.
D) explanation.

Question 37

Psychology does NOT rely on controlled observations or experimentation.

Question 38

A clinical psychologist is the same as a psychiatrist.

Question 39

How has the study of the mind changed across psychology's history?

A) Psychologists have largely abandoned the study of the mind in favour of the examination of objective behaviour.
B) Psychologists have found increasingly direct ways to study the mind.
C) Psychologists have only very recently started to study the mind along with behaviour.
D) To eliminate biases, psychologists have increasingly relied on indirect methods of studying the mind.

Question 40

Desmond is desperately trying to quit smoking,and based on research,has an inclusive plan of action.He will use patches to minimize the physical cravings,and he will avoid all places and cues associated with smoking.Which goal of psychology fits best with Desmond's efforts?

A) description
B) explanation
C) prediction
D) control

Question 41

The view that theories are always tentative may be traced back to

A) Greece.
B) Rome.
C) the Renaissance.
D) the late nineteenth century.

Question 42

What is the main difference between the goal of explanation and prediction?

A) Explanation tries to describe the behaviour while prediction tries to control it.
B) Explanation answers the question of 'why' and prediction answers the question of 'when'.
C) Prediction tries to describe the behaviour while explanation tries to understand it.
D) Prediction tries to change the behaviour while explanation tries to maintain it.

Question 43

Which level of analysis in psychology is correctly matched with an example?

A) Brain level - At low doses, cocaine can improve performance on visual attention tasks, such as detecting specific stimuli appearing on a computer screen.
B) Individual level - Cocaine abuse is associated with a history of violence and sexual abuse in the family.
C) Brain level - Cocaine exerts its effects by prolonging the presence of specific chemicals at the junctions between nerve cells.
D) Group level - Cocaine abuse is associated with elevated levels of the personality trait of neuroticism and with low levels of the trait of conscientiousness.

Question 44

The goal of explanation is to ___ as the goal of prediction is to ___.

A) what; why
B) what; when
C) why; when
D) why; where

Question 45

In what way is mythology like science?

A) seeking to understand nature and people
B) requiring two independent minds to propose similar ideas before the rest of the community accepts the idea
C) flourishing as a field at around the same time in history
D) following similar sets of rules to develop ideas

Question 46

When people who are involved in extreme sports such as sky diving,cliff jumping,or ice climbing are asked why they are willing to take such risks,they often respond that they enjoy the "thrill".What level of analysis does this example demonstrate?

A) the brain
B) the person
C) the group
D) the culture

Question 47

___ is defined as the study of knowledge and reality.

A) Philosophy
B) Science
C) Psychology
D) Mythology

Question 48

The recognition that behaviour is shaped by a person's social and cultural environment is acknowledging which level of analysis in psychology?

A) the brain
B) the person
C) the group
D) the culture

Question 49

Based on your text's discussion,which statement best expresses the relationship between a culture and a group?

A) A culture is the same thing as a group.
B) A culture refers to the practices and beliefs of a group.
C) Groups are subsets of a culture.
D) Cultures are subsets of groups.

Question 50

Even though many psychologists focus on one level of analysis when conducting their research,it is also true that

A) the group level of analysis is the least applicable to the field of psychology, and more accurately fits with sociology.
B) the brain level of analysis is the most popular and most likely to produce research that is funded and published.
C) psychology as a field is really about the person level of analysis, and the other two levels of analysis add little to our understanding of human nature.
D) in our daily lives, all three levels of analysis are operating and interacting.

Question 51

Which of the following statements is true regarding the levels of analysis in psychology?

A) Each specific thought or behaviour occurs at one of the following levels: the level of the brain, the level of the person, or the level of the group.
B) The level of the brain is the most important level of analysis in psychology.
C) Thoughts and behaviours are analyzed at the group level by sociologists and anthropologists, not by psychologists.
D) All thoughts and behaviours operate and interact at all three levels.

