Deck 23: The Beginning of the Twentieth-Century Crisis: War and Revolution

Question 1

The Provisional Government that took power after the tsar abdicated was headed by

A) Mustafa Kemal.
B) Joseph Stalin.
C) Alexander Kerensky.
D) V. I. Lenin.
E) Leon Trotsky.

Answer 1

Alexander Kerensky.

Question 2

During World War I, West-European governments

A) sought to strengthen free-market capitalism.
B) nationalized transportation systems and industries.
C) tried to avoid using women as workers in heavy industry, taking steps to protect their status within the home.
D) made sure food supplies were plentiful.
E) resisted imposing price, wage, and rent controls.

Answer 2

nationalized transportation systems and industries.

Question 3

The United States

A) entered the war immediately after a number of Americans died when the Lusitania was sunk by a German submarine.
B) had, in President Wilson, a strong foe of total war mobilization.
C) sent its troops to China during the civil war there.
D) took an idealistic stance at the Paris Peace Conference.
E) joined the League of Nations in spite of Woodrow Wilson's opposition.

Answer 3

took an idealistic stance at the Paris Peace Conference.

Question 4

Among the major factors leading to the outbreak of war in mid-1914 was

A) badly implemented brinkmanship on the part of Europe's diplomats.
B) German leaders' determination to end Danish opposition to construction of a huge naval base at Kiel.
C) Japan's determination to seize either United States or German colonies in the Pacific, leading to the Japanese declaration of war against Germany in mid-August 1914.
D) Russia's unexpected attack on Serbia and Bulgaria in late June 1914.
E) the assassination of the heir to the Russian Empire.

Question 5

Internal strife at the beginning of the twentieth century was characterized by

A) a lack of economic opportunity.
B) increased labor strife and class division.
C) racial conflict among groups in urban areas.
D) a changing economic system toward capitalism.
E) conflict concerning governmental and political structures.

Question 6

The Battle of the Somme

A) was the first major battle of World War I.
B) killed more than 21,000 British soldiers in a single day.
C) was the first, quite unexpected, victory of the Austro-Hungarian army.
D) occurred in Belgium, and brought Britain and the Netherlands into the war.
E) was fought near the beaches of Gallipoli.

Question 7

Using the Schlieffen Plan,

A) Germany launched a massive invasion of the Warsaw region of Poland.
B) France declared war on Austria.
C) Italy invaded the Austrian Tyrol.
D) Germany invaded France by way of Belgium.
E) England declared war on Belgium.

Question 8

The general attitude toward the prospect of a Europe-wide war among the people of Europe in the summer of 1914 was one of

A) fear of the prospect of going to war.
B) naively romantic enthusiasm for the adventure of war.
C) lack of enthusiasm for the confrontation ahead.
D) indifference to developments in international affairs as spring faded into summer.
E) ignorance, because no one knew what the diplomats were doing behind closed doors.

Question 9

Which statement best characterizes war on the western and eastern fronts?

A) The western front was marked by trench warfare and immobilization while the eastern front was more mobile.
B) Both fronts were mired in trench warfare that kept both sides immobilized.
C) Both sides were marked by mobility as a result of modern warfare techniques.
D) The eastern front was marked by trench warfare and immobilization while the western front was more mobile.
E) The western front's trench warfare led to an enormous loss of life while the mobility of the east caused less death.

Question 10

The final German offensive was stopped on July 18, 1918 at the

A) Masurian Lakes.
B) Second Battle of the Marne.
C) Battle of Verdun.
D) Battle of Argonne Forest.
E) Battle of the Somme.

Question 11

By 1917, World War I had

A) forced the Germans into waging unrestricted submarine warfare against the United States.
B) enveloped every nation of the world in warfare.
C) resulted in the German capture of several British and French colonies.
D) produced a German attack on United States seaports.
E) led to a communist revolution in Germany.

