Deck 8: Intelligence and Academic Achievement

Question 1

Janice's parents are not avid readers. However, because Janice loves books, her parents read to her every night. This demonstrates _____ effects on intelligence.

A) passive
B) evocative
C) interactive
D) active

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Which factor is NOT on Sameroff's environmental risk scale?

A) African American family
B) rigidity of parents' beliefs about child development
C) stepfather in home
D) maternal anxiety

Answer 2

C

Question 3

The genetic contribution to intelligence

A) remains stable across the life span.
B) is strongest when individuals are young.
C) becomes greater as individuals get older.
D) is an artificial concept.

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Tests of fluid intelligence

A) peak in old age.
B) correlate more highly with tests of factual knowledge about the world than they do with the ability to draw inferences.
C) include knowledge about geometric facts.
D) have a different developmental course than tests of crystallized intelligence.

Question 5

When asked what 3 + 2 equals, Hillary puts up three fingers of one hand and two fingers on the other hand and counts "1, 2, 3, 4, 5." Hillary has used which arithmetic strategy?

A) decomposition
B) retrieval
C) counting from 1
D) counting from the larger addend

Question 6

The likelihood of using visually based retrieval increases when

A) the words are longer.
B) children become stronger at phonological recoding.
C) children are reading easy words.
D) the words are less regular in their letter-sound correspondences.

Question 7

Which statement about tests of the intellectual achievement of affluent and poor children in various countries is TRUE?

A) Affluent children in the United States score higher than do affluent children in countries with greater income equality.
B) Affluent children in the United States score much lower than do affluent children in countries with greater income equality.
C) Poor children in the United States score higher than do poor children in countries with greater income equality.
D) Poor children in the United States score lower than do poor children in countries with greater income equality.

Question 8

Intelligence can be described as

A) a single trait.
B) a few abilities.
C) many processes.
D) difficult to define.

Question 9

A passive effect of genotype on environment occurs as a result of the

A) child's influence over other people's behavior.
B) overlap between a child's genotype and the genotypes of his or her biological parents.
C) child seeking out environments that are consistent with his or her genotype.
D) adoption agency's choice of parents for a newborn.

Question 10

The uncertainty about the causal nature of the association between HOME scores at infancy and children's later IQ scores is founded on the possibility of which type of gene-environment relations?

A) active
B) passive
C) evocative
D) inductive

Question 11

Mr. Smith is a farmer. Which type of intelligence would he likely demonstrate, according to Gardner?

A) intrapersonal
B) logical-mathematical
C) spatial
D) naturalistic

Question 12

The ability to think on the spot is referred to as _____ intelligence.

A) fluid
B) general
C) practical
D) crystallized

Question 13

The MOST commonly used intelligence test for children age 6 and older is the

A) Stanford-Binet Intelligence Test for Children.
B) Binet-Simon Intelligence Test.
C) Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children.
D) Thurstone Intelligence Test.

Question 14

A poet is MOST likely to have a high level of _____ intelligence.

A) linguistic
B) logical-mathematical
C) spatial
D) musical

Question 15

Which statement is an example of an active effect of the genotype on a child's scientific understanding?

A) Sally is interested in science, so she joins the science club at school.
B) Gabriel loves to go to the science museum, so his parents take him often.
C) Charlotte is curious about scientific phenomena, so her parents explain many scientific phenomena to her.
D) Blake's parents love to read about science, so they have many science books and magazines in their home.

Question 16

During the school year, the achievement test scores of low-SES children tend to _____; during the summer, their scores tend to _____.

A) remain constant while those of high-SES rise; drop or remain constant while those of high-SES children rise
B) rise similarly to those of high-SES children; drop while those of high-SES children remain constant
C) remain constant while those of high-SES rise; drop while those of high-SES children remain constant
D) rise similarly to those of high-SES children; drop or remain constant while those of high-SES children rise

Question 17

As children use counting strategies more frequently, they become

A) more likely to use retrieval.
B) less accurate.
C) more likely to become frustrated.
D) more likely to use counting from 1.

Question 18

With age, the IQ scores of adopted children and their biological parents become _____ correlated, and the IQ scores of adopted children and their adoptive parents become _____ correlated.

A) more; more
B) more; less
C) less; more
D) less; less

Question 19

Which test is a commonly used measure of the quality of the family environment?

A) Simon-Binet
B) WISC
C) HOME
D) QFE

Question 20

The arithmetic strategy of recalling answers from memory is MOST similar to

A) mental modeling.
B) phonological recoding.
C) visually based retrieval.
D) the strategy
choice process.

Question 21

A meta-analysis of studies on the relation between IQ and total number of years of formal education indicated that an extra year attending school increases IQ scores by _____ points.

A) 2
B) 3 to 6
C) 7
D) 1 to 5

Question 22

Pastor Thomas would likely demonstrate high levels of which type of intelligence. According to Gardner?

