Deck 5: Victims and the Criminal Justice System

Question 1

A victim who mistakenly believes she or he has been victimized falls under the ______ category.

A)innocent victims
B)voluntary victims
C)victims with minor guilt
D)imaginary victims

Answer 1

D

Question 2

A victim who pays a prostitute for sex and is then robbed by the prostitute is a(n) ______.

A)victim who alone is guilty
B)imaginary victim
C)voluntary victim
D)victim with minor guilt

Answer 2

C

Question 3

A victim who becomes the perpetrator of a crime following years of abuse falls under which of the following typologies proposed by von Hentig?

A)female
B)mentally defective
C)tormentor
D)dull normal

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Which of the following best summarizes one of the biggest problems with early theories of victimology?

A)They focused on how victims could be at fault for their own victimization.
B)They focused on how offenders chose their victims.
C)They did not study all types of victims.
D)There were no early theories that studied victims.

Question 5

A vulnerable individual who is easily exploited and typically has and IQ lower than average falls under the ______ category.

A)dull normals
B)wanton
C)acquisitive
D)mentally defective

Question 6

Mentally ill offenders are an example of which of the following categories?

A)innocent victims
B)voluntary victims
C)victims with minor guilt
D)victims who are more guilty than the offender

Question 7

______'s typology of victims looked at how personal factors, such as biological, psychological, and social factors, influence risk factors for victimization.

A)Hans von Hentig
B)Charles Coorcelle
C)Edwin Sutherland
D)Benjamin Mendelsohn

Question 8

Which of the following individuals is considered to be one of the early scholars who developed a typology of victimization that distinguished different types of victims based on the relative responsibility of the victim in their own victimization?

A)Hans von Hentig
B)Charles Coorcelle
C)Edwin Sutherland
D)Benjamin Mendelsohn

Question 9

One who is particularly vulnerable to stressors at various stages during the life cycle falls under the ______ typology of crime victims.

A)dull normals
B)wanton
C)acquisitive
D)mentally defective

Question 10

A victim lost in the "wrong part of town" is a(n) ______.

A)victim who alone is guilty
B)imaginary victim
C)innocent victim
D)victim with minor guilt

Question 11

A victim who is killed by the domestic partner he or she abused for years is categorized as a(n) ______.

A)victim who alone is guilty
B)imaginary victim
C)voluntary victim
D)victim who is more guilty than the offender

Question 12

A field of study within criminology that places the victim at the center of the discussion is referred to as ______.

A)criminology
B)victimology
C)penology
D)positivism

Question 13

______ suggests that society has a need to believe that people deserve whatever comes to them.

A)Routine activities theory
B)Just-world hypothesis
C)Secondary victimization
D)Restorative justice

Question 14

Which of the following were identified as essential components of Routine Activities Theory?

A)depressed offender
B)available target
C)presence of a guardian
D)availability of resources to commit the crime

Question 15

An attacker who is killed in self-defense falls under which of the following categories?

A)innocent victims
B)voluntary victims
C)victim who alone is guilty
D)imaginary victims

Question 16

Which of the following statements were identified as major problems associated with the just-world hypothesis?

A)It assumes people are not able to change the environment in which they live.
B)It implies only "innocent" victims are true victims.
C)It creates a true sense of security about the risks of crime and victimization.
D)It does not provide victim and offender typologies.

Question 17

______ enables people to make sense of the victimization and makes them feel somehow different from the person who is victimized.

A)Restorative justice
B)Secondary victimization
C)Victim blaming
D)Lifestyle theory

Question 18

Which of the following were identified by von Hentig as categories of victims?

A)lonesome/heartbroken
B)imaginary
C)males
D)educators

Question 19

Which of the following statements align with the just-world hypothesis?

A)People deserve whatever comes to them.
B)People are not at fault for their victimization.
C)Bad things happen to good people.
D)It is not about luck in this world.

Question 20

One who is at risk of being taken advantage of due to a desire for financial advantage falls under which of the following von Hentig typologies?

A)acquisitive
B)mentally defective
C)tormentor
D)dull normal

Question 21

The author(s) of Routine Activities Theory are ______.

A)Cohen and Felson
B)Sampson and Laub
C)Benjamin Mendelsohn
D)Hans von Hentig

Question 22

According to the ______ theory, one may increase the risk for criminal opportunity and victimization through both an increased exposure to criminal activity and an increased exposure to motivated offenders.

