Deck 5: Groups, Organizations, and Bureaucracies

Question 1

Three teenagers have a close friendship, but two members are upset when one member and they decide to cancel plans.As a result, the remaining two members begin to exclude the third member.What is this an example of?

A)social closure
B)coalition formation
C)normative group
D)secondary group

Answer 1

B

Question 2

A group of young adults get together for their 10th-year class reunion.They all attended different colleges but keep in touch with each other via social media and get together each time they are back in town.Which type of group is this?

A)primary
B)secondary
C)normative
D)coercive

Answer 2

A

Question 3

What is Cooley's looking-glass self?

A)when we evaluate ourselves based on how we think we appear to others
B)when our self-image is heavily--and often negatively--influenced by the media
C)when we shape ourselves to fit into certain reference groups
D)when we "perform" our day-to-day behavior like an actor on a stage

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Cliquishness is likely to occur when members of a group belong to the same ______.

A)apartment building
B)race or ethnicity
C)family
D)height

Question 5

The ability of groups to exclude outsiders from participating in the group or enjoying group resources is referred to by sociologists as ______.

A)social exclusion
B)social closure
C)fractioning
D)cliquishness

Question 6

Kyra and Sada both want to join a large, popular sorority on campus.However, because they did not fit the standard of the "typical" sorority girl--blonde hair and tall--they were not chosen to join this organization.This is an example of which of the following?
A)coalition
B)social closure

A)triad
D)dyad

Question 7

Which sociologist introduced the concepts of dyad and triad?

A)Cooley
B)Mead
C)Simmel
D)Freud

Question 8

Researchers have found that exposure to different races, ethnicities, religions, and social classes may in fact lead to exclusion.What idea does this highlight?

A)Exposure to different people or things may heighten the threat level that people feel.
B)Exposure to different people or things may heighten inclusive feelings.
C)Exposure to different people or things may heighten a group leader's power.
D)Exposure to different people or things may heighten coalition.

Question 9

Groups characterized by intense emotional ties, intimacy, and identification with membership in the group are referred to as ______.

A)families
B)primary groups
C)principal groups
D)reference groups

Question 10

Which of the following is an example of a secondary group?

A)two close friends who practice tennis together
B)a father who plays catch with his son
C)a college basketball team
D)a family who watches football together every Sunday

Question 11

People belong to ______ achieve some specific goal with limited interaction.

A)secondary groups
B)primary groups
C)alliances
D)triads

Question 12

How would sociologists explain the concept of social closure?

A)Social closure provides for greater unity within a society as members interact equally and work together to meet societal goals.
B)Groups with social closure provide benefits only to the society they serve.
C)Social closure serves to provide all groups with resources in society.
D)Groups operating with social closure are designed to maintain a status by excluding lower status members of society.

Question 13

A group of people ride the same train to work each day.They greet each other when they get on and then proceed to read or work during the ride.When the ride is done, they exit the train and go about their day.Which type of group is this?

A)primary
B)secondary
C)normative
D)coercive

Question 14

Which type of group tends to be the most fragile and unstable?

A)an individual
B)a dyad
C)a triad
D)a large group

Question 15

When a group's size increases, which of the following occurs?

A)The intensity of relationships within the group increases.
B)Fewer two-person relationships are possible.
C)Group stability increases.
D)The withdrawal of members becomes more threatening to the survival of the entire group.

Question 16

Which of the following would be an example of interaction in a secondary group?

A)longtime friends going to a movie together
B)siblings spending time at the park together
C)college students listening to a statistics lecture
D)family members eating dinner together

Question 17

In a ______, three different two-person relationships occur.

A)triad
B)dyad
C)primary
D)secondary

Question 18

Which of the following represents an alliance or coalition?

A)Kathleen and Sarah buy three tickets for a movie and invite Chris as well.
B)Mariana and Brianne decide to go cycling without Brandon because he canceled plans on them earlier in the week.
C)Ron leaves Dominic and Tammy to finish the rest of a project without him.
D)Ken and Jessica decide to invite Robert to the movies with them the next time.

