Deck 14: The Hospital in Society

Question 1

Which is NOT a basic feature of the modern hospital derived from the influence of the Church?

A) Concept of a service oriented toward helping others.
B) Having a "universalistic" approach.
C) The custodial nature of hospital care.
D) A fee-for-service philosophy where penance equals payment.
E) None of the above.

Answer 1

A fee-for-service philosophy where penance equals payment.

Question 2

About 70 percent of all resident patients in psychiatric facilities enter ______________.

A) Due to a criminal act.
B) Involuntarily.
C) Voluntarily.
D) Through family commitment.
E) None of the above.

Answer 2

Voluntarily.

Question 3

Physicians began to associate themselves with hospitals in the 14th century. Initially they had little influence because they provided their services on a _____________ basis.

A) Part-time.
B) Hourly.
C) Consultant.
D) Voluntary.
E) None of the above.

Answer 3

Voluntary.

Question 4

America's hospital system remains a _____________ class system of medical care.

A) Single.
B) Two.
C) Three.
D) Four.
E) None of the above.

Question 5

These hospitals were community centers for the care of the lower-class sick:

A) Nonprofit hospitals.
B) For-profit hospitals.
C) Medieval hospitals.
D) Renaissance hospitals.
E) None of the above.

Question 6

Who described bureaucracy as a rational and impersonal division of labor characterized by the principles of office hierarchy and levels of graded authority, and by fixed and official areas of jurisdiction governed by laws or administrative regulations?

A) Weber.
B) Perrow.
C) Hillier.
D) Durkheim.
E) None of the above.

Question 7

___________ hospitals tend to accept patients with acute disorders.

A) Public.
B) Private.
C) For-profit.
D) Nonprofit.
E) None of the above.

Question 8

_______________ beliefs emphasized that human beings were duty bound to provide assistance to the sick and needy.

A) Christian.
B) Humanitarian.
C) Governmental.
D) Religious.
E) None of the above.

Question 9

The secular control of hospitals marked a period of ____________ for the development of Europe's hospital system.

A) Improvement.
B) Decline.
C) Fluctuation.
D) Stagnation.
E) None of the above.

Question 10

What is a part of the organization of a nonprofit community hospital?

A) Satellite outpatient clinics.
B) Affiliated group practices.
C) Management organizations providing administrative services to physicians.
D) Employing primary care doctors as part of their physician network.
E) All of the above.

Question 11

Which is NOT a reason that trustee domination succumbed to medical domination in the 1930s?

A) The emphasis on free care declined significantly as hospital services became oriented toward patients who could pay.
B) The facilities to support a complex system of medical technology were developed, and the quality of care provided patients was improved.
C) The hospital sought prestige through medical research in terms defined by physicians.
D) The hospitals differentiated and offered specialized care to certain segments such as cancer patients.
E) None of the above.

Question 12

Since the end of the _________ century, a new image of hospitals evolved as institutions where patients of all social classes could generally expect to find the highest quality medical care and could reasonably expect to be cured of their disorders.

A) 17th.
B) 18th.
C) 19th.
D) 20th.
E) None of the above.

Question 13

The ______________, as a major social institution for the delivery of health care in the modern world, offers considerable advantages to both patient and society.

A) Government.
B) Nonprofit sector.
C) Institution of medicine.
D) Hospital.
E) All of the above.

Question 14

No single change has transformed the day-to-day work in a hospital more than trained ___________.

A) Doctors.
B) Nurses.
C) Administrators.
D) Technicians.
E) None of the above.

Question 15

Hospitals eventually became places where physicians also referred their _________and _________ class patients, since the most advanced medical technology was located there.

A) Lower; working.
B) Middle; lower.
C) Middle; upper.
D) Upper; working.
E) None of the above.

Question 16

________________ hospitals tend to lack prestige in comparison to other hospitals.

A) Community.
B) Nonprofit.
C) Private.
D) Government.
E) None of the above.

Question 17

Involuntary commitment proceedings are of two types: ____________ and ___________.

A) Criminal; civil.
B) Forcible; uncontested.
C) Violent; non-violent.
D) Chronic; acute.
E) None of the above.

