Deck 18: Nutrition During Pregnancy and Breastfeeding

Question 1

Physiologically, milk production requires ____ kcals per day.

A) 300
B) 500
C) 800
D) 1000

Answer 1

The diet plan of breast feeding mothers is taken care as they nourish the young infants spending good amounts of calories of energy. The breast feeding mothers should include adequate nutrients in the diet such as vitamins and minerals.
The production of milk after delivery may require about 800kcal of energy per day. The energy requirement increases during lactation to include 400 to 500kcal more energy per day than during the pregnancy. The difference of energy intake and milk production is about 300kcal and this allows losing extra body fat accumulated during the pregnancy.
The milk output can be decreased by restricting the daily calorie intake to less than 1500kcal per day. Thus, the breast feeding mothers should have an intake of at least 1800kcal per day.
Therefore, the options (a), (b) and (d) are incorrect
The breast feeding mothers should be supplied with adequate nutrients and energy. The lactating mothers require extra calories for nourishing the infants. The milk production requires about 800kcal per day and therefore, the energy intake of breast feeding mother should be 1800kcal per day.
Therefore, the correct option is

Question 2

Define the terms preterm, low birth weight, and small for gestational age.

Answer 2

Pregnancy is giving birth to an offspring by completing the gestation period. A successful pregnancy is regarded as the
• Return of normal health and emotions of the mother after delivery.
• Gestation period of more than 37 weeks.
• Birth weight of the baby more than 2.5 kgs.
Preterm : If the delivery occurs before the gestation period then it is regarded as the preterm or preterm labor.
Low birth weight: A healthy baby weights more than or equal to 2.5kgs. If the weight is less than that then it is regarded as the low birth weight. This may occur due to preterm.
Small for gestation age : A full term baby but less weight is regarded as small for gestation age. This is due to some medical complications.

Question 3

List three advantages of breastfeeding for the mother and three advantages for the infant.

Answer 3

Breastfeeding is a process of feeding the new born with the mother's milk. This is very advantageous to both mother and infant as it contains immune resistant molecules that are required for the baby to fight against the infectious diseases. The milk allows the healthy growth of the new born.
Advantages of breastfeeding for infants :
• Bacteriologically safe
• Provides antibodies for maturation of immune system
• Decrease risk of celiac diseases
• Decreased risk of diarrhea and ear infections
• Decrease risk of leukemia and lymphoma
• Enhance learning ability
Advantages of breastfeeding for mother :
• Early recovery from pregnancy changes
• Decrease risk of chronic diseases
• Return to pre-pregnancy weight
• Delayed ovulation from one pregnancy cycle to other
• Decreased risk of ovarian and breast cancer

Question 4

Describe the physiological mechanisms that stimulate milk production and release. How can knowing about these help mothers breastfeed successfully?

Question 5

How is maternal age related to the outcome of pregnancy?

Question 6

Identify three micronutrients that may need to be supplemented in the diets of breastfed infants and give the rationale for each.

Question 7

A food plan for a woman in the third trimester of pregnancy differs from her prepregnancy diet in that

A) fluid needs are higher.
B) additional solid fats and added sugars are allowed.
C) there are more servings from the grains group.
D) All of the above.

Question 8

Is attention to good nutrition during pregnancy worth the effort? Why or why not?

Question 9

Describe three potential barriers to breastfeeding and suggest ways to overcome them.

Question 10

Describe a diet based on the Dietary Guidelines as exemplified by MyPlate that meets the increased nutrient needs of pregnancy.

Question 11

Patrice required 2200 kilocalories per day before she became pregnant. How many kilocalories will she need each day during her first, second, and third trimesters?

Question 12

Which of the following nutrition interventions is most likely to improve fertility?

A) taking a vitamin E supplement
B) losing excess body fat
C) consuming a low-carbohydrate diet
D) taking an iron supplement

Question 13

Advantages of breastfeeding include

A) decreased ear infections in the infant.
B) decreased diarrheal diseases in the infant.
C) decreased risk of breast cancer for the mother.
D) All of the above.

