Deck 12: The Family

Question 1

Which statement about adolescent parents is TRUE?

A) The vast majority of adolescent fathers never see their young children.
B) Adolescents whose mothers are authoritative are at an increased risk for pregnancy.
C) Adolescent mothers tend to provide low levels of verbal stimulation to their children.
D) Adolescents who were born to teenage mothers nearly always experience academic failure and problem behavior.

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Which of these is NOT a conclusion regarding the effects of spanking on children?

A) Spanking is not harmful to children.
B) Spanking does not improve children's behavior.
C) Spanking increases children's risk for a range of negative outcomes.
D) Spanking is linked with negative outcomes equally across cultural groups.

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Maternal employment is more likely to have negative effects on children when

A) children have adequate supervision.
B) mothers begin working when children are 1 year old.
C) mothers are stressed.
D) mothers want to work.

Answer 3

C

Question 4

What percentage of mothers with children under the age of 6 were employed outside of the home in 2018?

A) 25%
B) 36%
C) 65%
D) 89%

Question 5

Which guideline is a minimum standard for childcare centers recommended by organizations such as the American Academy of Pediatrics?

A) child-to-caregiver ratio of 7:1 for infants
B) child-to-caregiver ratio of 7:1 for 3-year-olds
C) maximum group size of 14 for infants
D) maximum group size of 21 for 3-year-olds

Question 6

The use of other-oriented induction can teach children

A) empathy for others.
B) social competence.
C) both empathy for others and social competence.
D) neither empathy for others nor social competence.

Question 7

What would NOT be a way that parents socialize their children?

A) direct instruction
B) indirect socialization
C) heredity
D) social management

Question 8

Most experts agree that children of divorce are at greater risk for a variety of _____ in comparison to those from continuously intact homes.

A) short-term problems
B) long-term problems
C) both short-term and long-term problems
D) neither short-term nor long-term problems

Question 9

Which statement about how parents behave toward infants is TRUE?

A) Children who are disobedient, angry, or challenging make it more difficult for parents to use authoritative parenting.
B) Children who are compliant and positive in their behavior make it more difficult for parents to use authoritative parenting.
C) In resisting the demands of their parents, children may become so whiny that parents increase their assertiveness.
D) Parents' use of spanking at age 1 predicts less child aggression at age 3.

Question 10

Which statement about parental conflict following divorce is TRUE?

A) Fathers tend to be less involved with their children when there is parental conflict.
B) If adolescents feel that they can act as intermediaries between their parents, they tend to feel empowered, and thus are at decreased risk of engaging in problem behaviors.
C) Conflict tends to decrease soon after the divorce is finalized.
D) When children witness violence between their parents, they are less likely to use violence with their own partners when they are older.

Question 11

Which factor INCREASES the level of support between siblings?

A) marital conflict
B) differential treatment by parents
C) parental support
D) birth order

Question 12

What percentage of children living with a single parent live below the federal poverty line?

A) 8%
B) 16%
C) 34%
D) 52%

Question 13

Mateo has limited contact with his noncustodial father, who lives across the country from him. His father is supportive and warm when Mateo does have contact with him. Mateo's peer, Ayden, has frequent contact with his own noncustodial father, who is permissive and disruptive. How are Mateo and Ayden likely to fare in terms of their adjustment and school achievement?

A) Mateo and Ayden will likely be similarly well adjusted because contact with noncustodial fathers is beneficial for adjustment.
B) Ayden will likely be better adjusted than Mateo because the frequency of contact with noncustodial fathers is more important than the quality of the contact.
C) Mateo will likely be better adjusted than Ayden because the quality of contact with noncustodial fathers is more important than the frequency of the contact.
D) Mateo and Ayden will likely be similarly poorly adjusted because both high quality and high quantity of contact with noncustodial fathers are necessary.

Question 14

On average, do stepmothers or stepfathers appear to have more difficulty with their stepchildren?