Question 19

Which sociologists first introduced the distinction between primary groups and secondary groups?

A)Freud
B)Cooley
C)Mead
D)Gillman

Question 20

Large, impersonal groups with minimal emotional and intimate ties are referred to as ______.

A)secondary groups
B)principal groups
C)reference groups
D)primary groups

Question 21

According to Stanley Milgram, ordinary people will ______ to orders given by someone in a position of power or authority, even if those orders have negative consequences.

A)resist
B)conform
C)question
D)change

Question 22

Which sociologist conceptualized social closure?

A)Marx
B)Weber
C)Freud
D)Simmel

Question 23

Martin's biology class is divided into groups for a project.Each group must assign roles.The leader of Martin's group encourages each student to share ideas and suggestions.The members of his group feel equal and valued.Which type of leader does this group have?

A)a transactional leader
B)a bureaucratic leader
C)a transformational leader
D)an autocratic leader

Question 24

Prison guards use their authority and force to make prisoners comply.This is an example of which of the following?

A)authentic authority
B)electoral power
C)personal power
D)legitimate authority

Question 25

April, a sophomore class leader for her anthropology class, is able to get the rest of the class to cooperate on a project even though there is no consequence for not doing so.How is April able to do this?

A)The student is acting as a transactional leader.
B)The student is exercising legitimate authority.
C)The student uses social closure to keep everyone on task.
D)The student is taking advantage of an alliance with classmates.

Question 26

Which of the following examples illustrates groupthink?

A)Weary from debating, a committee elects to put aside the topic until the next meeting.
B)A high school basketball team follows their coach's orders and adheres to a 10 p.m.curfew.
C)After hearing feedback from constituents, a city council decides to pass a bill.
D)An advertising agency decides to air an ad that most members of the agency like, despite concerns that it is racially offensive.

Question 27

Which of the following is an accurate conclusion about conformity based on the Asch study?

A)People learn the correct answer by watching others.
B)People conform when they get a reward for doing so.
C)People are conditioned to obey authority.
D)People are more likely to conform when others conform.

Question 28

Which of the following is one of the findings in Asch's conformity experiment?

A)Many people discount their own perceptions rather than contradict group consensus.
B)Across the trials, 35% of subjects chose the correct answer.
C)The subject was more likely to assert that the lines were unequal when they were unequal.
D)Across the trials, 100% of subjects dissented at least once.

Question 29

Which of the following types of power is more likely to result in highly motivated and satisfied group members?

A)personal power
B)positional power
C)coercive power
D)transactional leadership

Question 30

Which of the following is an example of groupthink?

A)A group of scientists decides to go ahead and launch a space shuttle without stating misgivings about the decision, even though evidence shows that there is a flaw in the navigation system.
B)A group of politicians from one party decides to promote a new regulation on trade even though the opposing party is going to lobby against it strongly.
C)A group of students decides to hold a car wash as a fundraiser even though some of the members did not vote for this event.
D)A group of doctors releases a press statement about a new treatment procedure for people diagnosed with diabetes, stating that there might be some harm to some people.

Question 31

______ refers to when members of a group ignore anything that goes against the group consensus.

A)Alliance
B)Groupthink
C)Conformity
D)Obedience

Question 32

Who would be most likely to use personal power?

A)a transformational leader
B)a transactional leader
C)a bureaucrat
D)legitimate authority

Question 33

What statement best represents a sociological approach to understanding leaders?

A)Leaders are able to influence the behavior of other members of a group.
B)Leaders are effective even when others do not follow them.
C)Leaders do not use force, coercion, or persuasion.
D)Leaders often cannot achieve a goal when there is resistance.

Question 34

Sociologist Irving Janius undertook historical research to determine if ______ played a part in U.S.foreign policy decisions, including the Bay of Pigs invasion of Cuba in 1961.

A)legitimate authority
B)social capital
C)groupthink
D)transformational leadership

Question 35

Which of the following examples demonstrates positional power?

