Deck 12: The Cardiovascular System: Transport and Supply

Question 1

A 50-year-old male patient arrives in the emergency department with the following symptoms:
• Recent weight loss
• Generalized weakness
• Excessive thirst and urination
Portions of his laboratory values show a blood glucose level of 280 mg/dL and acidic urine and blood. He has a family history of diabetes, but this is the first time he has experienced these symptoms.
What organs will be affected if he is not properly diagnosed and treated? _________________________________________

Answer 1

In the given case study, a male patient of age 50 years is admitted to the emergency department of the hospital. He has recently had a weight loss. He also has excessive thirst, urination and generalized weakness.
The blood glucose test level is 280 mg/dL (milligram/deciliter). His blood and urine have acidic pH values. Even though his family also had diabetes, it is the first time that he has experienced these symptoms.
In case of improper diagnosis or untreated diabetes can affect many major organs of the body. These include eyes, foot, heart, kidneys, brain, blood vessels and nerves. The complications observed in these organs are mentioned below:
1. Eye damage: Diabetes damages blood vessels of the retina and can lead to blindness. It can also result in glaucoma or cataracts.
2. Foot damage: Nerves of the feet are damaged. This results in poor blood supply to the feet. This can result in serious infections, including ulcers, blisters and others.
3. Heart damage: Diabetes increases the risk of cardiovascular problems to a great extent. These include stroke, angina, heart attack, atherosclerosis and high blood pressure.
4. Kidney damage: Nephropathy is caused due to diabetes. This is the damage caused to the filtering system of the body. Severe damage can also result in kidney failures.
5. Brain damage: Diabetes type 2 increases the risk of Alzheimer's disease by causing damage to the brain.
6. Skin conditions: Patient becomes vulnerable to infections and other skin problems. The severity of infections is also increased.
7. Hearing impairment: Hearing impairment is also observed in patients suffering from diabetes.
8. Nerve damage: Excess sugar levels in the blood can result in neuropathy by injuring the capillaries and blood vessels. This can result in numbness, pain or burning sensations that begin from the tip of an area and then spread upwards.

Question 2

Sympathetic response is enhanced by epinephrine secreted by the ______________.

Answer 2

Epinephrine, also known as adrenaline is a neurotransmitter hormone. It is responsible for inducing fight-or-flight response towards a stimulus. This is done by the increasing the blood flow to the muscles, dilating pupils and increasing blood sugar level.
Epinephrine is secreted by the adrenal glands. These are a small pair of glands present on top of the kidneys. They are split into two regions that are, adrenal medulla and adrenal cortex. It is adrenal medulla that is responsible for secreting epinephrine hormone.
So, the blank can be filed with
.

Question 3

If an adult patient is treated for gigantism by removal of her or his pituitary gland, which hormone would have to be replaced with drug therapy?

A) thymosin
B) melatonin
C) thyroid-stimulating hormone
D) insulin

Answer 3

Gigantism is a rare condition of endocrine disorder. The individual has increased height and accelerated growth. This is caused due to excessive secretion of Human Growth Hormone (HGH) secreted by the pituitary gland. This excess growth is mostly observed during childhood or adolescence.
The condition can be treated by various means. These involve radiotherapy, drug therapy or surgery. Surgery is mostly the first line of treatment. The surgery might have various side effects. These include hypopituitarism, that is, pituitary hormone deficiency.
The thymosin hormone is produced by the thyroid and is not dependent on pituitary gland for its secretion. Melatonin is secreted by the pineal gland present in the brain. It is also independent of the pituitary gland. Insulin is a pancreatic hormone and is not dependent for its release or production on the pituitary gland.
Hence, the options a, b and d are incorrect.
The pituitary hormone deficiencies result in a deficiency of TSH ( Thyroid Stimulating Hormone ). This results in hypothyroidism, that is, lack of thyroxine and triiodothyronine in the body of an individual. Hence, the individual who is treated by surgery for removal of the pituitary gland will administer TSH tablets or drugs in his therapy.
Hence, the correct answer is option
.

Question 4

Thyroxine ______________ cell metabolism

Question 5

The pineal gland is located in/on the

A) kidneys.
B) brain.
C) thorax.
D) abdomen.

Question 6

The "master gland" is the

A) adrenal.
B) pituitary.
C) pineal.
D) pancreas

Question 7

What is the difference between neural control and humoral control of endocrine glands?
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Question 8

Explain negative feedback and its role in controlling hormone levels.
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Question 9

Choose the best answer:
Which of the following organs is not a primary endocrine organ though it secretes hormones?

A) thyroid
B) pituitary
C) kidney
D) adrenal gland

Question 10

Choose the best answer:
Steroid hormones are very powerful because they

A) are hormones.
B) are medicine.
C) interact directly with DNA.
D) are secreted outside the body

Question 11

Choose the best answer:
If a hormone is under humoral control, what controls the hormone?

A) negative feedback
B) positive feedback
C) another endocrine gland
D) the hypothalamus

Question 12

Choose the best answer:
The "ideal" value for a body characteristic is called the

A) set point.
B) average.
C) goal.
D) feedback point.

Question 13

Choose the best answer:
Which gland does ACTH control?

A) adrenal gland
B) anterior pituitary
C) thyroid gland
D) pancreas

Question 14

Choose the best answer:
The _______________ is controlled by hormones from the hypothalamus, and the _______________ actually secretes hypothalamic hormones.