A) Stepmothers appear to have more difficulty.
B) Stepfathers appear to have more difficulty.
C) Stepmothers and stepfathers appear to have equal difficulty, with both having a great deal of difficulty.
D) Stepmothers and stepfathers appear to have equal difficulty, with neither having a great deal of difficulty.

Question 15

The large-scale study of the effects of childcare that was funded by the National Institute of Child Health and Development demonstrated which finding about the effects of amount of childcare on the social behavior of children from working- and middle-class families?

A) The amount of childcare was not associated with children's social behavior.
B) The risk of children exhibiting problem behaviors increased with more hours in childcare.
C) Long hours spent in day care caused aggression and social withdrawal.
D) Extensive time in childcare was more detrimental to children from very low-income, high-risk families.

Question 16

Which characteristic of U.S. families did not increase from the 1960s to the 2010s?

A) age at which women had children
B) percentage of children born to unwed mothers
C) percentage of children living with two married parents
D) percentage of mothers of school-age children who work outside the home

Question 17

Among industrialized Western countries, the U.S. rate of child poverty is

A) the lowest.
B) number 3.
C) number 6.
D) the second highest.

Question 18

Which factor is NOT associated with better integration of a stepparent into a family?

A) lack of hostility of noncustodial biological parent toward stepparent
B) support of stepparent's parenting by custodial parent
C) warmth of stepparent
D) active parenting by stepparent

Question 19

Cross-cultural studies of parenting styles have demonstrated that a factor that does NOT differ across cultures and subcultures is

A) prevalence of different parenting styles.
B) meaning of particular parenting styles to children.
C) outcomes associated with different parenting styles.
D) dimensions that define parenting styles.

Question 20

Which statement about sibling relationships is TRUE?

A) Siblings with parents who get along well tend to get along better with each other than do siblings with parents who fight with one another.
B) Siblings in divorced families tend to get along better than those in nondivorced families, as they tend to count on each other for support.
C) Perceived differential treatment by parents is typically not problematic in sibling relationships when it is the younger child who receives the better treatment.
D) Although children may be annoyed when parents favor their siblings, differential treatment is unlikely to affect sibling relationships.

Question 21

Which form of punishment is NOT considered negative?

A) spanking
B) love withdrawal
C) yelling
D) disapproving look

Question 22

Which child is probably LEAST likely to exhibit adjustment problems?

A) Charlie, whose parents are married and have high levels of conflict
B) Gary, whose parents are divorced and have high levels of conflict
C) Christopher, whose parents are divorced and have low levels of conflict
D) Charlie and Gary are equally unlikely to exhibit adjustment problems.

Question 23

Compared with younger parents, older parents do NOT tend to have:

A) less stress.
B) more children.
C) greater financial resources.
D) more positivity in their parenting.

Question 24

Compared with children whose parents do not divorce, children of divorce are

A) more likely to experience depression.
B) more likely to complete high school.
C) less likely to have behavioral problems.
D) more socially competent.

Question 25

Which result is NOT a consequence of divorce on children?

A) increased delinquency
B) decreased rate of divorce in adulthood
C) decreased income in adulthood
D) decreased social competence

Question 26

Maternal employment appears to

A) have an equally positive effect on boys and girls.
B) have an equally negative effect on boys and girls.
C) be more likely to be beneficial for girls than for boys.
D) be less likely to be beneficial for girls than for boys.

Question 27

Four-year-old Derek is playing with his trucks and does not want to come to the dinner table. In response, his mother storms over to where he is playing, grabs his trucks away from him, and yells, "I told you to come eat dinner! Come to the table right now or I will throw those trucks in the garbage." Derek's mother is rarely affectionate with him, even in situations in which he is complying with her wishes. Derek's mother would likely be classified as

A) permissive.
B) authoritative.
C) uninvolved.
D) authoritarian.

Question 28

The large-scale study of the effects of childcare that was funded by the National Institute of Child Health and Development demonstrated which finding about the effects of child care on children's cognitive development?

A) Regardless of the quality, childcare tended to have a negative effect on children's cognitive development.
B) Regardless of the quality, childcare tended to have a positive effect on children's cognitive development.
C) When it was of at least moderate quality, childcare tended to have a positive effect on children's cognitive development.
D) When it was of high quality, childcare tended to have a positive effect on children's cognitive development.

