Deck 12: The Age of Pilgrimages

Question 1

Church interiors now became impressive acoustical settings for church services.Which of the following architectural elements allowed for the excellent acoustics?

A) the radiating chapels of the ambulatory
B) the upper galleries or tribunes along the nave
C) the radiating chapels attached to the transepts
D) the continuous barrel-vaulted naves

Answer 1

D

Question 2

The most venerated pilgrimage shrine in the West,outside Rome or Jerusalem,was the _____________________.

A) tomb of Lazarus at Autun
B) tomb of Saint Foy at Conques
C) tomb of St. Martin at Tours
D) tomb of the Apostle James at Santiago de Compostela

Answer 2

D

Question 3

It is said this structure's design is simple and serenely classical.It is a descendant of the Pantheon,the imperial mausoleum,such as Diocletian's,and the Early Christian Sta.Costanza.Which of the following is being described?

A) Sant'Ambrogio, Milan
B) San Giovanni Baptistery, Florence
C) San Miniato al Monte, Florence
D) Modena Cathedral

Answer 3

B

Question 4

A more complex and efficient type of vaulting was needed that would admit light and at the same time be aesthetically pleasing.Which of the following systems would allow this adoption?

A) By elevating the side walls with additional buttressing
B) By eliminating the upper galleries or tribunes
C) By covering the nave with groin vaults
D) By eliminating the ambulatory from the apse

Question 5

Which church was the burial place of the Holy Roman Emperors until the 12th century?

A) Palatine Chapel, Aachen
B) Speyer Cathedral
C) Sant'Ambrogio, Milan
D) St.-Étienne, Caen

Question 6

St.-Sernin at Toulouse has been called a "pilgrimage" type church.Which of the following accounts for this designation?

A) It added perimeter buildings to house pilgrims.
B) It attached the ambulatory to the nave.
C) It had radiating chapels attached to the transept and ambulatory.
D) It narrowed the main aisle to create a dignified progress for viewing the relics.

Question 7

St.Trophîme at Arles has a rich Roman heritage.Which of the following most accurately describes the frieze above the freestanding columns of the portal?

A) It recalls the medallions from the Arch of Constantine.
B) It recalls the sculptured fronts of late antique sarcophagi.
C) It recalls the narrative bands from the Column of Trajan.
D) It recalls the panels from the Arch of Titus.

Question 8

Which of the following supports Eadwine's claim to self-importance?

A) He likened his image to the Abbot of a monastery.
B) He likened his image to an Evangelist writing his Gospel.
C) He likened his image to the Master Builder.
D) He likened his image to Bernard of Clairvaux.

Question 9

The Bayeux Tapestry is unique in Romanesque art.Which of the following supports this claim?

A) It depicted an actual event in full detail shortly after it occurred.
B) It depicted a tale from the First Crusade.
C) It depicted the Mission of the Apostles in full detail.
D) It depicted the clash between the Knights Templar and the Saracens.

Question 10

The plan of St.-Sernin is extremely regular and geometrically precise.It is based on a module seen in earlier church architecture.Which of the following churches is the prototype for this refined and rational structural approach?

A) St. Michael, Hildesheim
B) Monastery Church, St. Gall
C) Sta. Maria Maggiore, Rome
D) St. Cyriakus, Gernode
E)

Question 11

The one important requirement often missing from these church interiors is light.Which of the following did not allow for interior lighting?

A) Barrel-vaults exerted great outward thrust making a clerestory difficult to construct
B) Light not considered an important spiritual ingredient for church services
C) The massive walls would not support a tribune and clerestory
D) It was considered too expensive to fund the construction of a clerestory

Question 12

Of the following characteristics,which is not relevant to Italian church architecture?

A) verticality
B) thick, massive walls
C) continuous barrel-vaulting
D) groin-vaulting

Question 13

Which of the following churches was the largest in Europe until the new St.Peter's in Rome was constructed in the 17th century?