A) interpersonal
B) logical-mathematical
C) spatial
D) naturalistic

Question 23

Gardner's theory of intelligence proposes that intelligence is composed of

A) fluid and crystallized intelligence.
B) eight intelligences.
C) a hierarchy of g, abilities, and processes.
D) primary mental abilities.

Question 24

Sternberg is the founder of which theory of intelligence?

A) multiple intelligences
B) theory of successful intelligence
C) g
D) three-stratum

Question 25

Which factor is NOT involved in the association between poverty and impaired intellectual growth?

A) diet
B) level of intellectual stimulation
C) gender
D) level of emotional support

Question 26

Practical intelligence refers to

A) the ability to draw inferences and understand relations between concepts not encountered previously.
B) the part of intelligence that is common to all intellectual tasks.
C) factual knowledge about the world.
D) mental abilities important for success in many situations and not measured on intelligence tests.

Question 27

The process of keeping track of one's own understanding of text is referred to as

A) mental modeling.
B) comprehension monitoring.
C) the strategy-choice process.
D) phonological processing.

Question 28

Which strategy appears to be the BEST way to help the reading of children with dyslexia?

A) deemphasizing letter-sound relations
B) emphasizing visually based retrieval
C) providing extra practice in letter
sound connections
D) generating alternative pronunciations of vowels when sounding out does not work

Question 29

Which statement about the association between the intellectual quality of the family environment and children's IQ scores is NOT true?

A) There is a confirmed causal relation between the intellectual quality of the family environment and IQ score.
B) IQ score is positively correlated with the intellectual quality of the family environment throughout childhood.
C) The intellectual quality of the family environment at an early age is associated with IQ score at a later age.
D) If the intellectual quality of the family environment decreases, IQ score tends to decrease as well.

Question 30

Which skill is NOT necessary for writing?

A) accurate spelling
B) use of correct punctuation
C) providing necessary background information
D) visually based retrieval

Question 31

Which statement about Project Head Start is TRUE?

A) Participants show lasting gains in intellectual performance.
B) Participants show higher math skills at the end of the program.
C) Participants are more likely than nonparticipants of similar backgrounds to enroll in college.
D) There are no long-term effects of participating in the program.

Question 32

Which of these is NOT a subtest of the WISC-V?

A) verbal comprehension
B) visual-spatial processing
C) fluid reasoning
D) naturalistic intelligence

Question 33

In the past _____, Project Head Start has provided a wide range of services to more than 36 million children.

A) 10 years
B) 30 years
C) 50 years
D) 100 years

Question 34

Which statement is TRUE?

A) Attending school makes children smarter.
B) Intelligence differences among elementary school children can best be explained by age differences.
C) There are minimal cognitive skills measured in IQ tests.
D) Education increases general intelligence.

Question 35

Acquiring phonemic awareness would enable a learner to

A) determine that the word "cat" and the word "hat" start with different sounds.
B)match the letter "c" to the sound /k/ and the letter "t" to the sound /t/.
C)sound out the word "cat."
D)learn about the features of a cat from a sentence he or she reads about cats.

Question 36

Differences in IQ scores of children in different racial and ethnic groups

A) do not tell us anything about what would happen if the children lived in different environments.
B) reflect differences for given individuals.
C) indicate intellectual potential.
D) are completely explained by differences in socioeconomic class.

Question 37

The Flynn effect is believed to be caused by

A) genetics.
B) changes in environment.
C) the highest IQ individuals.
D) gender differences.

Question 38

A child's intelligence quotient is

A) an exact measure of her general intelligence.
B) an indicator of her standard deviation.
C) the mean intelligence score of her age mates.
D) a score that takes into account the mean and standard deviation of intelligence scores for children of the same age.

Question 39

The rise in IQ scores may reflect increased societal emphasis on abstract problem solving and reasoning. Which statement would support this view?

A) Scores on tests of fluid intelligence have increased almost twice as much compared to tests of other forms of intelligence.
B) Scores on tests of mathematical reasoning have increased almost twice as much compared to tests of other forms of intelligence.
C) Scores on tests of crystalized intelligence have increased almost twice as much compared to tests of other forms of intelligence.
D) Scores on tests of general intelligence have increased almost twice as much compared to tests of other forms of intelligence.

Question 40

Carroll proposed the _____ theory of intelligence.

A) multiple intelligences
B) primary mental abilities
C) g
D) three-stratum

Question 41

Intelligence tests are BEST used with children who are at least _____ old.

A) 6 months
B) 5 years
C) 2 years
D) 10 years

Question 42

Studies using Sameroff's environmental risk scale have demonstrated that

A) the fewer risks in a child's environment, the lower the child's IQ score tends to be.
B) mothers' high school completion status has no impact on children's IQ score.
C) environmental risks have long-term effects on children's intellectual development.
D) there is more stability in children's IQ scores than in their environments.