A)Prisoners riot and take over a jail.
B)A therapist hypnotizes a patient to help her quit smoking.
C)Workers follow the directions of their office supervisors.
D)A charismatic speaker inspires people to join a social movement.

Question 36

Which of the following is an example of conformity?
A)Kennedy dyes her hair blue to stand out during School Spirit Week.

A)Katie's friends all decide to wear purple on Fridays, but Sam wears green instead.
C)A committee ignores a member's input because it would cause more work for the group.
D)A newly initiated gang member follows crew orders and has their emblem tattooed on his chest.

Question 37

Mr.Bell has taught eighth-grade English for the past 5 years.He has assigned the same books to his classes each year but does not take suggestions from students who want more diversity in the readings.Mr.Bell is an example of what type of leader?

A)transformative
B)transactional
C)authoritative
D)personal power

Question 38

What is the distinction between a transformative leader and a transactional leader?

A)A transformative leader does not care about their followers, compared to the transactional leaders who does take care of their followers.
B)A transactional leaders has legitimate authority over their followers versus transformative leaders do not.
C)Transformative leaders leave their mark on their followers and organizations compared to transactional leaders.
D)Transformative leaders have fewer followers than transactional leaders.

Question 39

Nelson Mandela is an example of a ______ leader who instilled a sense of mission or higher purpose in group members.

A)transformational
B)transactional
C)laissez-faire
D)bureaucratic

Question 40

Which social scientists researched obedience to authority to help explain how ordinary German citizens would participate in the systemic functions of the Holocaust?

A)Mead
B)Freud
C)Simmel
D)Milgram

Question 41

What did Max Weber mean when he referred to bureaucracies as rational?

A)He meant that they are reasonable.
B)He meant that they are organized based on knowable rules and regulations.
C)He meant that they are the ideal type of organization.
D)He meant that they are characteristic of modern society.

Question 42

The YMCA, Red Cross, and Alcoholics Anonymous are examples of ______ organizations.

A)utilitarian
B)coercive
C)normative
D)bureaucratic

Question 43

Which of the following is an example of social capital?

A)getting fired from a job
B)getting a raise
C)inheriting a successful business
D)networking with successful colleagues

Question 44

Which scenario best illustrates a utilitarian organization?

A)A sophomore joins a popular social activism group to help save the environment.
B)A college student volunteers for a spring break work trip building schools in Brazil.
C)A student athlete joins the college tennis team that offered a scholarship.
D)A recent college graduate volunteers for the Red Cross.

Question 45

Which of the following is a form of cultural capital?

A)social contacts
B)goods and services
C)money
D)interpersonal skills

Question 46

Which type of capital refers to money and material that can be used to produce goods and services?

A)structural
B)cultural
C)social
D)economic

Question 47

Which of the following is a characteristic of a bureaucracy?

A)Rules are unwritten and implied.
B)There is a clear hierarchy of authority.
C)The organization is staffed by volunteers.
D)It follows abstract principles.

Question 48

Which type of organization would provide society members with direction on how they should think and behave in society?

A)normative
B)social
C)utilitarian
D)coercive

Question 49

A(n) ______ is a means through which people can come together to pursue activities they could not readily accomplish by themselves.

A)social network
B)primary group
C)organization
D)bureaucracy

Question 50

The idea that economic, cultural, and social capital contribute to the reproduction of socioeconomic status in society is known as ______.

A)organization
B)leadership
C)structuralism
D)institutionalism

Question 51

Friendship groups and social contacts provide people with ______ capital.

A)economic
B)cultural
C)social
D)personal

Question 52

Which is an example of a coercive organization?

A)high school
B)prison
C)church
D)college

Question 53

A ______ organization is rationally designed to achieve particular objectives by means of explicit rules, regulations, and procedures.

A)global
B)informal
C)formal
D)rational

Question 54

Ashley aspires to move from being working class to middle class.She decided the best way to achieve this goal is to attend college and get a job at a high-paying media firm.Ashley is relying on ______ to increase social status.