A) Third Church at Cluny (Cluny III)
B) St.-Sernin, Toulouse
C) Speyer Cathedral
D) Sant'Ambrogio, Milan

Question 14

The Throne of Wisdom,sedes sapientiae is the western European freestanding version of which of the following?

A) Islamic Throne
B) Byzantine Theotokos
C) Carolingian Throne
D) Ottonian Throne

Question 15

Saint-Savin is a hall church with paintings on the continuous vault of the nave.Which of the following allows for this?

A) It has low aisles and tribune galleries
B) The aisles are approximately the same height as the nave
C) It has a series of windows in the apse
D) It has low aisles but no tribune galleries

Question 16

Which of the following encouraged the growth of towns and cities?

A) a sharp increase in trade
B) the pilgrimage routes
C) a consolidation of power within the papacy
D) the end of the power of the Vikings

Question 17

How did 11th century Romanesque masons construct monumental groin vaults?

A) By using ashlar blocks joined by mortar
B) By using ashlar blocks
C) By using concrete
D) By using rubble blocks jointed by mortar

Question 18

How is the initial R from the Moralia in Job typically Romanesque?

A) By the absence of a salutation
B) By exceeding the boundaries of the frame
C) By following Hiberno-Saxon carpet page patterns
D) By the banding of the torso and the partitioning of the folds of the costumes

Question 19

Which of the following describes the Stavelot reliquary of St.Alexander?

A) It is a combination of multiple sources as well as stylistic diversity.
B) It follows a strict adherence to the Meuse River region formula for figural representation.
C) It illustrates the imperial workshops of Byzantium.
D) It illustrates the impact of the Crusades in Belgium.

Question 20

There is a diversity of regional styles in Romanesque church architecture.Which of the following is characteristic of the Northern French style found in St.-Étienne at Vignory?

A) It used small brick-like stones.
B) It used poured cement.
C) It used large sawn blocks of stone.
D) It used a wooden superstructure.

Question 21

The intersection of two barrel vaults creates which of the following?

A) groin vault
B) pendentive
C) buttress
D) rib vault

Question 22

Which architectural device was not used by Romanesque architects?

A) domes
B) flying buttresses
C) ribbed vaults
D) clustered piers

Question 23

Briefly describe the impact pilgrimage routes had on Romanesque Europe.

Question 24

One suggestion for the resurgence of stone sculpture on churches was the changing role of churches.Now due to the pilgrimage routes,the churches served an increasingly large lay public.Which of the following supports this suggestion?

A) Churches served a largely illiterate audience and needed visual Christian symbols and stories.
B) Strong Muslim influences provided symbols and stories.
C) A large group of Byzantine artists were now being employed creating church programs.
D) Bernard of Clairvaux supported the use of stone sculpture to convey the Christian stories and symbols.

Question 25

The Bayeux Tapestry is the conqueror's version of history.It is a narrative that includes the battle sequences as well as the preparations for war.It is said that this is the most Roman of all Romanesque art works.Which of the following supports this contention?

A) It has often been likened to the Column of Trajan.
B) It has often been likened to the frieze from the Arch of Constantine.
C) It has often been likened to the panels from the Arch of Titus.
D) It has often been likened to the Column of Marcus Aurelius.

Question 26

How was a pilgrimage a conspicuous feature of public devotion?

Question 27

Define the term Romanesque.How was it applied to the period?

Question 28

An important aspect of Romanesque manuscript illumination was based on which of the following?

A) the subordination of the figure to the frame
B) the aggrandizement of man
C) Polykleitos' canon of proportions
D) the techniques used in metalwork

Question 29

The frieze from the façade of Modena reminded the faithful of Original Sin and that the path to salvation is through the Christian Church.Which of the following subject matter of the frieze?

