Deck 12: Personality

Question 1

Learning theorists believe that personality "traits" really are ___________ acquired through prior learning. They also emphasize ___________ determinants of behavior.

Answer 1

Personality gives an overview of the character of an individual. It is the personal identity of the individual. The behavior if an individual tells a lot about his and her personality. The behavior of an individual is the response produced in reaction to a stimulus. The environment and the surrounding people contribute highly to the personality.
Behavioral personality theorist believes in the fact that a collection of stable learned behavior forms the personality of an individual. Personality is formed by the learned behaviors such as observational learning, reinforcement, discrimination and extinction. These traits are helpful in shaping the personality of an individual.
Learning theorist does not believe in this idea of personality development based on the traits. According to them, these traits are biological dispositions. These theorists also emphasize on situational determinants of action. The individual always responds and behaves according to a situation. Situations influence behavior.
The learning theorists believe that the behavior of an individual make up the structure of an individual's personality. The personality habit according to them is governed by four elements of learning. These include drive, cue, response and reward.
So, the first blank can be filled with and the second blank can be filled with .

Question 2

Humanists view human nature as basically good and they emphasize the effects of subjective learning and unconscious choice. T or F?

Answer 2

Humanism is the study of an individual as a whole and studying the individual's unique qualities. This view of study goes against the theories of behaviorists and psychoanalytical theories. This is also known as a third force. It basically focuses on the experiences, problems, potentials and ideals of humans.
This humanistic theory sees the human nature like the traits, qualities potential and behavior inherently good. It puts a great stress on the good behavior of humans. This theory is observed not only through the eyes of the observer, but through the eyes of the human itself too.
Humanism rejects the assumptions of the behaviorist perspective as well as the psychodynamic approaches. These are focused on unconscious irrational and deterministic behaviors. These are focused on the reinforcement of the stimulus response. Thus, it goes against these theories.
The humanistic view is based on the conscious and not the unconscious state of mind. It deals with the consciousness of the humans. This view does not empathize on the concept of unconscious choice.
So, the given statement is .

Question 3

The halo effect can be a serious problem in accurate personality assessment that is based on
a. projective testing
b. behavioral recording
c. interviewing
d. the TAT

Answer 3

Personality of individual determines the impact one individual will have on the other. It defines the character of the individual. The personality assessment of an individual is the measurement of the personal characteristics of an individual. It tells about the behavior of an individual.
A projective test is a part of the personality assessment. It is designed in a manner to allow the individual to respond to ambiguous stimuli which would reveal the hidden emotions and internal conflicts of the individual. This test argues that the humans have conscious and unconscious attitudes along with motivation which are hidden from the conscious awareness.
Behavioral recording is the method to record the behavior of an individual in response to particular stimuli. It records the duration and frequency of a particular behavior. It helps in evaluating whether a certain behavior is changing with time or not. It also helps in comparing the behavior of multiple individuals.
Thematic Appreciation test or TAT is a type of projective test. This test observes and notes the subject's responses, in the narratives and descriptions they give about a particular picture of a people. This analysis reveals the subject's hidden motives, concerns and the views about the social world.
Hence, the options a, b and d are incorrect.
Interviews are an important part of the personality assessment technique. It involves questioning the individual, which helps reveal the individual's personality traits and life history. It helps in identifying the personality disturbances and dynamics of an individual. The halo effect generalizes the impression of an individual. This can be both positive and negative. Thus, it can cause a problem in personality assessment of an individual.
Hence, the correct answer is option .

Question 4

List the three divisions of personality postulated by Freud. ___________ ____________

Question 5

When someone's personality has been evaluated, we are making a judgment about his or her

A) temperament
B) character
C) extroversion
D) self-esteem

Question 6

Social anxiety and evaluation fears are seen almost exclusively in shy individuals; the not shy rarely have such experiences. T or F?

Question 7

Dollard and Miller consider cues the basic structure of personality. T or F?

Question 8

Maslow used the term ___________ to describe the tendency of certain individuals to fully use their talents and potentials.