A)economic capital
B)structuralism
C)cultural capital
D)functionalism

Question 55

Which of the following is an example of social capital?

A)joining a sorority in college
B)being born into a wealthy family
C)having a trust fund that is made available at the age of 18
D)holding a graduate degree

Question 56

Which of the following example best represents a utilitarian organization?

A)Attending college and joining a sorority.
B)Working part time at a gas station.
C)Being a volunteer firefighter.
D)Participating in community service.

Question 57

______ organizations are those that people join primarily because of some material benefit they expect to receive in return for membership.

A)Utilitarian
B)Informal
C)Coercive
D)Normative

Question 58

The authority structure of most large organizations today is ______.

A)coercive
B)informal
C)transformational
D)bureaucratic

Question 59

Which of the following is an example of an organization?

A)a family
B)a friend group
C)a party gathering
D)a military unit

Question 60

Normative organizations are also referred to as ______ organizations.

A)rational
B)formal
C)coercive
D)voluntary

Question 61

As group size increases, the intensity of relationships within the group increases while overall group stability decreases.

Question 62

Reference groups by which we judge our actions are both primary and secondary groups

Question 63

Adding one person to a dyad makes the group a triad.

Question 64

Cooley argued that people belong to secondary groups mainly to satisfy personal needs.

Question 65

A coercive organization is an example of a total institution.

Question 66

The Internet is increasingly blurring the boundaries between primary and secondary groups.

Question 67

Which of the following illustrates the operation of an IGO?

A)Provinces in Canada suffer a severe drought that requires the Canadian government to send aid.
B)The African Union regulates trade between Central African and West African states.
C)China, Russia, and the United States send members to the Olympics.
D)Vietnam forms an organization that mediates conflict between provinces within the country.

Question 68

The Internet has blurred the boundaries between primary and secondary groups.Briefly discuss this phenomenon and how it impacts one's relationship with these groups.

Question 69

Groups that seek to promote the global interests of their members by influencing government organizations are referred to as ______.

A)international nongovernmental organizations
B)international government organizations
C)nongovernmental coalitions
D)business alliances

Question 70

Sociologists have found that race and gender have little effect on an individual's social capital.

Question 71

What is the purpose of specialized offices within a bureaucracy?

A)to create rules and regulations
B)to create impersonality in record keeping
C)to create a division of labor
D)to create a vertical hierarchy

Question 72

Social networking sites and virtual online groups can include primary or secondary groups.

Question 73

Which of the following is a main goal of international governmental organizations (IGOs)?

A)to facilitate and regulate correspondence between the member countries
B)to send money to other nations
C)to protect social welfare and human rights
D)to increase community membership

Question 74

Families have the greatest impact in shaping our view of ourselves; however, peer groups during adolescence compete with the family in how we define ourselves.

Question 75

Family, friends, professors, and acquaintances can all contribute to an individual's social capital.

Question 76

How has the U.S.Internal Revenue Service become an iron cage of bureaucracy?

A)It has become rigid with rules and regulations that prevent a recognition of humanity.
B)It has become highly organized and provides strong structure for service.
C)It allows employees to become creative within the bounds of the organizational structure.
D)It encourages taxpayers to exercise their free will in choosing how to file taxes.

Question 77

Which of the following demonstrates the incompatibility of bureaucracy and democracy?

A)iron law of oligarchy
B)iron cage of bureaucracy
C)goal displacement
D)waste and incompetence

Question 78

Which of the following happens when bureaucracies lose sight of the original goals they set out to accomplish?

A)impersonality in record keeping
B)technically competent administrative staff
C)trained incapacity
D)goal displacement

Question 79

The organizational chart of a bureaucracy is typically ______.

A)pyramid shaped
B)flat
C)irrational
D)secret

Question 80

A worker at the Department of Motor Vehicles oversees issues with titles.This worker performs all duties related to titles but does not work on registration or customer service.Which bureaucratic process does this describe?

A)impersonality in record keeping
B)specialized offices
C)hierarchy
D)technically competent administrative staff