Deck 16: Mental Health Services: Legal and Ethical Issues

Question 1

Based on research findings, what do most scientists now conclude about the relationship between aluminum and neurocognitive disorder due to Alzheimer's disease?

A)It is almost indisputable.
B)It exists, but the typical levels of aluminum in our environment are so low as to pose a minimal risk.
C)It is very weak if it exists at all.
D)It is fairly strong.

Answer 1

It is very weak if it exists at all.

Question 2

What would you expect to see in an individual with frontotemporal neurocognitive disorder?

A)memory impairment
B)declines in appropriate behaviour
C)motor impairments
D)speed of processing deficits

Answer 2

declines in appropriate behaviour

Question 3

The symptoms of neurocognitive disorder associated with substance dependence are generally caused by the prolonged drug use itself, especially in combination with another factor.What is the other factor?

A)poor diet
B)an inactive lifestyle
C)cigarette smoking
D)a family history of neurocognitive disorder

Answer 3

poor diet

Question 4

Sixty-year-old Fred has the typical early symptoms of neurocognitive disorder.What does the fact that he has declines in speed of information processing and executive functioning suggest?

A)His neurocognitive disorder is caused by a vascular neurocognitive disorder.
B)His neurocognitive disorder is influenced by a medication.
C)His neurocognitive disorder is due to multiple influences.
D)His neurocognitive disorder is caused by Alzheimer's disease.

Question 5

How are the amyloid plaques that accumulate in the brains of Alzheimer's patients best described?

A)as gummy protein deposits
B)as plaques of dead nerve cells
C)as tangled, strand-like filaments
D)as mineral deposits

Question 6

The symptoms of neurocognitive disorder associated with substance dependence are similar to the symptoms observed in a specific illness.What is the illness?

A)Huntington's disease
B)neurocognitive disorder due to Alzheimer's disease
C)vascular neurocognitive disorder
D)HIV-induced neurocognitive disorder

Question 7

Which of following is NOT a common cause of delirium?

A)dietary factors
B)improper use of medication
C)intoxication by drugs
D)head trauma

Question 8

It is thought that similar genes are involved in Alzheimer's disease and which other illness?

A)Huntingdon's disease
B)Parkinson's disease
C)Down syndrome
D)delirium

Question 9

Which of the following is suggested as a preventative effort in assisting people who are susceptible to delirium?

A)proper diet
B)exercise
C)therapeutic drug monitoring
D)yoga

Question 10

What gender is at greater risk of developing vascular neurocognitive disorder?

A)It is greater for women than men.
B)It is equal for men and women.
C)It is greater for men in Western cultures, but equal for men and women in other cultures.
D)It is greater for men than women.

Question 11

In contrast to patients with neurocognitive disorder due to Alzheimer's disease, what symptoms are patients with vascular neurocognitive disorder more likely to have?

A)memory impairment during the late stages
B)declines in speed of information processing and executive functioning in the early stages
C)memory impairment during the early stages
D)declines in speed of information processing and executive functioning in the late stages

Question 12

What causes most cognitive disorders?

A)prescription drug interactions
B)brain dysfunction
C)a frontal lobe head injury
D)the normal process of aging

Question 13

Which medical approach is no longer recommended because it may actually increase mortality?

A)ginkgo biloba
B)vitamin E
C)GDNF
D)antidepressants

Question 14

What is NOT one of the benefits of the process of cognitive stimulation through word games, tests of memory, and practice with numbers?

A)It delays the onset of the more severe cognitive effects.
B)It improves the quality of life.
C)It decreases the need for medical intervention.
D)It maintains cognitive activity.

Question 15

According to data from the Canadian Study of Health and Aging, how many years is the median survival after the onset of neurocognitive disorder due to Alzheimer's disease?

A)3
B)5
C)7
D)10

Question 16

If you had 100 Canadians over the age of 65 in a group, approximately how many would have dementia?

