Deck 6: Episodic Memory: Organizing and Remembering

Question 1

Which is the best definition of an episodic memory?
(A)A memory for how to perform a certain task
(B)A memory consisting of generalized knowledge about the world
(C)A memory of specific events located at a specific point in time
(D)A memory that can only be recalled in parts
(E)A memory that cannot be stated explicitly

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Bartlett (1932)emphasized the role of which of the following influences on the development of schemas?
(A)Social and cultural
(B)Cultural
(C)Social
(D)Personal
(E)Ideographic

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Which school of thought was one of the main driving forces behind the increased reliance on word lists in verbal learning studies?
(A)Information processing
(B)Adhlerians
(C)Response-reward associationism
(D)Stimulus-response
(E)Connectionism

Answer 3

D

Question 4

When participants are not warned in advance that there will be a memory test, this can still result in what phenomenon?
(A)Incidental learning
(B)Incidental forgetting
(C)Participant attrition
(D)Generalization
(E)Demand characteristics

Question 5

Which data did Bartlett (1932)utilize to identify how information may be encoded?
(A)Participant characteristics
(B)Patterns of correct responses
(C)Response times
(D)Patterns of errors
(E)Physiology

Question 6

The dual coding hypothesis argues that which type of words are more memorable due to having numerous retrieval routes?
(A)Long
(B)Foreign
(C)Imageable
(D)Nonsense
(E)Multisyllabic

Question 7

According to Craik and Tulving (1975), which is the correct ordering of levels of processing from least to most effective in terms of subsequent memory performance?
(A)Phonological, visual, semantic
(B)Visual, phonological, semantic
(C)Orthographic, semantic, phonological
(D)Acoustic, semantic, visual
(E)Phonological, acoustic, visual

Question 8

Sulin and Dooling (1974)demonstrated that schema-driven errors are more likely to occur when:
(A)There is a longer retention interval
(B)A villain is the main character
(C)Little general knowledge is available before the experiment
(D)Less time is given to learn the text
(E)Participants are under duress

Question 9

Jenkins and Russell (1952)observed that _____ are more likely to be grouped together in a free recall?
(A)Nonsense words
(B)Highly frequent words
(C)Related words
(D)Rhyming words
(E)Abstract words

Question 10

An intention to learn typically has what effect?
(A)Reduces retention and accuracy
(B)Fails to exert a significant effect
(C)Enhances the accuracy of recall substantially
(D)Decreases the chance of distortions
(E)Reduces the amount of time required to learn material

Question 11

Bower, Karlin, and Dueck (1975)argued that memory is facilitated whenever _____ arouse the correct schemata.
(A)Greebles
(B)Visual cues
(C)Verbal cues
(D)Droodles
(E)Contextual cues

Question 12

Which of these criticisms can be fairly leveled against Bartlett's account of memory?
(A)It does not allow us to use real-world stimuli
(B)It can result in deliberate guessing rather than true recall
(C)It does not consider the role of meaning in memory
(D)It has not been supported by studies replicating the methodologies
(E)It can never be tested using well-controlled methodologies

Question 13

Chase and Ericsson (1981)tested SF, a graduate student, who by the end of the experiment, could remember sequences of 80 digits. How did SF manage to achieve this result?
(A)He was a genius
(B)His hippocampus was larger than usual
(C)He developed an organization scheme based on running times
(D)His prefrontal cortex was more active than usual
(E)He was helped by the recency effect

Question 14

What did Bartlett argue Ebbinghaus had studied by examining memory without meaning?
(A)Experimenter effects
(B)Stereotyping
(C)Response bias
(D)Reasoning
(E)Repetition habits

Question 15

Tulving's "subjective organization" refers to which phenomenon?
(A)Teachers tend to group students by their ability levels
(B)Subjects in experiments are randomly selected
(C)Learners automatically organize unstructured material into chunks
(D)Learning is best done in group structures
(E)The cognitive system restructures all stimuli

Question 16

In 1995, Ericsson and Kintsch developed the concept of 'long-term working memory', which refers to:
(A)A form of semantic memory
(B)The impact that prior knowledge and expertise has on online memory performance
(C)A form of amnesia
(D)The central executive
(E)The relationship between working memory and long term memory

Question 17

The ability to represent the temporal sequence of occurrences within a larger event is called:
(A)Episodic short term memory
(B)Sequential effect
(C)Episodic sequence learning
(D)Implicit memory
(E)Habitual learning

Question 18

Prentice (1954)observed that 'the label effect' disappeared under which condition?
(A)Cued recall
(B)Free recall
(C)Recognition
(D)Short intervals
(E)Long intervals

Question 19

Which form of rehearsal may be most beneficial to forming detailed memories?
(A)Elaborative
(B)Maintenance
(C)Rote
(D)Infrequent
(E)Cluster

Question 20

What is the central principle behind the transfer-appropriate processing hypothesis?
(A)Recognition tests are almost always an invalid measure of previous learning
(B)Studied words should all be unrelated to avoid pre-existing memory associations
(C)The test should match encoding conditions in order to reveal prior learning
(D)New memories interfere with older memories
(E)Studying should be carried out in numerous contexts to generalize learning

Question 21

After the patient Jon developed suffered damage limited to his hippocampus, he presented which of the following issues:
(A)It is impossible for him to live independently
(B)Below-average intelligence
(C)Significantly impaired semantic memory
(D)All of these
(E)Dense amnesia

Question 22

Morris and colleagues demonstrated that rapid consolidation was due, to a large extent, to the involvement of:
(A)The hippocampus
(B)The medial prefrontal cortex
(C)The occipital cortex
(D)The entorhinal cortex
(E)The medial septal nucleus

Question 23

A summary analysis conducted on other people's studies is called:
(A)Scientific article
(B)MVPA
(C)BOLD
(D)Meta-analysis
(E)Narrative review

Question 24

Patient HM developed deficits for episodic long-term memory after damage to which structure?
(A)The basal ganglia
(B)The hypothalamus
(C)The frontal lobes
(D)The temporal lobes
(E)The hippocampus