Question 29

The greater frequency of problem behaviors in children of divorced parents is NOT due to

A) an inherited predisposition to poor self-regulation.
B) conflict surrounding the divorce.
C) transitioning to a new home or school.
D) economic stability.

Question 30

Differential treatment of siblings by parents is less detrimental to children when all of these are true EXCEPT

A) children believe it is justified.
B) the culture emphasizes interdependence among family members.
C) the children are older.
D) the children are younger.

Question 31

Parents who are high in warmth and high in control are considered to exhibit which parenting style?

A) permissive
B) authoritative
C) uninvolved
D) authoritarian

Question 32

The FMLA allows parents to take _____ off from work and guarantees that they will not lose their job.

A) 6 weeks
B) 12 weeks
C) 16 weeks
D) 6 months

Question 33

The process through which children acquire the values, standards, skills, knowledge, and behaviors that are regarded as appropriate for their present and future roles in their particular culture is called

A) socialization.
B) internalization.
C) bidirectionality.
D) polyvictimization.

Question 34

In the United States in 2018, almost what percentage of children under 18 years of age lived below the poverty line?

A) 7%
B) 11%
C) 20%
D) 27%

Question 35

Psychologists have suggested that ethnic differences in parenting styles in the United States may be a result of differences in

A) the motives common in different environments.
B) parental skills.
C) child behavior.
D) socioeconomic factors.

Question 36

Which action is an example of psychological control?

A) threatening to take away privileges
B) requiring children to comply with demands without question
C) discounting children's feelings
D) engaging in reasoning

Question 37

For Chinese American and Chinese children, which parenting practice is related to negative outcomes?

A) scolding, shame, and guilt
B) physical punishment
C) both physical punishment and scolding, shame, and guilt
D) neither physical punishment nor scolding, shame, and guilt

Question 38

Which statement about the impact of divorce on children's functioning is TRUE?

A) The majority of children whose parents divorce suffer long-term problems as a consequence.
B) Although divorce has negative consequences for some children, most children do not suffer long-term problems as a consequence.
C) Although there are some short-term consequences, there are almost no long-term consequences of divorce.
D) There are no short-term or long-term consequences of divorce.

Question 39

Reasoning that is focused on the effects of a behavior on other people is referred to as

A) externalization.
B) internalization.
C) self-oriented induction.
D) other-oriented induction.

Question 40

Authoritative parents are those who:

A) are abusive.
B) are highly demanding and unresponsive.
C) have little interest in disciplining their children.
D) are attentive and consistent in their discipline.

Question 41

The influence that children have on their parents' parenting behaviors because of their appearance is _____. The influence that children have on their parents' parenting behaviors because of their own behavior is _____.

A) passive; passive
B) passive; active
C) active; passive
D) active; active

Question 42

The large-scale study of the effects of childcare that was funded by the National Institute of Child Health and Development demonstrated that the attachment of children in nonmaternal care was LEAST strongly related to

A) family income.
B) maternal sensitivity.
C) maternal education.
D) the nature of the childcare.

Question 43

Which benefit is NOT guaranteed by the FMLA?

A) Mothers can take 12 weeks off from work.
B) Fathers can take 12 weeks off from work.
C) Parents will get paid while taking off from work.
D) Parents can keep their jobs.

Question 44

The process through which children acquire the values, standards, skills, knowledge, and behaviors that are necessary for their role in their culture is referred to as:

A) evolution.
B) socialization.
C) bioecology.
D) family dynamics.

Question 45

Which statement about older fathers, in comparison to younger fathers, is NOT true?

A) They are more likely to be affectionate with their infants.
B) They are more likely to provide a moderate amount of childcare.
C) They are more likely to be cognitively stimulating with their infants.
D) They are more likely to have traditional beliefs about the paternal role in parenting.