A)3
B)7
C)10
D)20

Question 17

Which environmental factor has not been linked to delirium in hospitalized seniors?

A)room changes
B)absence of a clock
C)staffing changes
D)missing their glasses

Question 18

Bill has HIV and has developed a neurocognitive disorder.What part of Bill's brain is likely the source of Bill's neurocognitive problems?

A)the cortex
B)the hindbrain
C)the brain stem
D)subcortical structures

Question 19

Karl is in the hospital for delirium.What can Karl's family do to help his recovery?

A)exclude Karl from any medical decision to avoid increased anxiety
B)reassure Karl and surround him with familiar belongings
C)move Karl to a new hospital room to increase cognitive activity
D)restrain Karl to prevent self-harm and allow the delirium to wear off

Question 20

Which of the following is more likely to be caused by neurocognitive disorder due to HIV than neurocognitive disorder due to Alzheimer's disease?

A)short-term memory loss
B)death
C)severe depression
D)long-term memory loss

Question 21

A major study in Sweden was conducted to consider possible preventative strategies for neurocognitive disorder.It included 1810 participants who were older than 65 at the time and followed them for about 13 years.Through medical histories and interviews, what did the study conclude?

A)You should lean toward a vegetarian diet and maintain a life of physical activity.
B)Earlier genetic counselling is critical.
C)It is important to control your blood pressure, not smoke, and lead a physical and social life.
D)It is important to eat well and stay engaged in academically stimulating activities.

Question 22

Compared to younger people, what are those over age 65 more likely to experience difficulty with?

A)speech
B)anxiety
C)psychological difficulties
D)emotional affect

Question 23

Why is the term "organic mental disorder" no longer used to describe cognitive disorders?

A)because the term implies that there is no effective treatment
B)because cognitive disorders are actually thought disorders
C)because research has found that most psychological disorders have an "organic" component
D)because the term implies that there are no psychosocial influences on their onset and course

Question 24

How does death ultimately occur in victims of neurocognitive disorder?

A)as the result of inactivity combined with the onset of other illnesses such as pneumonia
B)as the result of interactions between and complications from medications used to treat the disorder
C)as the result of ever-decreasing levels of neurotransmitter activity
D)as the result of an ever-increasing loss of brain mass

Question 25

Because older adults in a given cultural group are relieved of the demands of work and care after a certain age, which of the following is most likely to happen?

A)The early stages of confusion and memory loss may go undetected for years.
B)They may be less vulnerable to developing neurocognitive disorder because of the lessened stress.
C)The early stages of confusion and memory loss may be detected because they are more frequently engaged with family.
D)They may be more vulnerable to developing neurocognitive disorder because of physical and mental inactivity.

Question 26

Ms.Martin, an 89-year-old hospital inpatient, has had six room changes in the last two weeks.Considering the results of research into the effects of environmental factors on the cognitive functioning of the hospitalized elderly, what disorder would Ms.Martin likely begin to demonstrate?

A)delirium
B)amnestic disorder
C)neurocognitive disorder
D)Alzheimer's disease

Question 27

What is one possible reason women have a higher prevalence rate for Alzheimer's disease than men?

A)Women lack amyloid proteins.
B)Women lack testosterone.
C)Women lose estrogen as they age.
D)Women do not seek treatment.

Question 28

If neurocognitive disorder is caused by a process that has damaged the dopamine pathways in Jane's brain, what can we assume is the cause of her neurocognitive disorder?

A)head trauma
B)Parkinson's disease
C)Huntington's disease
D)Alzheimer's disease

Question 29

What is one major difference between neurocognitive disorder caused by Alzheimer's disease and neurocognitive impairment caused by depression?

A)Neurocognitive disorder due to Alzheimer's disease is generally reversible.
B)Neurocognitive disorder due to Alzheimer's disease leads to a rapid decline in abilities.
C)Neurocognitive disorder due to Alzheimer's disease involves a slow increase in symptoms.
D)Neurocognitive disorder due to Alzheimer's disease is not reversible.

