Deck 3: Birth and the Newborn Child

Question 1

What happens when the amount of oxytocin in a human female's blood reaches a certain threshold?

A) The likelihood of conception is at its highest.
B) The birth process begins.
C) Labour pain decreases considerably.
D) Lactation begins.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

During the process of labour, what needs to dilate to 10 centimetres (4.5 inches)?

A) The cervix
B) The uterus
C) The fallopian tubes
D) The ovaries

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Your best friend has recently had a 4.3 kilograms baby after a long and exhausting labour. She tells you that during labour, her doctor performed an episiotomy to help ease the birth process. During this procedure, _____.

A) an incision is made to make the vaginal opening larger to prevent tearing
B) the foetus is delivered surgically
C) amniotic fluid is extracted so that genetic testing can be done
D) the foetus is in 'distress'

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Your brother and sister-in-law are discussing their plan to get to the hospital for the delivery of their first child. They are concerned about how quickly they could get to the hospital. You should tell them:

A) That is a very good plan. You cannot get to the hospital quickly enough.
B) Labour for first pregnancies is 24 hours, so you could book a flight to a different city and still make it to the hospital.
C) I would not really worry about it too much; the average labour for first pregnancies is 12 hours. You should be able to make it!
D) Since they live in the city, they should take a cab; many children are born in cabs and cab drivers know what they are doing.

Question 5

How many stages are there in the birth process?

A) 2
B) 3
C) 4
D) 5

Question 6

Which of the following represents the correct order of the birth process?

A) Delivery of the placenta and umbilical cord, labour, delivery of the baby
B) Delivery of the baby, delivery of the placenta and umbilical cord, labour
C) Labour, delivery of the baby, delivery of the placenta and umbilical cord
D) Delivery of the placenta and umbilical cord, delivery of the baby, labour

Question 7

What is the average length of labour for second or subsequent births?

A) 6 hours
B) 12 hours
C) 24 hours
D) 36 hours

Question 8

What is the name of the procedure in which an incision is made to make the vaginal opening larger during birth?

A) Crowning
B) Episiotomy
C) Vaginalectomy
D) Amniocentesis

Question 9

What is the first stage of the birth process - and also the longest and most taxing stage?

A) Labour
B) Braxton Hicks
C) Crowning
D) Transition

Question 10

____ is/are responsible for the discomfort and pain associated with the labour birth process stages.

A) Increased blood pressure
B) Low blood sugar
C) Muscular contractions
D) Increased adrenaline

Question 11

The second stage of the birthing process is called _____.

A) labour
B) delivery
C) transition
D) crowning

Question 12

What is it called when the foetus's head appears at the outer opening of the vagina?

A) Birth
B) Transition
C) Delivery
D) Crowning

Question 13

____ is the hormone that is released by the mother's pituitary gland that is responsible for initiating contractions in the uterus as a precursor to labour.

A) Androgen
B) Oestrogen
C) Testosterone
D) Oxytocin

Question 14

According to the text, oxytocin is released from the _____.

A) foetus's liver
B) mother's uterus
C) foetus's placenta
D) mother's pituitary gland

Question 15

You are at one of your last scheduled prenatal office visits and the doctor determined that your cervix has dilated to 10 centimetres. What should happen next?

A) You should get to the hospital; you are ready to deliver the baby!
B) You probably have at least a week of pregnancy left.
C) Your doctor just made up that number.
D) Something is not good; cervixes do not dilate to 10 centimetres.

Question 16

You are all waiting at home for the birth of your nephew. Your brother texts you and writes that he can see the top of the head. Your little sister asks what that means and you tell her that ____.

A) labour will take another 2 to 3 hours
B) something must be wrong and the head is stuck
C) your nephew is being born in the breech position
D) your brother's partner is in the crowning stage of labour and your nephew is about ready to be born

Question 17

The purpose of the episiotomy is to ____.

A) make the mother's vagina less likely to tear as the foetus's head comes out
B) cut open the mother's abdomen and retrieve the baby directly from the uterus
C) help the family manage their anxiety
D) assist the delivery process by placing a suction on the foetus's head and applying slight force

Question 18

For first births, what is the average length of labour?