Question 9

Which of the following is considered the most objective measure of personality?

A) rating scales
B) personality questionnaires
C) projective tests
D) TAT

Question 10

Which division is totally unconscious? ___________

Question 11

A personality type is usually defined by the presence of

A) all five personality dimensions
B) a stable self concept
C) several specific traits
D) a source trait

Question 12

Unfamiliar people and situations most often trigger shyness. T or F?

Question 13

To explain behavior, social learning theorists include mental elements, such as ___________ (the anticipation that a response will lead to reinforcement).

Question 14

According to Maslow, a preoccupation with one's own thoughts, feelings, and needs is characteristic of self-actualizing individuals. T or F?

Question 15

Situational testing allows direct ___________ of personality characteristics.

Question 16

Which division is responsible for moral anxiety? ___________

Question 17

An individual's perception of his or her own personality constitutes that person's ___________.

Question 18

Contrary to what many people think, shyness is not related to

A) private self-consciousness
B) social anxiety
C) self-esteem
D) blaming oneself for social failures

Question 19

Self-reinforcement is to behaviorist theory as superego is to psychoanalytic theory. T or F?

Question 20

Maslow thought of peak experiences as temporary moments of

A) congruence
B) positive self-regard
C) self-actualization
D) self-reinforcement

Question 21

A psychotic person would probably score highest on which MMPI-2 scale?

A) depression
B) hysteria
C) schizophrenia
D) mania

Question 22

Freud proposed the existence of a life instinct known as Thanatos. T or F?

Question 23

Central traits are those shared by most members of a culture. T or F?

Question 24

Shy persons tend to consider their social anxiety to be a

A) situational reaction
B) personality trait
C) public efficacy
D) habit

Question 25

Which of the following is not a "critical situation" in the behaviorist theory of personality development?

A) feeding
B) sex training
C) language training
D) anger training

Question 26

Which of the following is not one of the six human strengths identified by positive psychologists?

A) congruence
B) courage
C) justice
D) transcendence

Question 27

The use of ambiguous stimuli is most characteristic of

A) Interviews
B) projective tests
C) personality inventories
D) direct observation

Question 28

Freud's view of personality development is based on the concept of ___________ stages.

Question 29

Cattell believes that clusters of ___________ traits reveal the presence of underlying ___________ traits.

Question 30

Changing personal beliefs and practicing social skills can be helpful in overcoming shyness. T or F?

Question 31

In addition to basic rewards and punishments, a child's personality is also shaped by ___________ reinforcement.

Question 32

According to Rogers, a close match between the self-image and the ideal self creates a condition called incongruence. T or F?

Question 33

The content of one's responses to the MMPI-2 is considered an indication of unconscious wishes, thoughts, and needs. T or F?

Question 34

Arrange these stages in the proper order: phallic, anal, genital, oral. ____________

Question 35

Which of the following is not one of the Big Five personality factors?

A) submissiveness
B) agreeableness
C) extroversion
D) neuroticism

Question 36

Social learning theories of development emphasize the impact of identification and ___________.

Question 37

Markus and Nurius describe alternative self-concepts that a person may have as "possible selves." T or F?

Question 38

Doing a behavioral assessment requires direct observation of the person's actions or a direct report of the person's thoughts. T or F?

Question 39

Freud considered the anal-retentive personality to be obstinate and stingy. T or F?

Question 40

Carl Rogers believed that personal growth is encouraged when conditions of worth are replaced by

A) self-efficacy
B) instrumental worth
C) Latency
D) organismic valuing

Question 41

Which of the following items does not belong with the others?

A) Rorschach Inkblot Test
B) TAT
C) MMPI-2
D) projective testing

Question 42

Karen Florney theorized that people control basic anxiety by moving toward, away from, and ___________ others.

Question 43

A test is considered valid if it consistently yields the same score when the same person takes it on different occasions. T or F?

Question 44

Carl Jung's theory states that archetypes, which are found in the personal unconscious, exert an influence on behavior. T or F?