Question 30

Ted has been admitted to the hospital with delirium.Ted's doctor thinks the delirium was caused by a medication Ted takes.Ted takes several medications.Which medications is the doctor most concerned about?

A)those with neuroleptic effects
B)those with cholinergic effects
C)those with extra-pyramidal effects
D)those with anticholinergic effects

Question 31

Tami notes that her mother's Alzheimer's disease symptoms seem to become more pronounced later in the day.What is this phenomenon often referred to as?

A)circadian shifting
B)sundowner syndrome
C)biological clock syndrome
D)night-time deficit

Question 32

Which individual has the greatest risk of developing neurocognitive disorder due to Alzheimer's disease?

A)Rena, who completed university, although she has an average IQ
B)Paul, who is wealthy and well educated
C)Carrie, who dropped out of school when she was very young
D)Jack, who is extremely bright but never finished university

Question 33

Paul's father has delirium.Paul has two choices, admit his father to the hospital or try to wait out the delirium at home.Which option should Paul choose and why?

A)the hospital option because in hospital recovery is associated with better long-term outcomes
B)the hospital option to help reduce the risk of self-harm by the patient
C)at home because the risk of developing other neurocognitive problems during a hospital stay is too high
D)at home because all Paul's father needs is rest

Question 34

One theory about the development of neurocognitive disorder due to Alzheimer's disease suggests that the disorder is caused by the formation of solid waxy proteins in the brain.What is this process similar to?

A)the formation of scar tissue following an injury
B)vascular spasms causing migraines
C)cholesterol build up in blood vessels causing cardiovascular disease
D)head trauma causing neuronal death

Question 35

Why are the symptoms of vascular neurocognitive disorder so different in each patient?

A)The symptoms relate to the patient's individual biochemical processes.
B)The symptoms relate to the area of the brain damaged.
C)The symptoms relate to the vascular health.
D)The symptoms depend upon the person's other medical conditions.

Question 36

What does glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) do?

A)It preserves and possibly restores neurons.
B)It breaks down amyloid plaques.
C)It regulates dopamine production.
D)It cures hypothyroidism.

Question 37

Serge has been admitted to the hospital with delirium brought on by withdrawal from alcohol.What medication will his doctor likely prescribe to help treat the delirium?

A)an antibiotic medication
B)an antidepressant medication
C)a benzodiazepine medication
D)an antipsychotic medication

Question 38

How is recent research regarding the biological processes and genetic factors associated with neurocognitive disorder due to Alzheimer's disease best viewed?

A)as significant findings that build upon an already extensive body of research
B)as preliminary findings that need to be studied further
C)as interesting theories regarding influences, though of little potential use for finding a way to predict and treat neurocognitive disorder
D)as hypotheses that have yet to be tested

Question 39

How are Alzheimer's disease and vascular neurocognitive disorder identified?

A)Vascular neurocognitive disorder has a more rapid onset and patients suffer a much more rapid demise than with the other forms of neurocognitive disorder.
B)Vascular neurocognitive disorder has a more rapid onset than neurocognitive disorder due to Alzheimer's disease, although the course and outcome are similar.
C)Vascular neurocognitive disorder has a much slower onset than neurocognitive disorder due to Alzheimer's disease, but patients suffer a much more rapid demise than with the other forms of neurocognitive disorder.
D)Vascular neurocognitive disorder has a more rapid onset and results in fewer deficits than neurocognitive disorder due to Alzheimer's disease.

Question 40

Based on known facts about the genetic influences on Alzheimer's disease, it appears that there may be several genetic causes, which may influence the course and age of onset for the disorder.For example, genetic research has found an association between chromosome 14 and chromosome 19 and specific types of Alzheimer's disease.What are these types, respectively?

A)late onset and early onset
B)early onset and late onset
C)irreversible and reversible
D)reversible and irreversible

Question 41

A program coordinator has 10 neurocognitive patients in her day group.How many can she estimate will be found to have Alzheimer's?

