Deck 8: School Violence, Zero Tolerance, and School Exclusion

Question 1

The 1980s and 1990s spawned fears and media reports of young people committing horrific crime, gang violence, and concern for the emergence of ______ that were wholly disproportionate to the reality of youth violence.

A) class A offenders
B) felony level offenders
C) ultraviolent juveniles
D) juvenile super-predators

Answer 1

D

Question 2

The ______ of the late 1800s increased the importance of schooling for all children.

A) reform movement
B) industrial revolution
C) social revolution
D) economic depression

Answer 2

B

Question 3

As student enrollment in public schools grew exponentially, schools were concerned about ______ and were structured through strict organization, regularity, and discipline in preparation for students' training for vocational and industrial trades.

A) control
B) funding
C) legal issues
D) reform

Answer 3

A

Question 4

During the early years of compulsory school attendance, there was a concern about children of immigrants and their ability to ______.

A) assimilate to American culture
B) understand the lessons
C) learn the English language
D) develop emotionally

Question 5

A ______ era of education dominated reforms from the 1900s to the 1930s.

A) compulsory
B) progressive
C) statutory
D) voluntary

Question 6

School personnel have ______ as a focus, trying to teach each student effectively, guide them accordingly, and reach academic and graduation goals.

A) the state educational standards
B) the best interests of young people
C) the need for safety of the student body
D) the overall success of the school

Question 7

A(n) ______ is a document that spells out the rules and consequences for students and families.

A) advisory statement
B) disclosure warning
C) school code of conduct
D) zero tolerance policy

Question 8

The U.S. Supreme Court decision in ______ found due process violations in the suspension and expulsion of students without hearings.

A) Alexander v. Allegheny County
B) Gault v. Mahoney
C) Goss v. Lopez
D) Alvarez v. Longworth

Question 9

As children's rights were recognized in the mid to late 1800s and as adolescence was identified as a distinct developmental stage, ______ became increasingly responsible for educating students, managing their behavior, and disciplining rule breakers.

A) families
B) juvenile courts
C) peers
D) schools

Question 10

In the mid to late 1970s, schools changed their policies to include ______ as an option for disciplining unruly students.

A) capital punishment
B) in-school suspensions
C) physical discipline
D) school expulsion

Question 11

Over the course of the 1900s, many school administrators incorporated ______ including threats or discipline or harm, physical beatings, and isolation practices with classrooms and school buildings.

A) capital punishment
B) compulsory punishment
C) corporal punishment
D) comprehensive punishment

Question 12

In the 1990s through the 2000s, school discipline was characterized by which of the following?

A) mandated review of mitigating circumstances
B) a one-size-fits-all approach
C) an ineffective educational system
D) inconsistency in punishment

Question 13

By 1890, 27 states had passed compulsory public school attendance laws for most children under the age of ______.

A) 10
B) 12
C) 14
D) 16

Question 14

As schools developed in the Northeast during the later part of the 1800s, school discipline and operations were influenced by which of the following?

A) almshouses
B) U.S. military
C) adult prisons
D) psychiatric asylums

Question 15

Zero tolerance policies have a disproportionate impact on schools with more ______ students and schools located in poorer communities.

A) desegregated
B) average performing
C) minority
D) White

Question 16

______ means that there are pre-determined consequences for identified student transgressions while on school grounds.

A) Compulsory punishment
B) Justified sanctioning
C) Reform discipline
D) Zero tolerance

Question 17

In 1994, in response to fears of school shootings and violence, the crack cocaine epidemic, and worries about youth gangs, Congress enacted the ______.

A) Gun-Free Schools Act
B) Keep Our Children Safe Act
C) McGregor Gun Control Act
D) Violence Prevention Act

Question 18

The expansion of school anti-violence policies across school districts nationwide has created an environment of social control that is more ______ in efforts to maintain safety.

A) familial
B) institutionalized
C) prison-like
D) treatment-oriented

Question 19

The term "zero tolerance" was nationally recognized and used during the ______ administration's war on drugs.

A) Carter
B) Clinton
C) Bush
D) Reagan

Question 20

During the colonial and early years of the United States, schools were ______ enterprises.

A) commercial
B) compulsory
C) reform focused
D) voluntary

Question 21

Since 1994, crime committed by juvenile offenders has increased significantly.

Question 22

While 6% of all primary and secondary-aged students received one or more out of school suspensions, the percentage is three times higher for ______ students

A) Black male
B) Hispanic female
C) LGBT female
D) White male

Question 23

The increased use of zero tolerance policies and police in schools has exponentially increased school-based arrests and referrals to the juvenile courts.

Question 24

During the tough on juvenile crime era of the mid-1990s, suburban schools established the highest proportion of punitive policies.

