Deck 12: Social and Behavioral Socialization Outcomes

Question 1

Research on the brain indicates

A) There are no places in the brain that can be linked to emotion.
B) The cerebral cortex alone processes information regarding the suffering of other people.
C) Adults whose ventromedial areas are damaged show no difference in empathy than other adults.
D) All answers are correct.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Based on research, which would be most likely to foster the development of altruism over the long term?

A) Rewarding altruistic acts with bubble gum
B) Rewarding altruistic acts with praise
C) Rewarding altruistic acts with marbles
D) No answers are correct

Answer 2

B

Question 3

According to your text, it is not low socioeconomic status or poverty per se that influences aggressive behavior, but rather the _________ that often accompany such stress.

A) Dollar amounts
B) Socialization mediators
C) Lack of welfare payments specifically
D) None of the answers are correct

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Preschoolers are more likely to help persons who

A) Are familiar to them.
B) Have previously helped them.
C) Are friends.
D) All answers are correct.

Question 5

Which of the following is a biological influence linked to antisocial behavior?

A) Evolution
B) Peers
C) Parenting style
D) Socioeconomic status

Question 6

Which of the following best illustrates the principle of modeling?

A) Children who observe an adult donating to charity are more likely to donate themselves.
B) Children who observe someone keeping money instead of giving it to charity will still donate their own money.
C) Children who are taught to act helpfully in one situation are not likely to act helpfully in other situations.
D) Children do not imitate the behavior of peers.

Question 7

Joanne gives her last ten dollars to her elderly neighbor to buy groceries at the grocery store. Joanne's actions would be considered

A) Amoral.
B) Altruistic.
C) Aggressive.
D) Egocentric.

Question 8

If you believed that altruistic behavior is an indicator of the ability to regulate biological drives, your thinking would be similar to that of

A) Piaget.
B) Freud.
C) Erikson.
D) Learning theorists.

Question 9

An example of a "restraining socialization force" is

A) Punishment.
B) Guilt.
C) Opinion of others.
D) All answers are correct.

Question 10

Self-regulatory difficulties can be symptomatic of

A) Conduct disorders.
B) Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder.
C) Depression.
D) All answers are correct.

Question 11

Renee observes someone else engaging in an altruistic act and getting rewarded for it. Renee is experiencing what?

A) Vicarious reinforcement
B) Direct reinforcement
C) Negative reinforcement
D) Shaping

Question 12

Which of the following is not thought to prevent antisocial behavior?

A) Identifying young children who are antisocial
B) Giving antisocial children training in social skills
C) Working with antisocial children only, not their parents
D) Providing academic remediation to antisocial children

Question 13

Self-regulation is related to

A) The inhibition of antisocial behavior.
B) The inhibition of aggressive behavior.
C) Showing prosocial behavior.
D) All answers are correct.

Question 14

Preschoool teachers can help minimize aggression by

A) Giving children alternate ways of solving problems.
B) Stopping aggression immediately after it happens.
C) Setting standards and sticking to them.
D) All answers are correct.

Question 15

Which of the following refers to the type of aggression in which the goal is to harm another person?

A) Instrumental
B) Egotistical
C) Hostile
D) Altruistic

Question 16

Researchers who study altruism suggest "I'll help him because he can't do it himself" is characteristic of which age?

A) Infants 6-8 months
B) Toddlers
C) Preschoolers, age 3-6 years
D) School-agers, 6-12 years

Question 17

The "Culture of Honor" refers to the idea that

A) Males should marry young.
B) Aggression is an acceptable reaction to personal affront (attacks).
C) Mesosystems are the most important of the types of systems.
D) Cultural values are genetically inherited.

Question 18

Isabel wants the children in her kindergarten to share their toys with each other at greater frequency than they do now, particularly those who are resistant to the idea. What is the best way for Isabel to get this to happen?

A) Tell the children to share, but don't give explanations about why they should do it
B) Take all the toys away
C) Tell the children to be kind
D) Model sharing for the children

Question 19

Which of the following is an example of a behavioral tendency thought to be linked to aggressiveness?

A) Impulse control
B) Frustration tolerance
C) Activity level
D) All answers are correct

Question 20

Self-regulation, or self control, can be observed in children beginning about age

A) 1 month.
B) 6 months.
C) 2 years.
D) 7 years.

Question 21

The classification into gender roles based on biological sex is called

A) Genetics.
B) Environment.
C) Sex Typing.
D) Gender Development Theory.

Question 22

Bem (1981) and others have proposed a framework for how one comes to process information about oneself as a male or female by perceiving and interpreting gender-linked information. This is known as

A) Gender Schema theory.
B) Cognitive Developmental theory.
C) Social Cognitive Theory.
D) Psychoanalytic Theory.

Question 23

Aggression in which the goal is to obtain an object, privilege, or space is considered _________ aggression.

Question 24

The Whitings (1973; 1975) found that the cultural variable most closely associated with altruistic behavior was

A) Distance of a community from a shipping port.
B) The extent to which children were engaged in household chores directly linked to the family's socioeconomic security.
C) The extent to which children were engaged in schoolwork.
D) The number of peers the child saw on a regular basis.

Question 25

Kagan (1984) suggested the morality of most individuals is directed by

A) Emotion.
B) Reason.
C) Operations.
D) Postconventions.

Question 26

Aggression, violence and crime are examples of _________ behavior.

Question 27

The first stage of Kohlberg's theory of moral development is

A) Preoperational
B) Preconventional
C) Conventional
D) Image-Making

Question 28

"How would I respect myself if. . ." is an example of reasoning at which moral level?