Question 43

Playing video games appears to increase _____ intelligence.

A) general
B) crystallized
C) fluid
D) naturalistic

Question 44

George has been an engineer for the majority of his career. He is MOST likely to have a high level of _____ intelligence.

A) linguistic
B) logical-mathematical
C) spatial
D) musical

Question 45

When asked to solve the problem 6 × 3 = ? × 2, Arianna answers, "18." She probably does NOT yet have the concept of

A) multiplication.
B) division.
C) mathematical equality.
D) generational integers.

Question 46

Participation in the experimental early-intervention programs in the 1960s did NOT result in

A) sustained increases in IQ scores.
B) decreased use of the welfare system.
C) decreased rate of assignment to special-education classes.
D) rapid increases in IQ scores.

Question 47

Binet's approach to intelligence has persuaded the field of child development to

A) concentrate on the effect of race on intelligence.
B) examine age-related changes more carefully.
C) study the influences of nature versus nurture.
D) focus on individual differences.

Question 48

Of these pairs of ages, the correlation between IQ score at one age and IQ score at the later age is HIGHEST for which pair?

A) 3 years and 5 years
B) 7 years and 9 years
C) 5 years and 10 years
D) 8 years and 9 years

Question 49

Phoebe is in 8th grade and is 13 years, 6 months old. Nancy is also in 8th grade and is 13 years, 7 months old. Trina is in 9th grade and is 13 years, 8 months old. Research would indicate that

A) Nancy's IQ score will be higher than the IQ scores of Phoebe and Trina.
B) Nancy's IQ score will be closer to Phoebe's IQ score than to Trina's IQ score.
C) Trina's IQ score will be closer to Phoebe's IQ score than to Nancy's IQ score.
D) Nancy's IQ score will be equally close to Phoebe's and Trina's IQ scores.

Question 50

What is the extent of influence of the shared environment and genetics on IQ score in children living in affluent and impoverished families?

A) For children living in both types of families, the influence of the shared environment is stronger than is the influence of genetics.
B) For children living in both types of families, the influence of genetics is stronger than is the influence of the shared environment.
C) For children living in affluent families, the influence of the shared environment is stronger than is the influence of genetics, and the pattern is reversed for impoverished families.
D) For children living in impoverished families, the influence of the shared environment is stronger than is the influence of genetics, and the pattern is reversed for affluent families.

Question 51

How do educational experiences have a positive effect on IQ scores?

A) As education level increase, general intelligence scores decrease.
B) Educational experiences increase general intelligence.
C) Education increases specific cognitive skills measured on IQ tests.
D) There is no positive effect of education on IQ scores.

Question 52

The perceptual-reasoning section of the WISC measures

A) skill in using language.
B) the ability to manipulate information in short-term memory.
C) the ability to focus attention.
D) spatial and logical abilities.

Question 53

Bradley is taking the WISC-V and is given several blocks. He is asked to make the blocks look exactly like a picture he is shown. Which subtest does this question assess?

A) verbal comprehension
B) visual-spatial processing
C) fluid reasoning
D) working memory

Question 54

Which word is a child is LEAST likely to use visually based retrieval to read?

A) cat
B) mommy
C) grandma
D) boy

Question 55

Janie, who is 3 years old, is pretending to write. Her mother asks her to write the word "birds" on a red piece of paper and then the word "squirrel" on a blue piece of paper. It is MOST likely that both papers will have some _____, and _____.

A) legible letters; the red paper will have more letters than will the blue paper
B) legible letters; the red and blue papers will have the same number of letters
C) horizontal marks; the red paper will contain more marks than will the blue paper
D) horizontal marks; the red and blue papers will contain the same number of marks

Question 56

In regard to the influence of practical intelligence on occupational success, people high in practical intelligence tend to have

A) less occupational success than do others.
B) more occupational success than do others, but this effect largely disappears once IQ score is taken into account.
C) more occupational success than do others, and this effect remains even once IQ score is taken into account.
D) There is no association between practical intelligence and occupational success.

Question 57

Between 5% and 8% of children perform so poorly in math that they are classified as having

A) mathematics anxiety.
B) mathematics disability.
C) limited executive function.
D) dyslexia.

Question 58

Research examining the associations between IQ scores and outcomes such as income and occupational success has demonstrated that

A) IQ score is more closely related to individuals' occupational success than any other factor ever studied.
B) regardless of the socioeconomic status of an individual's family of origin, individuals with high IQ scores always succeed.
C) other factors, such as motivation and social skills, have little impact on economic success.
D) people with comparable IQ scores tend to make similar amounts of money, despite variability in level of education.