A) 6 hours
B) 12 hours
C) 24 hours
D) 36 hours

Question 19

____ describes the stage when the foetus's head appears at the outer opening of the vagina.

A) Emerging
B) Turtling
C) Crowning
D) Exiting

Question 20

On average, how long does the second stage of the birth process, delivery, last?

A) 15-30 minutes
B) 30 minutes-1 hour
C) 1-5 hours
D) 12-24 hours

Question 21

Breech births are potentially dangerous because the _____.

A) umbilical cord can be constricted, leading to brain damage
B) foetus can get stuck in the birth canal
C) foetus's heart might stop beating
D) mother can lose consciousness

Question 22

What birthing procedure involves removing the foetus from the uterus surgically?

A) Fetalectomy
B) Vaginal birth
C) Caesarean birth
D) Episiotomy

Question 23

What occurs during the third and final stage of labour?

A) The amniotic sac ruptures.
B) The foetus's head crowns.
C) The foetus is born.
D) The placenta and umbilical cord are expelled.

Question 24

What is a strategy that can be used in labour if failure to progress occurs?

A) Sitting
B) Walking
C) Labour massage
D) Active stretching

Question 25

According to the text, if failure to progress continues for some time, what can be given to stimulate labour?

A) Oxygen
B) Gonadotropin
C) Synthetic oxytocin
D) Follicle stimulating hormone

Question 26

Until recently, caesarean was a risky surgical procedure because the field of medicine lacked ____.

A) sharp scalpels and rubber gloves
B) sterile procedures and antibiotics
C) anaesthesia and epidurals
D) a basic understanding of anatomy and physiology

Question 27

You and your family are anxiously awaiting the birth of your niece. You see one of the nurses and ask how things are going. She tells you that this might be a while because your sister is experiencing 'failure to progress'. Your grandmother overhears the conversation and becomes very uneasy. What do you tell her?

A) Not to worry, that simply means that labour is taking longer than they expected.
B) The foetus is probably going to be born breech.
C) The foetus is in 'distress' and an emergency caesarean section will likely be performed.
D) The cervix has not dilated at all.

Question 28

About _____ in five Australian mothers had an episiotomy in 2014.

A) one
B) two
C) three
D) four

Question 29

When the foetus is turned around so the feet or the buttocks are positioned towards the birth canal, it is known as ____.

A) upside-down baby
B) inverted foetus
C) F-B presentation
D) breech position

Question 30

____ means that the woman has begun the birth process but the process is taking longer than normal.

A) Caesarean section
B) Breech presentation
C) Failure to progress
D) Nonorganic failure to thrive

Question 31

If the umbilical cord is constricted during delivery, which of the following is a potential danger for the foetus?

A) Insufficient oxygen and brain damage
B) A toxic buildup of iron in the blood stream
C) Elevated blood pressure and higher than normal heart rate
D) Slow capillary refill, and cold and clammy skin

Question 32

What percentage of foetuses is present in the breech position?

A) 4%
B) 20%
C) 36%
D) 50%

Question 33

Mehrak is HIV-positive and pregnant. Her physician wants to minimise the risk of the virus being transmitted to her child. Which of the following will help minimise the risk of HIV transmission?

A) Having a vaginal birth
B) Having a caesarean section
C) Having a breech presentation
D) Having a short prenatal period

Question 34

When birth has begun but the process is taking longer than normal, what is happening?

A) Failure to progress
B) Problematic labour
C) The increased likelihood that triplets are being born
D) The third stage of labour

Question 35

What position is the foetus in when it is in a breech presentation?

A) Feet or buttocks down
B) Head down, face away from mother's spine
C) Head down, face towards mother's spine
D) Horizontal

Question 36

During what stage is the umbilical cord usually cut and tied?

A) Crowning
B) Active labour
C) Transitional labour
D) The third stage of birth

Question 37

According to the text, what is the likely reason for the high rate of caesarean births in some parts of the world?

A) So that physicians can become wealthy
B) To give surgeons practice
C) To avoid a potential disaster during birth
D) Because vaginal deliveries are dangerous

Question 38

What are the common complications of the birth process?

A) Failure to progress and breech presentation
B) Inverted infant and hormonal stress
C) Caesarean delivery and epidural
D) Foetal heart rate and foetal monitoring

Question 39

Tokiko is 9 months pregnant and her doctor just gave her a dose of a synthetic oxytocin. Why would a doctor administer this at the end of her pregnancy?