Question 14

What is optimal weight gain during pregnancy for a woman who begins pregnancy at a healthy BMI? How does this differ for a woman who begins pregnancy underweight? Overweight? Obese?

Question 15

Provide three key pieces of nutrition advice for parents seeking to maximize their chances of conceiving. Why did you identify those specific factors?

Question 16

Give three reasons a woman should give serious consideration to breastfeeding her infant.

Question 17

List several nutrients that may need to be supplemented in the diet of a pregnant woman and the reason for each.

Question 18

Increased carbohydrate needs during pregnancy are set to

A) prevent ketosis.
B) alleviate nausea.
C) prevent gestational hypertension.
D) supply adequate folate.

Question 19

Consuming one cup of coffee per day is associated with

A) spontaneous abortions.
B) LBW.
C) birth defects.
D) None of the above.

Question 20

List three nutrients of special concern for a pregnant woman who practices a vegan lifestyle.

Question 21

Identify four key nutrients for which intake should be significantly increased during pregnancy.

Question 22

Describe the importance of folic acid for conception and fetal development.

Question 23

Modify the sample 2600-kcal daily menu in Table 18-4 so that it would be suitable for a pregnant vegan woman.

Question 24

An infant born at 38 weeks' gestation weighing 5.0 pounds can be described as

A) preterm.
B) LBW.
C) SGA.
D) LBW and SGA.

Question 25

How is body fat related to fertility?

Question 26

Michaela tells you about her pregnancy craving for ice cream. She says she has been eating one or two ice cream bars after lunch every day and usually stops for a milkshake at a fast-food restaurant on her way home from work. What nutrition information would you share with her?

Question 27

Why does teenage pregnancy receive so much attention these days? At what age do you think pregnancy is ideal? Why?

Question 28

What is polycystic ovary syndrome? What hormonal changes are involved in PCOS, and how do they affect fertility?

Question 29

What diet and lifestyle strategies would you suggest to a pregnant woman who complains of frequent heartburn?

Question 30

If a woman is 5 9 20 and weighs 150 pounds before becoming pregnant, how much weight should she gain during pregnancy?

A) 28 to 40 pounds (12.5 to 18 kilograms)
B) 25 to 35 pounds (11.5 to 16 kilograms)
C) 15 to 25 pounds (7 to 11.5 kilograms)
D) As little as possible

Question 31

List three nutrients that have been linked to fertility.

Question 32

What diet and lifestyle strategies would you suggest to a pregnant woman who complains of constipation?

Question 33

Outline current weight-gain recommendations for pregnancy. What is the basis for these recommendations?

Question 34

What is the role of the placenta?

Question 35

What diet and lifestyle strategies would you suggest to a pregnant woman who complains of morning sickness?

Question 36

Benefits of exercise during pregnancy include

A) preventing excessive gestational weight gain.
B) improved sleep.
C) lower risk for gestational diabetes.
D) All of the above.

Question 37

Describe how risks for fetal malformations vary throughout pregnancy.

Question 38

Define gestational diabetes. What are the potential consequences of this disorder for the mother and baby?

Question 39

Suggest several safe exercises for a pregnant woman.

Question 40

During which trimester are most organs being formed?

Question 41

Differentiate between chronic hypertension and gestational hypertension. Define preeclampsia and eclampsia.

Question 42

Which of the following may help to alleviate nausea during pregnancy?

A) postponing meals until the afternoon
B) drinking large amounts of water
C) postponing use of iron supplements until the second trimester
D) All of the above.

Question 43

During which trimester does fetal size increase the most?

Question 44

What do AND and AAP recommend for duration of breastfeeding?

Question 45

What nutrition advice would you give to a friend who suffers from morning sickness?

Question 46

In one or two sentences, how would you define success in pregnancy?

Question 47

Describe the physiological processes of milk production and letdown. Be sure to mention the hormones involved in these processes.