Question 46

The percentage of women who had three or more children

A) dropped from 65% in 1976 to 38% in 2016.
B) rose from 15% in 1976 to 22% in 2016.
C) rose from 28% in 1976 to 41% in 2016.
D) stayed the same.

Question 47

Over the course of a given year in the United States, it is estimated that there are approximately _____ homeless children.

A) 250,000
B) 700,000
C) 1 million
D) 1.3 million

Question 48

Which of these is NOT a type of child maltreatment?

A) neglect
B) physical abuse
C) socialization
D) emotional abuse

Question 49

Which statement is NOT true regarding the use of spanking as a form of punishment?

A) Spanking does not improve children's behavior.
B) Spanking increases children's risk for a range of negative outcomes.
C) Spanking is linked with negative outcomes across cultural groups.
D) Spanking is an advised form of discipline in all countries around the world.

Question 50

A factor that does NOT decrease the negative effect of homelessness on children's adjustment is

A) a close relationship with their parents.
B) parental involvement in their education.
C) temperamental regulation.
D) running away as an adolescent.

Question 51

A trait that is NOT more common among families experiencing long-term economic stress than among other families is

A) social support.
B) marital conflict.
C) inconsistent parenting.
D) hostile parenting.

Question 52

Authoritarian parents are those who:

A) are abusive.
B) are highly demanding and unresponsive.
C) have little interest in disciplining their children.
D) are attentive and consistent in their discipline.

Question 53

The large-scale study of the effects of childcare that was funded by the National Institute of Child Health and Development demonstrated that the

A) quality of childcare was a critical predictor of attachment security.
B) amount of childcare was a critical predictor of attachment security.
C) number of childcare arrangements was a critical predictor of attachment security.
D) number of changes in caregivers in the first 2 years of life predicted lower social competence and more noncompliance with adults at age 2.

Question 54

According to Bronfenbrenner's bioecological model, _____ is central to a child's microsystem.

A) internalization
B) parenting styles
C) the family
D) socialization

Question 55

What percentage of industrialized countries provide at least 6 months of paid leave to new parents?

A) 13%
B) 24%
C) 45%
D) 74%

Question 56

Which of these is effective at promoting internalization?

A) externalization
B) internalization
C) self-oriented induction
D) other-oriented induction

Question 57

How many marriages can expect to end in divorce?

A) 25%
B) 50%
C) 60%
D) 75%

Question 58

Which type of sibling pair is LEAST likely to be characterized by rivalry and conflict?

A) biological siblings in remarried families
B) half-siblings
C) biological siblings in intact, nondivorced families
D) stepsiblings

Question 59

Which statement about cultural differences in the effect of parenting style on child outcome is TRUE?

A) Consistent effects of the four parenting styles have been found in all cultures that have been examined.
B) The particular effects of permissive and uninvolved parents have been found to differ cross-culturally.
C) The meaning of discipline and control can differ cross-culturally, and this difference in meaning can change the effects of the authoritarian style.
D) Parenting styles have been examined only in the United States, and thus we have no information about cultural differences in the impact of parenting style.

Question 60

Which variable has been found to be an important factor in the adjustment of children of lesbian and gay parents?

A) whether the homosexual parent is male or female
B) whether the child is also gay or lesbian
C) the closeness of the parent
child relationship
D) the gender of the child

Question 61

Which statement is NOT true regarding grandparents as primary caregivers?

A) Grandparent-headed families tend to be more affluent than households not headed by grandparents.
B) Most grandparents have had a long gap since the last time they parented a child.
C) Grandparents may have a difficult time maintaining a social support network for the child.
D) Children raised by grandparents often experience a range of emotional and behavioral problems.

Question 62

Children are MOST likely to live with _____ following divorce.

A) their mother
B) their father
C) each parent via joint physical custody
D) another family member

Question 63

The percentage of parents who spank their children has _____ over the past several decades in both the United States and Canada.

A) stayed the same
B) increased slightly
C) decreased significantly
D) increased significantly

Question 64

Since 1970, the percentage of children who have grandparents as their primary caregivers has

A) stayed the same.
B) doubled.
C) tripled.
D) declined by half.