A)routine activities
B)lifestyle
C)victim blaming
D)rational choice

Question 23

Which of the following federal laws incorporates a bill of rights for victims in federal crime cases?

A)Violence Against Women Act
B)Victims' Rights and Restitution Act
C)Trafficking Victims Protection Act
D)Hate Crime Statistics Act

Question 24

Which of the following was identified as a result of the recommendations of the Presidential Task Force on Victims of Crime?

A)Victim and Witness Protection Act
B)Victim Restitution Enforcement Act
C)Violence Against Women Act
D)Three Strikes Law

Question 25

Which of the following presidents established the Presidential Task Force on Victims of Crime?

A)George W.Bush
B)Ronald Reagan
C)Richard Nixon
D)Bill Clinton

Question 26

Which of the following federal laws requires community notification in cases of convicted sex offenders?

A)Megan's Law
B)Trafficking Victims Protection Act
C)Victims' Rights and Restitution Act
D)Violence Against Women Act

Question 27

The first victim services organization was developed in ______.

A)1960
B)1972
C)1981
D)1992

Question 28

The Presidential Task Force on Victims of Crime was established in ______.

A)1969
B)1978
C)1982
D)1996

Question 29

The ______ established the Crime Victims Fund which, to date, has deposited almost 19 billion dollars.

A)Victim and Witness Protection Act
B)Victims of Crime Act
C)Crime Victims' Rights Act
D)Victims' Rights and Restitution Act

Question 30

The first victim services organization was developed in ______.

A)St.Louis, MO
B)New York City, NY
C)Los Angeles, CA
D)Atlanta, GA

Question 31

______ is an alternative model that provides increased opportunities for victims to have a voice in the criminal justice process.

A)Deterrence
B)Restorative justice
C)Juvenile justice
D)Reformation

Question 32

The Crime Victims' Rights Act of 2004 was implemented at the ______ level.

A)local
B)state
C)federal
D)tribal

Question 33

Which of the following is a legal right afforded to victims under the Crime Victims' Rights Act of 2004?

A)the right to follow a restorative justice model
B)the right to request enhanced sentencing
C)the right to full and timely restitution as provided in law
D)the reasonable right to confer with the attorney for the defense in the case

Question 34

Composed of law enforcement officers, lawyers and members of the judiciary as well as victim advocates, the ______ report included 68 recommendations to reform the experience of crime victims.

A)Presidential Task Force on Victims of Crime
B)Victim Services Task Force
C)Department of Justice Victim Advocacy Center
D)American Victimization Center

Question 35

______ theory seeks to relate the patterns of one's everyday activities to the potential for victimization.

A)Routine activities
B)Lifestyle
C)Victim blaming
D)Rational choice

Question 36

Lifestyle theory was initially designed to explain victimization from ______.

A)property crime
B)personal crime
C)victimless crime
D)white-collar crime

Question 37

Routine activities theory was initially designed to explain victimization from ______.

A)property crime
B)personal crime
C)victimless crime
D)white-collar crime

Question 38

Which of the following states was identified as being the first state to establish constitutional rights for crime victims and continues to have one of the most comprehensive bills of rights for victims in the nation?

A)Texas
B)Oregon
C)Nevada
D)California

Question 39

Who is in charge of determining whether a plea bargain will be offered to the offender?

A)defense attorney
B)prosecutor
C)judge
D)jury

Question 40

The first victim services organization was called the ______.

A)Victim Services Organization
B)U.S.Victimization Center
C)Criminal Justice Advocacy Center
D)Crime Victim Advocacy Center

Question 41

In terms of race/ethnicity, ______ are most likely to report their victimization.

A)Whites
B)Hispanics
C)Asian Americans
D)African Americans

Question 42

The National Crime Victimization Survey looks at which of the following crimes?

A)rape
B)arson
C)gambling
D)homicide

Question 43

Which of the following is considered to be an argument against the use of restorative justice programs for victims?

A)Meetings can trigger trauma for victims.
B)Offenders have a place where they can take responsibility.
C)Victims feel more satisfied and heard.
D)They can create space and healing.

Question 44

It is estimated that only ______ of victims report property crime.

A)23%
B)36%
C)49%
D)62%

Question 45

It is estimated that only ______ of victims report violent crime.

A)23%
B)37%
C)42%
D)62%

Question 46

A victim is someone who has been injured or harmed by the actions of another.

Question 47

All of the following statements are consistent with the argument that universities should investigate campus sexual assault EXCEPT which?