Question 12

Tsar Nicholas II abdicated his throne as a result of strikes that broke out

A) in Moscow in late 1918.
B) after working class women staged a massive food march in Petrograd.
C) in Warsaw after the 1916 crop failure.
D) after the Memorial Day Massacre of steel workers.
E) after the police murdered a Socialist Revolutionary leader in the Winter Palace.

Question 13

Who was the Siberian peasant who had great influence on the Russian tsarina?

A) Pugachev
B) Alexandra
C) Nicholas
D) Rasputin
E) Alexander

Question 14

On June 28, 1914, the Archduke Francis Ferdinand, heir to the Austrian throne, was assassinated in the Bosnian city of

A) Trieste.
B) Prague.
C) Belgrade.
D) Sarajevo.
E) Mostar.

Question 15

Where was the initial German offensive on World War I's Western Front stopped in September 1914?

A) Masurian Lakes.
B) Battle of the Marne.
C) Battle of Verdun.
D) Battle of Argonne Forest.
E) Battle of the Somme.

Question 16

The British government

A) sharply limited free speech when it implemented the Defense of the Realm Act.
B) opposed the use of poison gas under any and all circumstances.
C) developed a program that employed over 1.3 million children to help with the war effort..
D) brought William Gladstone back as Prime Minister when Lloyd George was defeated.
E) failed to successfully use propaganda to enlist soldiers.

Question 17

Leon Trotsky had a long political rivalry with

A) Joseph Stalin.
B) V.I. Lenin.
C) the entire Russian Politburo.
D) David Lloyd George.
E) the soviets.

Question 18

The troops of which country turned the tide of the war in 1918?

A) Japan
B) the United States
C) China
D) Abyssinia
E) Spain

Question 19

All of these developments occurred during the first year of World War I EXCEPT

A) the Schlieffen Plan almost gave Germany victory in the West.
B) the Western Front became a bloody stalemate involving virtually endless trench warfare.
C) Russia badly defeated the Germans at the Battles of Tannenberg and Masurian Lakes.
D) a combined German-Austrian force dealt the Russians a nearly fatal defeat in Galicia.
E) the Serbians were defeated by a combined German-Austrian-Hungarian force.

Question 20

In a failed effort to open a Balkan front, in 1915 the British launched an attack on

A) Belgium.
B) Constantinople.
C) Adrianople.
D) Gallipoli.
E) Sarajevo.

Question 21

What did the Allied Reparations Commission determine to be the total due for German reparations after World War I?

A) 2.5 billion marks
B) 20.5 billion marks
C) 80 billion marks
D) 102 billion marks
E) 132 billion marks

Question 22

By 1929, who managed to assume the helm of Russia and establish a dictatorship there?

A) Lenin
B) Trotsky
C) William II
D) Stalin
E) Ludendorff

Question 23

The Versailles Treaty

A) gave sovereignty in the Ruhr to Belgium.
B) granted Syria, Jordan and Iraq full independence.
C) ended the civil war in Russia.
D) established the United Nations, ardently desired by Winston Churchill.
E) established a League of Nations, the agency ardently desired by Woodrow Wilson.

Question 24

Lenin's new secret police were known as the

A) KGB.
B) Cheka.
C) NKVD.
D) Stasi.
E) Savak.

Question 25

After Lenin's death,

A) Trotsky replaced him and gradually scaled down the NEP over a five-year period.
B) the Socialist Revolutionary party seized power and held it until 1931.
C) the Politburo split into a Left group, wishing to pursue of rapid industrialization and world revolution, and a Right group, desiring to construct a socialist state in Russia.
D) Stalin was assassinated by the followers of Trotsky, who believed that "Comrade Card-Index" was planning to murder all of his political rivals.
E) Kalashnikov became party general secretary.

Question 26

The Germans disliked the Versailles Treaty because

A) it required them to give up Berlin and Bavaria.
B) its "armistice clause" was seen as an encroachment on their national sovereignty.
C) it included a clause that said that Germany (and Austria) bore sole responsibility for starting the war.
D) it forced them to join the League of Nations.
E) it guaranteed no more war.