Question 52

Dr.Gutman's research has discovered that toddlers who consume more than 50 mg of sugar per day are more likely to be diagnosed with ADHD in elementary school.From this work,she expects that children who have their snack time unmonitored,or who have parents who work after school,are more likely to perform poorly in school.What goals of psychology are being targeted here?

A) description and explanation
B) explanation and prediction
C) prediction and control
D) control and description

Question 53

Which of the following goals of psychology is correctly matched with an example?

A) Description - A research assistant records the number of aggressive acts children display during a 15-minute recess period.
B) Prediction - A sports psychologist determines whether increased testosterone produces increased aggression among student athletes.
C) Explanation - A team of educators develops a program to decrease aggression among schoolchildren.
D) Control - A researcher assesses whether adults are more likely to feel depressed when they have experienced recent major losses than when they have not.

Question 54

After her relationship ended,Genevieve began drinking.She now drinks every night and has started missing work because she feels too sick in the morning to get out of bed.Her doctor has recommended she see a psychologist.On which goal of psychology would her psychologist most likely focus?

A) description
B) explanation
C) prediction
D) control

Question 55

A psychologist is interested in researching the link between playing violent video games and juvenile delinquency.Which goal of psychology is the researcher focused on?

A) description
B) explanation
C) prediction
D) control

Question 56

Philosophy is defined as

A) the study of 'truths'.
B) the study of knowledge and the meaning of life.
C) the study of what makes something beautiful.
D) the study of language and thought.

Question 57

Myths are defined as

A) old stories that are universal and attempt to explain the fundamental mysteries of life.
B) the explanation of what makes something beautiful.
C) underlying truths that are passed down through generations.
D) culturally-unique changes in language and thought over time.

Question 58

Dr.Garcia's research has uncovered that school-aged children who are exposed to more violence on television are more likely to engage in aggressive behaviours on the playground.From this work,she expects that children who have a television in their room,or have their television time unmonitored,are more likely to act aggressively.What goals of psychology are being targeted here?

A) description and explanation
B) explanation and prediction
C) prediction and control
D) control and description

Question 59

Darla is terrified of flying,but she just got an interview for her dream job and it is a 12-hour flight away.Based on research,she has an inclusive plan of action.She will take a mild sedative to minimize her physiological response while on the plane,and before the trip,she will practice relaxation technique in an airplane simulator.Which goal of psychology fits best with Darla's efforts?

A) description
B) explanation
C) prediction
D) control

Question 60

Dr.Edwin's research focuses on the level of analysis of the group.Which of the following is most likely to reflect Dr.Edwin's work?

A) how mental imagery improves memory for lists of words
B) how connections between neurons change as we learn
C) how the presence of others influences our tendency to offer help to a victim
D) how we have difficulty processing inverted faces

Question 61

The view that all knowledge originates in experience is known as

A) associationism.
B) tabula rasa.
C) empiricism.
D) determinism.

Question 62

One similarity between Hippocrates and Aristotle is that they both

A) proposed influential theories of personality.
B) believed that theories should be tested empirically.
C) believed that reason could uncover ultimate truths.
D) viewed the brain as the seat of mental life.

Question 63

Which Greek philosopher's theory suggested that our physical and psychological health is influenced by humours,also known as bodily fluids?

A) Hippocrates
B) Socrates
C) Plato
D) Aristotle

Question 64

Gina is severely depressed and suffers melancholia.If she were to receive a diagnosis from Hippocrates,what would he say is the problem?

A) Gina inherited that depressive tendency from her parents.
B) Gina has abnormal levels of black bile in her body.
C) Gina has bumps on her head that suggest a melancholic personality type.
D) Gina has learned to behave as if depressed to receive attention.

Question 65

Whereas the Greek philosopher ___ correctly identified the brain as the organ of mental life,___ believed that the brain was of minor importance.