Question 59

Children who were administered the Binet-Simon Intelligence Test were asked to do all of these EXCEPT

A) interpret proverbs.
B) solve puzzles.
C) sequence cartoon jokes.
D) invent words.

Question 60

_____ is an example of the metacognitive understanding necessary for writing.

A) Knowledge of proper spelling
B) Letter formation skills
C) Command of punctuation
D) Appreciation for the need to plan

Question 61

To be very successful at comprehending what they are reading, children do NOT need to be able to

A) quickly identify words.
B) form a mental model of the idea being depicted in the text.
C) monitor their comprehension.
D) possess multiple intelligences.

Question 62

Lee loves to play chess and has mastered the game. Which type of intelligence would be likely demonstrate, according to Gardner?

A) intrapersonal
B) logical-mathematical
C) spatial
D) naturalistic

Question 63

An IQ of 92.5 indicates that the individual

A) is more intelligent than most of his peers.
B) is 1/2 a standard deviation below the mean for his age group.
C) has an intelligence score higher than only 16% of his peers.
D) is of average intelligence.

Question 64

Which ability is NOT a component of self-discipline?

A) ability to read others' intentions
B) ability to follow rules
C) ability to avoid impulsive reactions
D) ability to inhibit actions

Question 65

Reading comprehension and writing are NOT enhanced by

A) metacognitive understanding.
B) content knowledge.
C) automatization.
D) naturalistic intelligence.

Question 66

IQ score is NOT a strong predictor of success in the _____ domain.

A) economic
B) occupational
C) academic
D) social

Question 67

Crystallized intelligence includes which skill?

A) speed of neural transmission in the brain
B) ability to determine the next item in a sequence
C) knowledge of the periodic table
D) capacity to solve novel puzzles

Question 68

Nursery rhymes are particularly good at fostering which pre-reading skill?

A) comprehension monitoring
B) phonemic awareness
C) understanding multiple perspectives
D) learning that words have spaces between them

Question 69

Which statement about the Carolina Abecedarian Project is TRUE?

A) The project was small in scale and aimed at providing a positive preschool experience for 3- and 4-year-old children.
B) The project concentrated on children who were only slightly at risk for developmental problems, such as those in moderate levels of poverty.
C) The project focused only on the participating child rather than on the entire family.
D) The project demonstrated that it is possible to design interventions that have lasting effects on the intellectual development of poor children.

Question 70

_____ is NOT a pre-reading skill.

A) Phonemic awareness
B) Learning the direction that words are to be read
C) Phonological recoding
D) Learning that words have spaces between them

Question 71

The likelihood of using phonological recoding increases when

A) the words are shorter.
B) children become stronger at this skill.
C) children become bored with reading.
D) the words are less regular in their letter
sound correspondences.

Question 72

Which piece of evidence does NOT support the existence of g?

A) Some tests of intelligence increase steadily with age, whereas others do not.
B) Overall scores on intelligence tests correlate positively with achievement test scores.
C) Intelligence tests correlate with people's knowledge of subjects they have not studied in school.
D) Children who do well on one intellectual task tend to do well on other intellectual tasks.

Question 73

The change in genetic influence on intelligence with age is a result of

A) brain connections formed in adolescence.
B) increasing freedom to choose one's own environments.
C) brain connections formed in adolescence and increasing freedom to choose one's own environments.
D) neither brain connections formed in adolescence nor increasing freedom to choose one's own environments.

Question 74

Of phonemic awareness and mastery of letter names, _____ is/are causally related to later reading achievement.

A) neither phonemic awareness nor mastery of letter names
B) both phonemic awareness and mastery of letter names
C) phonemic awareness
D) mastery of letter names

Question 75

The STRONGEST predictor of young elementary school students' ability to sound out and spell words is their kindergarten performance on measures of

A) letter name knowledge.
B) phonological recoding.
C) phonemic awareness.
D) IQ.

Question 76

The majority of early-intervention programs in the 1960s that were designed to enhance the intellectual development of poor children

A) were well-planned, large-scale programs.
B) initially increased children's IQ scores substantially.
C) were ineffective in preventing assignment to special-education classes and decreasing the likelihood of being held back a year in school.
D) had long-term effects on IQ scores.

Question 77

Thurstone's primary mental abilities do NOT include

A) verbal meaning.
B) picture completion.
C) spatial visualization.
D) rote memory.

Question 78

Reading comprehension is NOT influenced by

A) children's content knowledge.
B) the amount of reading children do.
C) the amount parents read to children as preschoolers.
D) interpersonal intelligence.

Question 79

The multiple intelligences theory is supported by studies of

A) patients with brain damage.
B) prodigies.
C) patients with brain damage and prodigies.
D) neither patients with brain damage nor prodigies.

Question 80

Children in _____ do NOT acquire greater mathematical proficiency than do children in high-achieving European countries.

A) China
B) Japan
C) the United States
D) South Korea