A) posterior pituitary; posterior pituitary
B) anterior pituitary; anterior pituitary
C) anterior pituitary; posterior pituitary
D) posterior pituitary; anterior pituitary

Question 15

Choose the best answer:
These two hormones secreted by the thyroid and parathyroid glands control blood calcium.

A) T4 and T3
B) T3 and calcitonin
C) T3 and parathyroid hormone
D) calcitonin and parathyroid hormone

Question 16

A 50-year-old male patient arrives in the emergency department with the following symptoms:
• Recent weight loss
• Generalized weakness
• Excessive thirst and urination
Portions of his laboratory values show a blood glucose level of 280 mg/dL and acidic urine and blood. He has a family history of diabetes, but this is the first time he has experienced these symptoms.
What type of diabetes does he have?_________________________________________

Question 17

Choose the best answer:
The _______________ secretes many different steroid hormones.

A) pineal gland
B) adrenal medulla
C) thyroid
D) none of the above

Question 18

Increased secretion of aldosterone, a corticosteroid could be caused by a tumor on the ______________ or ______________ glands.

Question 19

Glucagon ______________ blood sugar.

Question 20

A 50-year-old male patient arrives in the emergency department with the following symptoms:
• Recent weight loss
• Generalized weakness
• Excessive thirst and urination
Portions of his laboratory values show a blood glucose level of 280 mg/dL and acidic urine and blood. He has a family history of diabetes, but this is the first time he has experienced these symptoms.
What treatment and lifestyle changes would you suggest?
_________________________________________

Question 21

Glucagon performs the opposite action of

A) glucose.
B) insulin.
C) ATP.
D) WBCs.

Question 22

Match the hormone or neurotransmitter on the left with the description on the right.
_____ ADH A. decreases blood sugar
_____ insulin B. increases thyroid hormone secretion
_____ glucagon C. regulates cell metabolism
_____ oxytocin D. increases steroid release
_____ epinephrine E. increases uterine contractions
_____ thyroxine F. decreases urination
_____ prolactin G. prolongs sympathetic response
_____ ACTH H. stimulates tissue growth
_____ TSH I. increases blood sugar
_____ growth hormone J. increases milk production in females

Question 23

______________ increases uterine contractions.

Question 24

Choose the best answer:
Why can steroids pass into the cell when other hormones cannot?

A) There are special steroid channels.
B) Lipids can pass through cell membranes.
C) Inhibitors block nonsteroid hormones.
D) Steroids are tiny molecules.

Question 25

ADH stands for

A) antidiuretic hormone.
B) androdoginin hormone.
C) American Department of health.
D) all-diglyceride hormone.

Question 26

The thymus gland's main function is for

A) reproduction.
B) growth.
C) immunity.
D) RBC levels.

Question 27

Choose the best answer:
What hormone is involved in childbirth that is an example of positive feedback?

A) oxytocin
B) epinephrine
C) testosterone
D) glucagon

Question 28

Compare and contrast neurotransmitters and hormones.
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Question 29

Discuss why the use of anabolic steroids should be outlawed for performance enhancement.
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Question 30

Choose the best answer:
Classify the following as type 1 or type 2 diabetes. _______________ autoimmune destruction of pancreas
_______________ usually develops later in life _______________ insulin may not be required

Question 31

Choose the best answer:
What chemical, when secreted into the bloodstream, controls the metabolic processes of target cells?

A) neurotransmitter
B) secretion
C) hormone
D) ligand

Question 32

Choose the best answer:
Which of the following is true of hormones?

A) They last a short time.
B) They are fast acting.
C) They affect distant targets.
D) hey leave the body.

Question 33

Damage to the ______________ in the brain could cause widespread endocrine abnormalities

Question 34

Choose the best answer:
Which of the following is not typically a way that hormone levels are regulated?

A) negative feedback
B) control by other endocrine organ
C) positive feedback
D) direct control by nervous system

Question 35

Choose the best answer:
_________________________ feedback enhances a change in body chemistry.

A) Negative
B) Positive
C) Regular
D) Cyclic

Question 36

Some of these disorders are associated with weight gain: (I) type II diabetes; (II) hyperthyroidism; (III) Cushing's syndrome; (IV) Addison's disease. Which ones?

A) I, II
B) I, II, III
C) I, II, IV
D) I, III

Question 37

Choose the best answer:
Oxytocin
a. is secreted from the anterior pituitary.
b. decreases uterine contractions.
c. is released from the posterior pituitary.
d. is a way to get more oxygen to your toes

Question 38

Choose the best answer:
This gland, under orders from the hypothalamus, releases hormones that control other endocrine glands.

A) adrenal gland
B) anterior pituitary
C) thyroid gland
D) pancreas

Question 39

Short-range hormones that are formed rapidly and act only in the immediate area are:

A) steroids
B) prostaglandins
C) amino acids
D) mucoids

Question 40

Choose the best answer:
Insulin _______________ blood sugar, whereas glucagon _______________ blood sugar.

A) raises; lowers
B) raises; raises
C) lowers; raises
D) lowers; lowers

Question 41

Choose the best answer:
Excess secretion of hormones from this gland can cause rapid heart beat, high blood pressure, and anxiety.

A) adrenal cortex
B) anterior pituitary
C) thyroid gland
D) pancreas

Question 42

This hormone is less important in adults than in children. ______________