Question 25

______ are over twice as likely as other students to receive at least one out-of-school suspension.

A) Black students
B) LGBT students
C) Male students
D) Students with disabilities

Question 26

______ is a disciplinary option that involves the school maintaining a supervised school-based room and students are expected to do academic work.

A) Detention
B) In-school suspension
C) Study hall suspension
D) Therapeutic detention

Question 27

There is concern that the enactment of the ______ in 2001, in combination with zero tolerance policies, exacerbated the school discipline problems.

A) Drug Free Schools Act
B) Gun Free Schools Act
C) No Child Left Behind Act
D) Standardized Response Act

Question 28

By 1918, all states had passed compulsory education laws.

Question 29

Historically, there has always been a focus on control of students, particularly those difficult or troubling to manage.

Question 30

The No Child Left Behind Act was implemented to ______.

A) punish students who did not perform well
B) hold schools accountable for student performance
C) stigmatize underachieving students
D) give underperforming students special treatment

Question 31

Recent estimates of annual out of school suspension rates are more than two times the number of out-of-school suspension from the ______.

A) mid-1970s
B) mid-1980s
C) mid-1990s
D) mid-2000s

Question 32

The most common disability types for suspended students are learning disabilities and ______

A) attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
B) conduct disorder
C) severe emotional disturbances
D) Tourette's syndrome

Question 33

One of the effects of zero-tolerance policies is that a small but still significant proportion of elementary schools have a(n) ______.

A) after-school psychiatrist
B) gang specialist
C) school resource officer
D) truancy officer

Question 34

The No Child Left Behind Act set standards across the nation's public schools that required all students to be ______.

A) punished for failing grades
B) given preferential treatment if poor
C) tested across primary and secondary grades
D) treated fairly regardless of race or social class

Question 35

A single suspension in the 9th grade has been found to double the risk for ______ in high school.

A) being chronically truant
B) failing subsequent academic courses
C) losing one's peer network
D) placement in an alternative school

Question 36

LGBT students are up to three times more likely to experience ______ than their non-LGBT peers.

A) discrimination by school personnel
B) harsh disciplinary treatment
C) preferential treatment
D) social isolation

Question 37

The No Child Left Behind Act ended in 2015 and has been replaced by the ______.

A) Federal Child Wellness Act
B) Every Student Succeeds Act
C) Monetary Funding Act
D) Mandated Student Success Act

Question 38

______ is a term used to describe the increasing connections and referrals from student school problems to the juvenile courts.

A) Alternative school pathway
B) Diversionary pipeline
C) Prison via education pathway
D) School-to-prison pipeline

Question 39

The ______ of 1994 promoted and funded partnerships for in-school police forces in primary and secondary schools.

A) Federal Child Wellness Act
B) Safe Schools Act
C) Gun Free Schools Act
D) Violence Prevention Act

Question 40

In a 6-year longitudinal review of all students in Texas schools, it was found that approximately half of students were ______ between their seventh and twelfth-grade school years.

A) bullied repeatedly
B) held back a year
C) repeatedly truant
D) suspended or expelled

Question 41

Discuss the emergence and rise of compulsory education for children in America. Be sure to discuss the birth of private and public schools. What were the driving forces behind the movement?

Question 42

Zero tolerance policies are not used for first time offenses.

Question 43

Punitive school environments have made schools less cohesive across the student body.

Question 44

Despite the wide spread use of zero tolerance policies, no single definition of zero tolerance exists across American schools.

Question 45

The shooting at Columbine High School was the first school shooting in U.S. history.

Question 46

Hispanic students are disproportionately expelled from school.

Question 47

Many states passed legislation during the 1990s and 2000s mandating zero tolerance policies in their school districts.

Question 48

Discuss the disproportionate involvement of students with special education disabilities with school discipline protocols. How large is the disproportionate involvement? For whom is it greatest? How does this disproportionate involvement intersect with other characteristics, such as race?

Question 49

Despite the media coverage of school shootings, school shootings are uncommon events.

Question 50

The No Child Left Behind Act provided funding to address the resource disparities among the nation's schools (i.e., some schools had a great deal of resources, while others have very few resources).

Question 51

The observed disproportionate number of LGBT students affected by punitive school policies can be explained by the increased level of misbehavior among this group of students.

Question 52

Discuss the concept of supporting zero tolerance policies with the use of environmental security measures. What types of security countermeasures are typically used in schools? Which schools are more likely to see the use of security countermeasures? What are the negative effects of these "safe" environments?

Question 53

Describe the rise of zero tolerance policies. What is a zero tolerance policy? When and where did zero tolerance policies originate? What factors contributed to their development?

Question 54

Discuss the No Child Left Behind Act. When was the act created? Describe what the act was intended to do. What was its effects? What is its connection to zero tolerance policies?