A) It will help increase the lung capacity of the baby.
B) This will help her progress through the third stage of labour.
C) Oxytocin will help stimulate contractions and progress labour.
D) This helps the placenta be delivered.

Question 40

Which of the following best describes a caesarean delivery?

A) A delivery process that takes longer than normal
B) When the cervix is dilated to 10 centimetres wide
C) Surgically opening the mother's abdomen and retrieving the baby directly from the uterus
D) When the foetus is turned around so that the feet or the buttocks is presented in the birth canal first

Question 41

____ were commonly used before the 18th century to latch onto the baby's head to help extract it from the womb.

A) Claws
B) Forceps
C) Fires
D) Hooks

Question 42

Childbed fever was vanquished in the 1940s in the United States and Europe when obstetricians began to _____.

A) start making house calls
B) use vaccinations
C) wash their hands
D) use aspirin and acetaminophen

Question 43

____ is a drug-and-technology-free approach to childbearing.

A) Obstetrician-assisted childbirth
B) Lamaze
C) Bradley
D) Natural childbirth

Question 44

Why has birth for humans become increasingly difficult?

A) Because humans have such extraordinarily large brains.
B) Because humans are more likely to have genetic difficulties.
C) Because humans are the only species to have single births.
D) Because humans are so immature at the time of birth.

Question 45

Medical knowledge has led to methods that genuinely help mothers and babies only during the past ____.

A) 200 years
B) 100 years
C) 50 years
D) 10 years

Question 46

Medical schools were established throughout Europe from the early ______ century.

A) 16th
B) 17th
C) 18th
D) 19th

Question 47

The use of drugs for pain relief during labour caused what problems during the 20th century?

A) Maternal haemorrhaging
B) Breathing difficulties in babies
C) Stillbirth
D) A and B

Question 48

Compared to other animals, the birth process for human beings is complicated by _____.

A) the size of the infant's head
B) the infant's muscle-to-fat ratio
C) the amount of amniotic fluid expelled
D) the mother's expectation of the birthing process

Question 49

From the 1930s through the 1960s, it was standard practice in hospitals in Western countries to ____.

A) have women in labour walk between contractions
B) prevent women from entering hospitals until active labour
C) heavily medicate women in labour
D) encourage women in labour to deliver at home

Question 50

From the earlier half of the 20th century to 1973, the use of midwives _____.

A) steadily increased
B) steadily decreased
C) remained steady
D) was nonexistent

Question 51

What type of childbirth technique has been found to lower women's anxiety about birth and help them feel more knowledgeable and more in control of the birth process?

A) Twilight sleep
B) Natural childbirth
C) Caesarean birth
D) Puffing childbirth

Question 52

When did the field of obstetrics first emerge in the field of medicine?

A) 17th century
B) 18th century
C) 19th century
D) 20th century

Question 53

Over the course of evolutionary history, the female body and pelvis did not grow in size, but the human brain's size _____.

A) decreased by half
B) did not change
C) doubled
D) more than tripled

Question 54

What percentage of births is assisted by midwives in Norway?

A) 10%
B) 33%
C) 65%
D) 96%

Question 55

What was the name of the method used to heavily medicate women in labour so that they became less inhibited, which helped them to relax and promote cervical dilation?

A) Twilight sleep
B) Drug-induced coma
C) Hypnosis
D) Labour napping

Question 56

Most births throughout history were administered by _____.

A) midwives
B) nurses
C) physicians
D) shamans

Question 57

What is the name of a tong-like apparatus that was used to extract the baby's head from the womb?

A) Foetal monitor
B) Suction
C) Forceps
D) Transvaginal stirrup

Question 58

Maternal mortality has ______ since 1980, but is highest for _______.

A) been rising steadily; Latinos
B) dropped steeply; African Americans
C) remained the same; Whites
D) been rising steadily; African Americans

Question 59

The first doctors in Australia were primarily from ________.

A) Africa
B) Germany
C) The United States
D) England

Question 60

__________ has one of the lowest rates of maternal mortality.

A) Africa
B) Australia
C) The United States
D) India

Question 61

What technique of labour rejects medical technology and interventions and promotes breathing techniques to diminish pain?

A) Twilight sleep
B) Natural childbirth
C) Caesarean birth
D) Puffing childbirth

Question 62

What is one of the reasons that midwives perform abdominal massage?