Question 27

What was Rasputin's fate?

A) He became a member of the Russian Politburo.
B) He was assassinated.
C) He tried to stage a coup against Tsar Nicholas and was imprisoned for it.
D) He organized a plot to murder Tsar Nicholas II.
E) He became a powerful military leader.

Question 28

What is an accurate description of Middle Eastern mandates instituted after World War I?

A) Belgium took Anatolia and the Hejaz.
B) France took control of Iraq and Palestine.
C) Britain took control of Iraq and Palestine
D) Italy took control of Egypt and Kuwait.
E) Greece took control of Turkey.

Question 29

The soviets were

A) councils of workers' and soldiers' deputies.
B) composed entirely of Bolsheviks.
C) made up of the conservative factions of the middle classes.
D) primarily composed of disgruntled civil servants.
E) composed only of peasants.

Question 30

Leon Trotsky's aims for Russia included

A) concentrating on constructing a socialist state.
B) launching the nation on the path of rapid industrialization.
C) continuing Lenin's New Economic Policy.
D) establishing a powerful dictatorship.
E) keeping the communist cause confined to Russia alone.

Question 31

In 1918 Lenin signed the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, in which Russia gave up control of all of these areas EXCEPT

A) the Baltic states.
B) eastern Poland.
C) Finland.
D) the Ukraine
E) Muscovy.

Question 32

Under Lenin's New Economic Policy

A) Lenin retired from active political life.
B) state requisitions of peasant grain continued.
C) individuals were permitted to own small retail stores and peasants to sell their produce.
D) the state relinquished control over all heavy industrial operations.
E) banks and mines became privately-owned.

Question 33

What major misstep did the Provisional Government make after the tsar abdicated?

A) It incited violence against the tsar's family.
B) It spoke out against Russia's previous allies.
C) It carried on the war to preserve Russia's honor.
D) It made no efforts to solve the food shortages.
E) It continued to let the tsar advise their actions.

Question 34

What territory did Germany have to return to France under the Versailles Treaty?

A) Alsace and Lorraine
B) Sections of Prussia
C) The Rhine region
D) Part of Basque country
E) Part of Basque country

Question 35

In early November 1917, Lenin's Bolsheviks

A) staged the Sverdlovsk Massacre in Kiev.
B) killed the tsar.
C) successfully took power from the Provisional Government in a coup.
D) established the White army.
E) created the Council of Soviets.

Question 36

During World War I, women in Europe

A) were slow to enter the industrial workforce.
B) attained wage equality with men in industrial jobs that men had monopolized prior to the war.
C) were able to keep their war-time employment at war's end.
D) were unable to strengthen their movements for greater social and political rights.
E) were employed in a wide variety of traditionally 'male' jobs.

Question 37

What nations were created by the 1919 Paris Peace Conference?

A) Paraguay and Pakistan
B) Pakistan and Bulgaria
C) Czechoslovakia and Poland
D) Serbia and Greece.
E) Finland and Bulgaria.

Question 38

What German action led to the end of the war and an agreement with the Allies?

A) The emperor abdicated and a republic was established.
B) The imperial government instituted reforms to set up a liberal government.
C) General Ludendorff's surrender after the Second Battle of the Marne.
D) The mutiny of naval units in Kiel staged a coup.
E) An official surrender when Allied troops marched on Germany.

Question 39

What happened during the Russian Civil War?

A) The White armies almost captured the country, but lack of cooperation led to their ultimate defeat.
B) Rasputin proved to be an effective war commissar.
C) The Red Terror killed Bolshevik supporters.
D) The Whites captured Moscow but were forced to relinquish it by the Allies.
E) Nicholas II and his family escaped to Great Britain.

Question 40

The British prime minister who had won a decisive electoral victory on a platform committed to making the Germans pay for the war was

A) Georges Clemenceau.
B) David Lloyd George.
C) Neville Chamberlain.
D) Arthur Balfour.
E) Winston Churchill.

Question 41

What happened after Germany stopped making its reparations payments after 1921?