A) The frieze depicts the Crucifixion.
B) The frieze depicts the Last Judgment.
C) The frieze depicts the Temptation of Adam & Eve.
D) The frieze depicts the Ascension.

Question 30

How did groin vaults change the weight shift in structures?

Question 31

Tall towers are integrated into the west front of which of the following?

A) Pisa Cathedral
B) St.-Étienne, Caen
C) St.-Sernin, Toulouse
D) Sant'Ambrogio, Milan

Question 32

The Romanesque church that had a wooden ceiling like those found in Early Christian basilicas was which of the following?

A) San Miniato, Florence
B) St.-Pierre, Moissac
C) Durham Cathedral
D) Sant'Ambrogio, Milan

Question 33

Contrast the focus of life in the early Early Medieval period with the focus during the Romanesque period.

Question 34

On the right face of the trumeau is a prophet,displaying his scroll containing his prophetic vision.He is placed immediately below the depiction of Christ the Judge.This is another instance of the pairing of the Old and New Testament themes.This iconographic tradition was established during which of the following periods?
A) Early Christian

A) Early Byzantine
B) Carolingian
D) Hiberno-Saxon

Question 35

The Norman defeat of the Anglo-Saxons at the Battle of Hastings in 1066 united all of England and most of France under one rule.The battle leading to this momentous occasion was the topic for the Bayeux Tapestry.Who commissioned this work?
A) Duke William of Normandy

A) Bishop Odo
C) Harold, Earl of Wessex
D) Mathilda of Normandy

Question 36

How does this statement,"other factors probably played a greater role in the decision to make the enormous
investment in stone masonry" relate to church architecture in the Romanesque period?

Question 37

What role did the tribune play in church architecture?

Question 38

During the Romanesque period the vision of Christ's Second Coming was often depicted on which of the following?

A) jambs
B) the tribune
C) the tympanum
D) the trumeau

Question 39

Which of the architectural elements below was used for the exterior supports on Romanesque buildings?

A) pendentives
B) flying buttresses
C) buttresses
D) diaphragm buttresses

Question 40

Describe a pilgrimage church.

Question 41

Describe the development of the portal sculptural programs for Romanesque churches.How did these programs reflect their respective regions? How were they similar and how were they different? Use examples to support your essay.

Question 42

The Crusades achieved little in the East,other than petty,unstable kingdoms in the Holy Land.However,in
Europe it could be argued that the impact was more positive.Describe the positive elements.

Question 43

Explain the significance of the pointed arches that were used in Cluny III.

Question 44

Describe the role the Crusades played in the development of Romanesque art and architecture.Use examples to develop your essay.

Question 45

Compare and contrast the development of Romanesque manuscripts.How did regional styles affect this development? What other factors also contributed to this development? Use examples to support your essay.

Question 46

Explain the effect the pilgrimage routes had on the dissemination of regional architectural styles of church architecture.Use examples to support your essay.

Question 47

The Romanesque period has been credited with the revival of stone carving.Briefly explain the reasons for such a revival.

Question 48

What was the essential core value of the work of Romanesque artists,whether they were anonymous or
recognized?

Question 49

Explain the relationship between the Crusades and the Mission of the Apostles from the Vezelay tympanum.

Question 50

Briefly evaluate the Cluniac Order and its contribution to architecture.

Question 51

Describe the evolution of mural painting in the Romanesque period.What were the influences? How did these influences shape the evolution of mural painting? Use examples to support your essay.

Question 52

What did the Pilgrim's Guide to Santiago de Compostela detail?

Question 53

Contrast the major differences between an Early Christian basilica and a Romanesque church.Include Romanesque solutions to the basilican plan and the reasons for these solutions.Use examples to support your essay.

Question 54

Compare and contrast two regional styles of Romanesque churches and characterize the style of each.Include the reasons for these developments.Use examples to support your essay

Question 55

What were the technical problems encountered by the Romanesque masons when constructing cut stone groin vaults? How did they solve the problems?