Deck 45: Popu Ation and Community Ecology

Question 1

Species with limited resources usually exhibit a(n) ________ growth curve.

A) logistic
B) logical
C) experimental
D) exponential

Answer 1

Growth curve depicts the graphical representation of population growth of individuals which depends on resources availability in the environment. They show two types of growth curves based on resource availability. They are: logistic growth curve and exponential growth curve.
Logistic growth curve : The growth curve exhibited by the population when resources are limited is logistic growth curve. Such growth curve is seen in almost all types of population because resources become limited at one point of time. The point where the population is maximized in compliance with the resource availability is known as carrying capacity.
Exponential growth curve : when the resources are unlimited and the population size keeps on growing is termed as exponential growth curve. Such growth curves are rare as resources are always limited. If there are organisms living in a particular area has very few individuals and huge amount of resources, such growth curves are possible. But eventually they number of individuals will increase and the resources will become limited at one point of time.
Hence, the options b., c. and d. are incorrect.
The logistic growth curve represents the population growth under limited resources. More than one population will depend on same resources which will eventually deplete the amount of resources available and affecting its growth rate. The maximum growth at which a population can reach under limited resource is known as carrying capacity.
Hence, the correct answer is option

Question 2

Why is long-term parental care not associated with having many offspring during a reproductive episode?

Answer 2

All species of animals have an energy budget that is, the balancing of the intake of energy along with the energy required for their metabolism, reproduction, parental care, and storage of energy.
The reproductive storage of an animal within a population is known as Fecundity. It represents the number of offspring produced by a multiple offspring producing organism. Fecundity is inversely proportional to the parental care given to the offspring.
The organisms that produce few offspring provide more parental care to the offspring, since they have a lot of energy to do so. However, the organisms that produce multiple offspring provide little care to the offspring because they lose all their energy in producing offspring and do not have energy left for providing care.
Since most of the energy budget is used, and the rest of the energy is stored to be utilized for movement, finding food and shelter, therefore, long-term parental care cannot be provided.
Another reason for parental care to be impossible is the sheer number of offspring. Thus, it can be said that during a reproductive episode, having many offspring is not associated with long-term parental care.

Question 3

The maximum rate of increased characteristic of a species is called its ________.

A) limit
B) carrying capacity
C) biotic potential
D) exponential growth pattern

Answer 3

Population growth of populations is governed by resource availability, edaphic factors, environmental condition and many more.
Limit is a point beyond which the population cannot grow.
The maximum growth at which a population can reach under limited resource is known as carrying capacity.
When the resources are unlimited and the population size keeps on growing is termed as exponential growth pattern. Such growth curves are rare as resources are always limited. If there are organisms living in a particular area has very few individuals and huge amount of resources, such growth curves are possible. But eventually they number of individuals will increase and the resources will become limited at one point of time.
Hence, the options a., b. and d. are incorrect.
A population in order to show maximum growth capacity, the environment in which they are living must have unlimited resource, absence of diseases and predators, environment stability. Such a condition is termed as biotic population.
Hence, the correct answer is option

Question 4

Describe the rate of population growth that would be expected at various parts of the Sshaped curve of logistic growth.

Question 5

The population size of a species capable of being supported by the environment is called its ________.

A) limit
B) carrying capacity
C) biotic potential
D) logistic growth pattern

Question 6

Give an example of how density-dependent and density-independent factors might interact.

Question 7

Species that have many offspring at one time are usually:

A) r-selected
B) K-selected
C) both r- and K-selected
D) not selected

Question 8

Describe the age structures in rapidly growing countries, slowly growing countries, and countries with zero population growth

Question 9

A forest fire is an example of ________ regulation.

A) density-dependent
B) density-independent
C) r-selected
D) K-selected

Question 10

Describe the competitive exclusion principle and its effects on competing species.

Question 11

Primates are examples of:

A) density-dependent species
B) density-independent species
C) r-selected species
D) K-selected species

Question 12

Describe Pavlov's dog experiments as an example of classical conditioning.

Question 13

A country with zero population growth is likely to be ________.

A) in Africa
B) in Asia
C) economically developed
D) economically underdeveloped

Question 14

Figure 45.2 As this graph shows, population density typically decreases with increasing body size. Why do you think this is the case?

Question 15

Which type of country has the greatest proportion of young individuals?

A) economically developed
B) economically underdeveloped
C) countries with zero population growth
D) countries in Europe

Question 16

Figure 45.10b If the major food source of the seals declines due to pollution or overfishing, which of the following would likely occur?

A) The carrying capacity of seals would decrease, as would the seal population.
B) The carrying capacity of seals would decrease, but the seal population would remain the same.
C) The number of seal deaths would increase but the number of births would also increase, so the population size would remain the same.
D) The carrying capacity of seals would remain the same, but the population of seals would decrease.

Question 17

Which of the following is not a way that humans have increased the carrying capacity of the environment?

A) agriculture
B) using large amounts of natural resources
C) domestication of animals
D) use of language

Question 18

Figure 45.16 Age structure diagrams for rapidly growing, slow growing and stable populations are shown in stages 1 through 3. What type of population change do you think stage 4 represents?

Question 19

The first species to live on new land, such as that formed from volcanic lava, are called ________.

A) climax community
B) keystone species
C) foundation species
D) pioneer species

Question 20

Which of the following methods will tell an ecologist about both the size and density of a population?

A) mark and recapture
B) mark and release
C) quadrat
D) life table

Question 21

Which type of mimicry involves multiple species with similar warning coloration that are all toxic to predators?

A) Batesian mimicry
B) Müllerian mimicry
C) Emsleyan/Mertensian mimicry
D) Mertensian mimicry

Question 22

Which of the following is best at showing the life expectancy of an individual within a population?

A) quadrat
B) mark and recapture
C) survivorship curve
D) life table

Question 23

A symbiotic relationship where both of the coexisting species benefit from the interaction is called ________.

A) commensalism
B) parasitism
C) mutualism
D) communism

Question 24

Humans have which type of survivorship curve?

A) Type I
B) Type II
C) Type III
D) Type IV

Question 25

The ability of rats to learn how to run a maze is an example of ________.

A) imprinting
B) classical conditioning
C) operant conditioning
D) cognitive learning

Question 26

Which of the following is associated with long-term parental care?

A) few offspring
B) many offspring
C) semelparity
D) fecundity

Question 27

The training of animals usually involves ________.

A) imprinting
B) classical conditioning
C) operant conditioning
D) cognitive learning

Question 28

Which of the following is associated with multiple reproductive episodes during a species' lifetime?

A) semiparity
B) iteroparity
C) semelparity
D) fecundity

Question 29

The sacrifice of the life of an individual so that the genes of relatives may be passed on is called ________.

A) operant learning
B) kin selection
C) kinesis
D) imprinting

Question 30

Which of the following is associated with the reproductive potential of a species?

A) few offspring
B) many offspring
C) semelparity
D) fecundity

Question 31

Describe how a researcher would determine the size of a penguin population in Antarctica using the mark and release method.