A) Britain sent troops into the Ruhr to collect the payments in kind.
B) France occupied the Ruhr mining region, and Germany began printing more paper money.
C) The Soviet Union annexed Upper Siberia in lieu of "reparations due."
D) The U.S. sent a team to negotiate with German officials, while U.S. troops moved to occupy Germany.
E) The allied nations waived repayment until Germany's economy recovered.

Question 42

Changes in middle-class attitudes during the 1920s included

A) a surprising degree of support for the Bolshevik cause, first articulated by President Wilson in 1919.
B) the popularity of Theodor van de Velde's book Divorce in Five Easy Lessons.
C) the popularity of short skirts, short hair, and the use of previously risqué cosmetics.
D) the acquisition of television sets.
E) the popularity of the twist.

Question 43

Using conscription, _________ developed the largest European army just prior to the outbreak of war.

A) Russia
B) England
C) France
D) Germany
E) Austria-Hungary

Question 44

The Popular Front in France

A) was the only entirely Communist government in French history.
B) used fascist policies to try to aid businesses.
C) initiated a program of workers' rights, but its policies failed to end the depression.
D) developed the groundwork for a new war with Germany.
E) solved the Great Depression in France.

Question 45

Who was the German author who won the Nobel Prize for literature in 1946 for his depiction of the spiritual loneliness of modern humans in a mechanized, urban society?

A) Erich Maria Remarque
B) Hermann Hesse
C) Heinrich Böll
D) Günther Grass
E) Hannah Höch

Question 46

The postwar diplomacy of the 1920s

A) was epitomized by the active role the United States played in making sure that European policies were sensible and restrained.
B) showed that the "lessons" of the Great War, especially the need for true justice in international affairs, had been thoroughly learned, as in the case of the awarding of mandates in Iraq and Syria to the United States.
C) was superficial, as reflected by the overly optimistic response to the Locarno Treaty and other diplomatic agreements but which failed to deal with the issue of military disarmament.
D) was unusual in that there was no important international friction during the decade.
E) showed that the major powers were fully prepared to live up to their obligations, as shown by the measures taken by all of the major powers during the Locarno crisis.

Question 47

Which of these works reflected the new artistic trends of the 1920s?

A) the Realist School.
B) James Joyce's Ulysses.
C) Hermann Hesse's Dada Dance
D) New York city's Twin Towers.
E) the Eiffel Tower in Paris

Question 48

Dadaists used ____ in creating their works of art.

A) plaster
B) junk
C) organic materials
D) religious iconography
E) plants and flowers

Question 49

The Weimar Republic

A) was highly successful in fighting the effects of the Great Depression.
B) faced great economic challenges such as runaway inflation and later the Great Depression.
C) had very capable, charismatic leadership in the years before Hitler ruled Germany.
D) enjoyed universal support throughout Germany.
E) was pro-French in foreign policy.

Question 50

The Great Depression

A) was the major cause of the adoption of the NEP in the Soviet Union.
B) was far more harmful to the economy of the Soviet Union than to those of either Germany or the United States.
C) was the most significant element keeping the Weimar Republic in power after 1929.
D) developed after the American stock market collapses.
E) ultimately raised German unemployment to 90 percent and that in Britain to over 70 percent.

Question 51

American isolationism was evident in the

A) failure of the United States to participate in the Great War.
B) failure of the United States to join the League of Nations.
C) failure of President Wilson to take part in the peace treaty deliberations in 1919.
D) American Neutrality Treaty with Germany and the Soviet Union.
E) failure of the United States to join the United Nations.

Question 52

The ____ reduced Germany's reparations and made its payments based on its ability to pay.

A) Schlieffen Plan
B) Brest-Litovsk Plan
C) New Economic Policy
D) Berlin Manifesto
E) Dawes Plan

Question 53

Which form of writing reflected an interest in the unconscious?