Question 65

Family dynamics refers to

A) how individual family members relate to the child.
B) cultural variability in family structure.
C) the changing nature of parent
child relationships as children develop.
D) how the family operates as a whole.

Question 66

Research has demonstrated that which parental practice is associated with less hostility in sibling relationships?

A) being warm and accepting
B) treating the siblings differently
C) leaning on children in times of marital conflict
D) using harsh parenting practices

Question 67

In a study of Mexican American families, older siblings who embraced _____, which emphasizes interdependence, mutual support, and loyalty among family members, were not put at risk of higher levels of depressive symptoms or risky behaviors by their parents' preferential treatment of younger siblings.

A) socialization
B) familism
C) polyvictimization
D) internalization

Question 68

Which of these does NOT increase the likelihood of child maltreatment?

A) strong negative reactions to stress by the parent
B) low family income
C) parents' increased knowledge of their children's needs
D) inadequate housing

Question 69

What percentage of remarriages involving children end in divorce within 10 years?

A) 15%
B) 30%
C) 40%
D) 65%

Question 70

Which variable does NOT influence children's adjustment following divorce?

A) parental conflict
B) stress of custodial mother
C) frequency of contact with noncustodial father
D) quality of contact with noncustodial father

Question 71

Which of these contributes to the parenting children receive?

A) individual differences in children
B) research involving the active child
C) internalization
D) the need for childhood socialization

Question 72

When is parental discipline effective?

A) when the child stops engaging in an undesirable misbehavior
B) when the child engages in a preferred behavior
C) when the child stops engaging in an undesirable misbehavior and engages in a preferred behavior
D) when the child neither stops engaging in an undesirable misbehavior nor engages in a preferred behavior

Question 73

Which of these is NOT something that is associated with preventing child maltreatment?

A) strengthening the economic situation of families
B) changing social norms to promote negative parenting
C) enhancing parenting skills
D) providing quality early education to children

Question 74

Which factor is associated with a decreased likelihood of children experiencing negative consequences from their parents' divorce?

A) authoritarian parenting
B) frequent contact with noncustodial father
C) being a young child at the time of divorce
D) low parental conflict

Question 75

Which statement about children and stepfathers is TRUE?

A) Relationships between children and stepfathers tend to be better when there are stepsiblings living with the family as well.
B) Children with stepfathers tend to have higher rates of disruptive problem behaviors than do children in intact families.
C) Conflict between children and biological fathers is more common than conflict between children and stepfathers.
D) Stepfathers rarely contribute to supervision of their stepsons.

Question 76

A group that involves at least one adult who is related to the child by birth, marriage, adoption, or foster status and who is responsible for providing basic necessities as well as love, support, safety, stability, and opportunities for learning is called

A) internalization.
B) parenting styles.
C) the family.
D) socialization.

Question 77

Which statement about the effect of parents' differential treatment of siblings on the siblings' relationships with each other is TRUE?

A) Children rarely detect true differences in parental treatment, and thus it has little effect on their relationships with their siblings.
B) Differential treatment is more likely to be a problem in early and middle childhood than in early adolescence, when adolescents can view it as justified.
C) Differential treatment is more likely to be a problem in early adolescence than in early and middle childhood, because adolescents' relationships are more emotionally charged than are the relationships of younger children.
D) Children can detect differential treatment, and it is equally problematic for children of all ages.

Question 78

Which factor is NOT an example of an active influence children have on the parenting process?

A) temperament
B) perceptions of their parents' behavior toward them
C) negative behavior that is reinforced by parents
D) appearance

Question 79

Children of which type of parents tend to have disturbed attachment relationships as infants and a wide range of problems in adolescence, including promiscuous sexual behavior, substance abuse, and depression?

A) permissive
B) authoritative
C) uninvolved
D) authoritarian

Question 80

Children of which type of parents tend to be low in social and academic competence, unhappy and unfriendly, and low in self-confidence, but do not tend to be particularly low in self-control or to be particularly high in impulsivity?

A) permissive
B) authoritative
C) uninvolved
D) authoritarian