A)1
B)3
C)5
D)7

Question 42

Jim is being treated for delirium in the hospital.The doctor asks Jim's son how the symptoms developed.What will Jim's son say?

A)The symptoms came on gradually over the past two weeks.
B)The symptoms came on gradually over the last two months.
C)The symptoms came on quickly over the last few days.
D)The symptoms came on very slowly, over the course of several years.

Question 43

Shizana is showing early signs of neurocognitive disorder due to Alzheimer's disease.Her family asks her doctor how the disease will likely progress.What will the doctor say about the typical progression of the disease?

A)It is rapid during the early and late stages and slow during the middle stages.
B)It is slow during the early stages and late stages and rapid during the middle stages.
C)It is slow and progressive throughout the individual's life.
D)It is slow in the early stages and rapid during the late stages.

Question 44

The greatest likelihood of significant improvement in treatment occurs in neurocognitive disorder that is the result of which of the following?

A)stroke
B)Parkinson's disease
C)Alzheimer's disease
D)infectious disease

Question 45

What effect has today's neurocognitive disorder treatments had on this disease?

A)They have reversed neurocognitive disorder.
B)They have cured neurocognitive disorder.
C)Neurocognitive disorder has not been very responsive to treatment.
D)Neurocognitive disorder has been controlled but not cured.

Question 46

In addition to its use in detecting neurocognitive disorder and Alzheimer's disease, what can the Clock Test be useful for?

A)identifying the specific form of neurocognitive disorder due to Alzheimer's disease
B)identifying which elderly individuals will develop neurocognitive disorder in the future
C)identifying family members who may be carrying the gene for Alzheimer's disease
D)assessing the levels of cognitive functioning associated with various areas of the brain

Question 47

Compared to most disorders, what is so unusual about Huntington's disease?

A)It is the result of one gene.
B)It is associated with subcortical impairment.
C)It is a cause of neurocognitive disorder.
D)It is influenced by many genes.

Question 48

What was major neurocognitive disorder called in the DSM-IV-TR?

A)Alzheimer's disease
B)delirium
C)axon-depleting cytosis
D)dementia

Question 49

According to genetic research, how is neurocognitive disorder due to Alzheimer's disease caused?

A)There are many forms of neurocognitive disorder due to Alzheimer's disease and each form may have somewhat different features and different genetic influences.
B)There are too many complex interactions to ever understand the causes of neurocognitive disorder due to Alzheimer's disease.
C)There are one or two forms of neurocognitive disorder due to Alzheimer's disease and each form may have a different genetic cause.
D)There are three identifiable forms of neurocognitive disorder due to Alzheimer's disease, each with its own specific genetic influences.

Question 50

Why are biological treatments for major neurocognitive disorder usually ineffective?

A)The damage is too extensive.
B)Medications that improve cognitive functioning have unpleasant physical side effects, so patients refuse to take them.
C)Medications to treat major neurocognitive disorder only work on a small segment of sufferers with a very specific type of tissue damage.
D)Treatments are very expensive, and thousands of treatments are needed for any effect to be seen.

Question 51

Why are neurocognitive disorders included in a textbook on abnormal psychology?

A)They are statistically rare.
B)They all represent some form of brain dysfunction.
C)They often include profound changes in behaviour and personality.
D)They used to be considered forms of insanity.

Question 52

Teaching caregivers how to handle stressful situations is important to decrease the frequency of which of the following?

A)elder abuse
B)being assaulted
C)depression
D)anxiety

Question 53

How does the rate of neurocognitive disorder due to Alzheimer's disease differ when comparing different demographic groups?

A)No differences in the rate of the disorder by race or gender have been noted.
B)Males and certain racial groups appear to have lower rates of the disorder.
C)No differences are found in the rate of neurocognitive disorder due to Alzheimer's disease by race, but women appear to have a slightly higher rate of the disorder than men.
D)No differences are found in the rate of neurocognitive disorder due to Alzheimer's disease by gender, but some racial differences have been noted.