A) a return to formalism
B) stream of consciousness writing
C) a rejection of Carl Jung's ideas
D) dadaist essays
E) postmodern theoretical writing

Question 54

The radical Serbian group that assassinated Archduke Francis Ferdinand was the

A) People's Will.
B) Black Hand.
C) National Socialists.
D) Social Democrats.
E) Black Shirt Brigade.

Question 55

The New Deal was the attempt by the Roosevelt Administration to

A) end capitalism and free-market economic activity.
B) have the federal government participate more actively in the economy
C) bring state-socialism to America.
D) incarcerate both capitalist and socialist extremists.
E) penalize the individuals in America who were profiteering from the financial downturn.

Question 56

The New Deal was the attempt by the Roosevelt administration to

A) end capitalism and free-market economic activity.
B) have the federal government participate more actively in the economy.
C) bring socialism to America.
D) incarcerate both capitalist and socialist extremists.
E) penalize the individuals in America who were profiteering from the financial downturn.

Question 57

As a result of the Great Depression,

A) living standards rose in Japan and Germany.
B) Marxism and fascism gained in popularity.
C) free trade gained in popularity.
D) democracy gained in popularity.
E) American prosperity surprisingly increased.

Question 58

Which statement about the Great Depression is FALSE?

A) The stock market crash in the United States led to the withdrawal of American investments in Europe thus weakening the European banking system.
B) Economic depressions were a new phenomenon in the European experience.
C) During the depression women were often able to secure low-paying jobs and servants and housekeepers while many men remained unemployed.
D) The classical liberal remedies for depressions were balanced budgets, cutting costs, and raising tariffs, all of which only worsened the crisis.
E) Fascism and communism appealed to many because of the perceived failure of capitalism.

Question 59

The Treaty of Locarno

A) guaranteed the new German borders with Poland and Czechoslovakia in the east.
B) guaranteed the new German borders with Belgium and France in the west.
C) achieved significant disarmament in Europe for the first time in seventy-five years.
D) allowed the Soviet Union to join the League of Nations.
E) was a secret military alliance between Germany and the Soviet Union.

Question 60

The new economic views of John Maynard Keynes held that

A) government public works spending would cut unemployment and revive an economy.
B) unemployment resulted from an inflationary increase in demand.
C) budget deficits must be avoided at any cost.
D) governments should pursue a policy of economic laissez-faire.
E) governments must print unlimited amounts of money.

Question 61

The actions of working-class women helped spark revolution in Russia at the beginning of the twentieth century.

Question 62

Trench warfare was a highly sophisticated and successful military strategy during World War I, despite the heavy casualties.

Question 63

It was the decision of the German government to return to unrestricted submarine warfare that brought the United States into World War I in 1917.

Question 64

The Bauhaus artistic movement sought a reality beyond the material, sensible world.

Question 65

Using artillery barrage as a form of "softening up" the enemy allowed armies to make significant gains on the western front.

Question 66

At the first Battle of the Marne, French troops were driven back and German forces occupied Paris.

Question 67

Because of post-war economic growth, the great majority of women retained their jobs after World War I.

Question 68

In ten months at Verdun, 700,000 men lost their lives for only a few miles of terrain.

Question 69

Because women were thrust into traditionally 'male' jobs by the necessities presented through World War I, their wages attained parity with those of men during the war.

Question 70

By the end of the civil war in 1921, the Soviet economy had recovered to 90 percent of its 1913 levels.

Question 71

In the Great Depression, most democratic governments followed the classical liberal remedy by lowering wages and raising tariffs.

Question 72

Among the other civilian casualties in World War I were one million Armenians in the Ottoman Empire, the victims of genocide.

Question 73

After World War I, many Europeans were overwhelmed with a sense of despair and a belief that something was dreadfully wrong with most Western values.

Question 74

Lenin signed the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk to follow through with his promise of peace, despite its harsh terms for Russia.

Question 75

Dadaism was an artistic movement devoted to create 'anti-art'.

Question 76

After the Great War finally concluded in 1918, most people believed that with peace restored, pre-war progress would readily continue.