A) Preoperational
B) Postconventional
C) Conventinal
D) Image-Making

Question 29

Moral development is thought to be affected by

A) Temperament.
B) Self-control.
C) Education.
D) All answers are correct.

Question 30

Mark has egocentric ideas about right and wrong. Mark doesn't consider the interests of others. Mark sometimes confuses his parents' perspective with that of his own. Which stage of moral development best describes Mark?

A) Preoperational
B) Preconventional
C) Conventional
D) Image-Making

Question 31

Which of the following influences children's sense of right and wrong?

A) Developmental age
B) Intelligence
C) Need for approval
D) All answers are correct

Question 32

Jalonda is a teacher who would like to enhance the moral development of her class. Based on research, which of the following is something Jalonda should try?

A) Present moral dilemmas to the class
B) Have group discussions on moral issues
C) Ask student question about moral issues
D) All answers apply

Question 33

If you are interested in how an individual's social experiences result in the formation of judgments about social relationships, rules, and laws, you are interested in issues similar to those studied by

A) Aries.
B) Piaget.
C) Freud.
D) Behaviorists.

Question 34

The presence of more than one belief system is called

A) Pluralism.
B) Commune.
C) Conventional thought.
D) Care moral perspective.

Question 35

According to your text, females exhibit _________ than males.

A) Greater visual-spatial ability
B) Greater verbal ability
C) More aggression
D) All answers are correct

Question 36

Having the children role play is an example of

A) Learning by doing.
B) Learning based on genetics.
C) Using a tangible reward.
D) Negative socialization.

Question 37

Morality includes which of the following aspects?

A) Feeling
B) Reasoning
C) Behaving
D) All answers are correct

Question 38

The justice moral perspective differs from the care moral perspective in that

A) Justice emphasizes the individual; Care emphasizes the group.
B) Justice emphasizes the group; Care emphasizes the individual.
C) Justice emphasizes learning; Care emphasizes doing.
D) Justice and care perspectives refer to the same thing.

Question 39

Cooperation is an example of a(n) _________ behavior.

Question 40

Theorists who emphasize how one comes to feel like a male or female are considering gender according to _____________.

A) Psychoanalytic Theory
B) Social Learning Theory
C) Cognitive Developmental Theory
D) Rewards and punishments

Question 41

_________ refers to a thought process in which one vicariously experiences another's emotions.

Question 42

_________ refers to voluntary actions that are intended to help or benefit another person or group of people without the actor's anticipation of external rewards.

Question 43

The first of Kohlberg's moral stages is termed _________.

Question 44

The _________ moral perspective emphasizes the rights of the individual.

Question 45

Following self-chosen ethical principles is characteristic of the _________ stage of morality.

Question 46

When someone receives a reward for an altruistic act, this is considered _________ reinforcement.

Question 47

When a child states that the reasons for doing something are to avoid punishment, the child is likely in the _________ stage of morality.

Question 48

_________ refers to the setting of certain standards and rules by parents, and the insistence on adherence to them when necessary.

Question 49

Freud labeled the rational part of the personality the _________.

Question 50

Children diagnosed with _________________ are more prone to aggressive behavior than are normal children.

Question 51

Individual aggressive tendencies are magnified through social __________________.

Question 52

The passing on the survival and adaptive characteristics of the species from one generation to the next is known as _________.

Question 53

The ability to understand rules, distinguish right from wrong, and take another person's perspective is which of the three dimensions of morality? _________

Question 54

Freud's name for the conscience was _________.

Question 55

_________ morality refers to the stage of moral development in which children realize that rules are arbitrary agreements that can be changed by those who have to follow them.

Question 56

The last of Kohlberg's moral stages is termed _________.

Question 57

_______________________ is the motive for altruism.

Question 58

A ___________________situation involves other people's rights or welfare.

Question 59

Mutual interpersonal expectations, relationships, and interpersonal conformity are encompassed in a substage of the _________ level of Kohlberg's moral stages.

Question 60

Children whose parents mediate TV viewing are _________________ likely to imitate aggression.

Question 61

List the mesosytem factors contributing to antisocial behavior. Pick one and argue why it might be most influential.

Question 62

Provide an overview of the impact of biology on the development of altruistic behavior. Include in your essay discussion of Freud, Hoffman, and brain development.

Question 63

Imagine you are giving a class presentation on Piaget and Kohlberg. Describe the three dimensions of morality and give examples of each.

Question 64

The _________theory deals with how one comes to behave as a male or female. (Social cognitive, p. 475)Research shows that children with gay or lesbian parents exhibit ____________________ gender norms.

Question 65

Consider the case of James, who is young, impulsive, and difficult (in temperament) with low self-esteem. James also has parents who use little reasoning and focus on power as a means of control. Using the research noted in your book, explain the outcomes one would expect for James in terms of moral development and behavior.

Question 66

Using Piaget's theory of morality, describe how children interpret rules differently according to their developmental level.

Question 67

Describe the studies of Bandura and colleagues, and highlight their significance in explaining the development of aggression in children.

Question 68

Compare and contrast the perspective of an individual in Kohlberg's preconventional level with that of an individual at the postconventional level.

Question 69

Compare and contrast biological theories of aggression with those that are sociocultural.

Question 70

Gender role is more of a __________________construct, whereas sex is more of a physical one.

Question 71

Describe how cultural variations foster competitiveness and/or cooperation. Include in your answer classic research studies found in your text.

Question 72

The presence of more than one belief system is called _________.

Question 73

Describe how Gilligan's perspective on morality is different from Kohlberg's. Include in your answer terms used by Gilligan.

Question 74

Hitting, stealing, and refusing to share are examples of _________ transgressions.