A) To determine the position of the foetus
B) To determine the sex of the foetus
C) To determine the size of the foetus
D) To determine the length of the foetus

Question 63

Midwives tend to be ______.

A) young women
B) sisters of the woman giving birth
C) older women who have never had children
D) older women who have had children

Question 64

Your grandfather was born in 1938, and you're curious about how his father felt while he was in the delivery room. Unfortunately, he tells you he can't be much help. Why not?

A) Fathers were almost always excluded from childbirth.
B) Nurses were excluded from childbirth.
C) Physicians were excluded from childbirth.
D) Midwives were excluded from childbirth.

Question 65

On a recent trip abroad with her sociology course, your roommate mostly visited traditional cultures. She witnessed abdominal massage being performed with a pregnant woman, but was not sure what information was gathered during the process. You were able to tell her that through abdominal massage, the midwife was listening to what the pregnant woman was experiencing and also was also determining the ____.

A) position of the foetus
B) sex of the foetus
C) size of the foetus
D) length of the foetus

Question 66

Which of the following is a common practice used by midwives in both developing and developed nations?

A) Magical rituals
B) Massages
C) Caesarean sections
D) Epidurals

Question 67

Where did the belief that woman are spiritually unclean after giving birth come from?

A) The desire to control the pain and peril of childbirth
B) The idea that blood and afterbirth is unclean
C) The thought that giving birth lower's one's social status
D) None of the above

Question 68

In traditional cultures, who invariably assists the mother in the birth process?

A) The father
B) The oldest daughter
C) Older women
D) Nurses

Question 69

In many cultures in _____ and South America, foods are classified as 'hot' or 'cold', and the mothers are forbidden from eating 'hot' foods.

A) Asia
B) Africa
C) North America
D) Europe

Question 70

According to the text, why do traditional cultures have many beliefs that the childbirth puts women in a state of being spiritually unclean?

A) They believe that pregnant women are possessed.
B) They believe that the foetus is evil.
C) Birth requires spiritual intervention.
D) Birth is often dangerous.

Question 71

A midwife is ____.

A) a female who serves as a surrogate breastfeeder for an infant's mother who is unable to lactate
B) generally a female who is trained or has direct experience with the birth process
C) a trained physician who is skilled at monitoring the prenatal period and delivering babies
D) a village elder who is knowledgeable about and connected to the spiritual world

Question 72

Midwives often give a pregnant mother ____________ to prevent miscarriage and promote health development of the foetus.

A) herbal tea
B) chiropractic adjustments
C) acupuncture
D) red meat

Question 73

Injecting an aesthetic drug into the spinal cord is referred to as a(n) ____.

A) ultrasound
B) epidural
C) subcutaneous injection
D) episiotomy

Question 74

From a traditional cultural perspective, which person will most likely assist the birth process?

A) An older man
B) A middle-aged man
C) A young woman
D) An older woman

Question 75

In developed countries prior to the 1950s, who was excluded from childbirth?

A) Fathers
B) Nurses
C) Physicians
D) Midwives

Question 76

According to the text, some Western advocates of natural childbirth ____.

A) eat the placenta
B) bury the placenta
C) burn the placenta
D) make a skin lotion from the placenta

Question 77

If a culture believes that the birth process is spiritually unclean, which of the following is more likely to occur?

A) Infant will have to be cleansed immediately following birth.
B) Birth will most likely take place in a location where most people do not reside.
C) Mother will have to travel to the city and give birth in a hospital.
D) The family must pray to the Birthing Gods before the birthing process can occur.

Question 78

In regards to the birth process, which of the following best describes the belief of many traditional cultures?

A) It is unfair that men do not have a similar process.
B) Only women of status should have the right to bear children.
C) It puts the woman in the state of being spiritually unclean.
D) It is socially inappropriate and should not be rewarded in any way.

Question 79

A classmate just returned from an educational trip to a traditional culture. During her visit, she was surprised that a father is not involved at all during the process of labour. Who is more likely to assist the mother through labour and delivery?

A) The father
B) The oldest daughter
C) Older women
D) Nurses

Question 80

A ____ is the person who helps with the birth process; she is generally older and has direct experience or has been trained at assisting births.

A) nanny
B) midwife
C) wet nurse
D) shaman