A)It is required by federal law (Title IX).
B)Interim measures can be implemented to help the student avoid academic failure.
C)The policies universities use are victim centered.
D)Universities can punish offenders for violating the student code of conduct.

Question 48

Which of the following individuals determines the sentence for the offender?

A)defense attorney
B)prosecutor
C)judge
D)jury

Question 49

Individuals who identify as ______ have the highest rates of victimization.

A)Whites
B)Hispanics
C)American Indian/Alaska Native
D)Asian American

Question 50

Victims who receive positive support from ______ are more likely to seek out formal services.

A)family and friends
B)law enforcement
C)therapeutic resources
D)mental health services

Question 51

The National Crime Victimization Survey does not include information on the crime of ______.

A)homicide
B)sexual assault
C)rape
D)motor vehicle theft

Question 52

A victim lost in the wrong part of town is considered to be an innocent victim according to Mendelsohn's typology of victims.

Question 53

Hans von Hentig's typology of victims looked at how personal factors, such as biological, psychological, and social factors, influence risk factors for victimization.

Question 54

According to the National Crime Victimization Survey, the rate of victimization for reported cases of robbery was ______.

A)1.0
B)0.7
C)0.8
D)0.3

Question 55

Which of the following crimes was identified as being the most common?

A)larceny
B)robbery
C)identity theft
D)burglary

Question 56

The concept of ______ refers to the practice whereby victims of crime feel traumatized as a result of not only their victimization experience but also by the official criminal justice system response to their victimization.

A)primary victimization
B)secondary victimization
C)just-world hypothesis
D)restorative justice

Question 57

According to the National Crime Victimization Survey, which of the following is less likely to be reported?

A)white-collar crimes
B)violent crimes
C)property crimes
D)status offenses

Question 58

Which of the following statements regarding the rate of victimization are true?

A)Men and women have different rates of violent crime victimization.
B)The rate of victimization increases as individuals age.
C)The rate of violent victimization is highest in the South.
D)Violent victimization is more likely to occur in urban areas.

Question 59

The just-world hypothesis suggests bad things happen to bad people, and good things happen to good people.

Question 60

Wanton victims are victims who become perpetrators of a crime, following years of abuse.

Question 61

In 1982, President Ronald Reagan established the Presidential Task Force on Victims of Crime which was composed of law enforcement officers, lawyers, members of the judiciary, and victim advocates.

Question 62

Within the category of personal crime, the NCVS looks at the acts of homicide, rape, and sexual assault, robbery, simple and aggravated assault and pick-pocketing/purse-snatching.

Question 63

While the fight for the rights of victims has led to several improvements in the criminal justice system, the role of victims is often maximized.

Question 64

Many victims indicate that had they known what was in store for them, they still would have continued with reporting the crime.

Question 65

The Victims of Crime Act established the Crime Victims Fund in 1984.

Question 66

According to lifestyle theory, increased exposure to criminal activity is the only factor that can place people at risk for victimization.

Question 67

By law, colleges and universities are required to disclose statistics about campus crime.

Question 68

Given the nature of victimization patterns in society, few victims of crime meet the criteria for an "ideal" victim.

Question 69

The concept of primacy victimization refers to the practice whereby victims of crime feel traumatized as a result of not only their victimization experience but also by the official criminal justice system response to their victimization.

Question 70

In 1972, the Crime Victim Advocacy Center, developed in Los Angeles, CA, became the first victim services organization.

Question 71

For some victims, a fear of retaliation can affect their decision to make a report to the police.

Question 72

Routine activities theory suggests that the likelihood of a criminal act occurs with the convergence of three essential components: a motivated offender, a suitable target, and lack of capable guardianship.

Question 73

Victims have the right to full and timely restitution as provided in law.

Question 74

The most common crime of identity theft involves the unauthorized use of a banking or credit card account.

Question 75

Unlike other data sets, the NCVS does not have limitations that need to be considered when reviewing its findings.

Question 76

Victims have the right to be reasonably heard at any public proceeding in the district court involving release, plea, sentencing, or any parole proceeding.

Question 77

A failure to report does not mean that victims do not seek out assistance for issues related to their victimization experience.

Question 78

For those cases that progress beyond the law enforcement investigative process, few have charges filed by prosecutors, and only rarely is a conviction secured.

Question 79

Megan's Law, established in 1996, requires community notification in cases of convicted sex offenders.

Question 80

The Crime Victims' Rights Act of 2004 provides victims with legal rights for federal criminal cases such as the right to be reasonably protected from the accused.