Question 54

How is neurocognitive disorder due to Alzheimer's disease best characterized?

A)by a few severe cognitive deficits that develop quickly
B)by a few severe cognitive deficits that develop gradually and steadily
C)by multiple cognitive deficits that develop gradually and steadily
D)by multiple cognitive deficits that develop quickly

Question 55

When do symptoms of neurocognitive disorder due to Alzheimer's disease typically appear?

A)when a person is in their 40s or 50s
B)when a person is in their 50s or 60s
C)when a person is in their 60s or 70s
D)when a person is in their 70s or 80s

Question 56

Which of the following is a psychosocial treatment strategy for people with neurocognitive disorder?

A)weekly family story time (narratives)
B)combining storytelling and photo album viewing
C)frequently reviewing family photo albums
D)creating memory wallets

Question 57

If Dr.Farber were to publish a journal article about the first symptom reported by people who are in the initial stages of neurocognitive disorder, what would be the topic of the paper?

A)facial recognition
B)disorientation
C)loss of memory for how to do things
D)loss of memory for recent events

Question 58

What is the best way to think about the psychological and social influences involved in neurocognitive disorder?

A)They can help compare and contrast cultural influences.
B)They help determine the onset and course.
C)They are direct causes.
D)They have a minimal impact.

Question 59

What is the biological version of the theory that states that formal education helps insulate people from the effects of neurocognitive disorder due to Alzheimer's disease?

A)cortical activity theory
B)cerebral reserve hypothesis
C)neuronal network theory
D)mind-body hypothesis

Question 60

What is targeted by research on vaccines that would potentially treat and prevent Alzheimer's disease?

A)the loss of acetylcholine
B)the small proteins that lead to cell death
C)dopamine receptors
D)chromosome 21

Question 61

Which factor can trigger delirium?

A)food deprivation
B)excessive stress
C)cardiovascular difficulties
D)isolation

Question 62

What disorder is associated with the formation of neurofibrillary tangles and amyloid plaques?

A)Pick's disease
B)neurocognitive disorder due to Alzheimer's disease
C)Huntington's disease
D)Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease

Question 63

One test that is often used to help detect neurocognitive disorder and Alzheimer's disease asks the patient to complete a test involving a clock.What might a patient be asked to do?

A)Tell the time as well as the date and year.
B)Explain the difference between 8:30
A.m.and 8:30 p.m.
C)Make up a story about the clock being in someone's home.
D)Put the numbers on the clock and place the clock's hands in the position to show the time as 11:10.

Question 64

When do most instances of delirium, neurocognitive disorder, and amnestic disorders develop?

A)following complications at birth
B)in late adulthood when cognition is not functioning normally
C)in late adulthood as part of the normal aging process
D)following brainstem injuries that occur with equal frequency at all ages

Question 65

Which term refers to the cognitive disturbance in which Alzheimer's patients have difficulty with language?

A)agnosia
B)apraxia
C)aphasia
D)anomia

Question 66

Which of the following is NOT a known cause of neurocognitive disorder?

A)HIV
B)diabetes
C)vitamin B12 deficiency
D)head trauma

Question 67

What do autopsies performed on the brains of deceased persons both with and without Alzheimer's disease show regarding amyloid plaques?

A)They are present only in the brains of people who died of Alzheimer's disease.
B)Those in patients with Alzheimer's disease are of a different type than those in patients without Alzheimer's.
C)They accumulate in aging brains over time, regardless of whether symptoms of neurocognitive disorder are apparent, but to a much greater degree in the brains of Alzheimer's patients.
D)They accumulate in aging brains over time, regardless of whether symptoms of neurocognitive disorder are apparent, but are located in different parts of the brain in patients with and without Alzheimer's disease.

Question 68

Dr.Lloyd is certain that one of his patients had Alzheimer's disease.How can he be certain?