A) Aristotle; Hippocrates
B) Plato; Aristotle
C) Hippocrates; Aristotle
D) Hippocrates; Socrates

Question 66

Who is credited with being the creator of empiricism and was also a big promoter of the scientific method?

A) Hippocrates
B) Descartes
C) Bacon
D) Fechner

Question 67

Tabula rasa refers to the idea that

A) babies must acquire all knowledge through experience.
B) babies are born with many innate ideas that will later be expressed when they develop language.
C) babies are only capable of learning as their brain fully develops.
D) babies are born with the wisdom of their ancestors.

Question 68

In what way were ancient Greek philosophers like today's psychologists?

A) They both emphasized that theories are always capable of improvement.
B) They both follow the teachings of Aristotle.
C) They both view the mind and body as completely independent.
D) They both require mentorship in the field before expertise is awarded.

Question 69

Most Psychology researchers use the scientific method of gathering data,analyzing data,and performing experiments.This method was first established by

A) Rene Descartes.
B) Herman Von Helmholtz.
C) Gustav Fechner.
D) Francis Bacon.

Question 70

Which philosopher believed that we can use logical or rational thinking to discover "core ideas" buried within the human soul?

A) Hippocrates
B) Socrates
C) Plato
D) Aristotle

Question 71

Unfortunately,Edgar's grandmother just passed away.His beliefs line up with those of the ancient Greek philosophers,Socrates and Plato,and this gives him some comfort because

A) they believed that the mind lives on after we die.
B) they argued that the body feels no pain when the mind dies.
C) they rationalized that being a good soul in life means eternal happiness.
D) they concluded that the knowledge gained in this life goes with you to the next life.

Question 72

Andrew is acting in a play and has the role of Rene Descartes.In one line,he says how the ___ is the point of contact between the mind and body.

A) thyroid gland
B) pineal gland
C) brain
D) heart

Question 73

Gerald is joyous,musical and passionate.According to Hippocrates,this is because

A) Gerald inherited those personality traits from his parents.
B) Gerald has good levels of blood in his body.
C) Gerald has ideal bumps on the head.
D) Gerald has learned that you can catch more flies with honey.

Question 74

Which Greek philosopher is correctly matched with a key idea?

A) Hippocrates - suggested that we could use reasoning to discover the truth
B) Socrates - proposed that well-being and personality is influenced by humours
C) Plato - one of the first to promote empirical study of the natural world
D) Aristotle - concluded that humans are closely related to animals

Question 75

Jeremy visits the art museum several times each year.Rather than just looking at each painting,he reflects on why certain pieces of art bring him pleasure.Jeremy's approach to viewing art would most resemble that of

A) Hippocrates.
B) Plato.
C) Socrates.
D) Aristotle.

Question 76

Who was one of the first to promote the empirical study of events in the world?

A) Hippocrates
B) Socrates
C) Plato
D) Aristotle

Question 77

What is the underlying belief of Hippocrates' theory of humorism?

A) that humans are closely related to animals
B) that all knowledge originates in experience
C) that physical and psychological health are influenced by an excess or lack of certain bodily fluids
D) that we could use reasoning to uncover the core ideas that are at the root of every human soul

Question 78

Aristotle was one of the first to promote

A) philosophy as a father of psychology.
B) the idea that the mind and body were separate entities.
C) the empirical study of events in the world.
D) the belief that animals have a soul and are capable of free will.

Question 79

Which of the following was NOT a contribution of early Greek philosophers?

A) They realized that theories are always able to improve.
B) They told stories in attempts to explain the mysteries of life.
C) They questioned how the mind works and how it is related to the body.
D) They introduced procedures used in our modern scientific method.

Question 80

Approximately when did Greek thinkers begin to substitute natural for supernatural explanations of nature and reality?

A) in the seventh and eighth centuries BCE
B) in the fourth and fifth centuries BCE
C) in the first and second centuries BCE
D) in the first and second centuries AD