A)The patient's family members report all the symptoms.
B)The mental status exam indicated Alzheimer's disease.
C)Psychological testing indicated Alzheimer's disease.
D)An autopsy indicated Alzheimer's disease.

Question 69

Which hypothesis explains the observed differences in the rate of neurocognitive disorder due to Alzheimer's disease for individuals of varying educational levels?

A)The abilities acquired through formal education help compensate for some of the deficits of the disorder for a longer period.
B)Higher levels of formal education are associated with higher levels of income and better access to quality health care.
C)Higher levels of formal education are associated with lifestyles that include improved diet and higher levels of regular exercise.
D)Occupations associated with lower as compared to higher levels of formal education expose individuals to a greater range of environmental toxins and physical stressors.

Question 70

How are the neurofibrillary tangles and amyloid plaques associated with neurocognitive disorder due to Alzheimer's disease observed?

A)only during an EEG examination
B)only during an autopsy
C)only on functional brain scans (fMRI)
D)only on MRI or CT brain scans

Question 71

Patients with neurocognitive disorder due to Alzheimer's disease benefit from certain medications.What do these medications do?

A)prevent the breakdown of acetylcholine
B)repair neuronal damage
C)enhance the level of dopamine
D)prevent the reuptake of serotonin

Question 72

What is the primary goal of most psychosocial treatments for neurocognitive disorder?

A)to help the patient compensate for lost abilities
B)to treat the anxiety associated with knowing that the disorder is progressive
C)to enhance family functioning
D)to relieve depression

Question 73

What appears to be the cause of HIV-related neurocognitive disorder?

A)side effects of medications used to treat HIV
B)opportunistic infections that impact HIV patients
C)chemical imbalances in the brain
D)the HIV infection itself

Question 74

How do the symptoms of neurocognitive disorder differ from those of delirium?

A)The initial symptoms of neurocognitive disorder are generally more severe than the symptoms of delirium.
B)The symptoms of neurocognitive disorder involve memory, while the symptoms of delirium are more likely to involve expressive language.
C)Neurocognitive disorder symptoms develop from underlying medical conditions, while delirium symptoms are a result of other factors.
D)Neurocognitive disorder symptoms develop slowly over time, while delirium symptoms develop quickly.

Question 75

What causes the differing patterns of impairment associated with neurocognitive disorder due to Alzheimer's disease and HIV-caused neurocognitive disorder?

A)the viral origins of HIV
B)unexplained causes
C)the different areas of the brain affected
D)the immune response to the virus in HIV patients

Question 76

Dr.Thomas tells Gary's family he is fairly certain that Gary has neurocognitive disorder.Gary's family asks Dr.Thomas how he came to his conclusion.What does Dr.Thomas say?

A)His results on the neuropsychological assessments indicate the presence of a disorder.
B)I looked at the results of a functional brain scan.
C)Based on my experience I am quite certain he has the symptoms of the disorder.
D)I looked at the results from an MRI.

Question 77

How does delirium differ from neurocognitive disorder?

A)People with delirium are not disoriented or confused in the early stages; people with neurocognitive disorder are.
B)Neurocognitive disorder comes on more suddenly than does delirium.
C)Delirium is reversible, whereas neurocognitive disorder is not.
D)People with neurocognitive disorder are not disoriented or confused in the early stages; people with delirium are.

Question 78

Alice is being discharged from the hospital after being treated for delirium.How long did it likely take to treat her symptoms?

A)probably about a few days
B)probably about a month
C)probably about six weeks
D)probably about six months

Question 79

What is a recommended treatment for individuals with neurocognitive disorder who become agitated?

A)antidepressants
B)acetylcholinase boosters
C)exercise
D)antipsychotics

Question 80

What is the approximate average survival time of a patient diagnosed with neurocognitive disorder due to Alzheimer's disease?

A)2 years
B)8 years
C)15 years
D)20 years