Question 18

During the Renaissance and the Reformation, an increasing numbers of hospitals were placed under the jurisdiction of _______________ authorities.

A) Religious.
B) Secular.
C) Governmental.
D) Community.
E) None of the above.

Question 19

People with chronic health problems requiring long-term hospitalization tend to be sent to ______________ institutions.

A) Public.
B) Private.
C) For-profit.
D) Nonprofit.
E) None of the above.

Question 20

Which is NOT an example of a secular benefactor?

A) Kings.
B) Churches.
C) Merchants.
D) Guilds.
E) None of the above.

Question 21

___________ occurs when the hospital systematically divests the person of these past representations of self.

A) Stripping.
B) Removal.
C) Fading.
D) Standardization.
E) None of the above.

Question 22

The first hospitals were founded in the United States more than 250 years ago.

Question 23

The most expensive hospitals in the United States are located in New England and the:

A) South.
B) Pacific Coast.
C) Rocky Mountain states.
D) Midwest.
E) None of the above.

Question 24

The origin of the institution we know today as the hospital has usually been associated with the rise of Judaism.

Question 25

Mental hospital admissions are involuntary.

Question 26

The ________________ and ________________ educated the patient, the less likely the patient was to express highly conforming attitudes.

A) Older; better.
B) Older; worse.
C) Younger; better.
D) Younger; worse.
E) None of the above.

Question 27

The process of ________________ is not just a result of the manner in which large numbers of patients are managed or the work conditions, but is also related to the patient's subjective experience of feeling sick.

A) Depersonalization.
B) Demoralization.
C) Standardization.
D) Assembly line medicine.
E) None of the above.

Question 28

To make the hospital organization function effectively, it has been necessary to construct a _______________ system of authority organized around a central objective of service to the patient.

A) Decentralized.
B) Loose.
C) Dual.
D) Hierarchical.
E) None of the above.

Question 29

When patients present themselves for treatment in a hospital, they bring with them a particular social identity, what Goffman refers to as a:

A) Self.
B) Face.
C) Front.
D) Persona.
E) None of the above.

Question 30

By the end of the 15th century, an extensive network of hospitals existed throughout Eastern Europe.

Question 31

In criminal cases, the claim of mental disorder is used as an excusing condition that relieves the individual of criminal responsibility for his or her crime.

Question 32

About _______ of all expenses for hospital services are now paid by third-party sources.

A) 60%.
B) 70%.
C) 80%.
D) 90%.
E) None of the above.

Question 33

In the 1940s and 1950s, the role of the hospital ______________ gained in importance.

A) Physician.
B) Nurse.
C) Administrator.
D) Social worker.
E) All of the above.

Question 34

A legacy of the hospitals as poorhouses is that of mental hospitals.

Question 35

Hospitals have passed through four distinct phases of development.

Question 36

About _____________ of all the money spent on health in the United States in 2012 was spent on hospital services.

A) 30-35%.
B) 36-39%.
C) 40-45%.
D) 46-50%.
E) None of the above.

Question 37

The occupational groups in the hospital most affected by its system of dual authority are the ______________ who perform health care tasks on the hospital's wards.

A) Physicians.
B) Nurses.
C) Pharmacists.
D) Social workers.
E) None of the above.

Question 38

During the period of the Crusades, many hospitals were established along the routes to the Iran followed by the Christian armies.

Question 39

Secular benefactors rarely founded hospitals. This was primarily the role of the Church.

Question 40

The Romans were the first to establish separate medical facilities that have been described as hospitals.

Question 41

Patients are alienated from their usual lives and reduced to a largely impersonal status in the hospital through three basic mechanisms. Name and explain each one.

Question 42

Federal government participation in health care began in the late 1800s.

Question 43

Early hospitals were largely based on voluntary initiative by private citizens who wanted medical care available on a nonprofit basis. They were generally intended to provide treatment for patients who had incurable disorders.

Question 44

Why is Max Weber's concept of bureaucracy not totally compatible with the norms of hospital authority?

Question 45

Federal government participation in health care began with the U.S. Public Health Service hospital program for merchant seamen.

Question 46

State government early involvement in health care delivery was largely confined to the establishment of mental institutions.

Question 47

Large nonprofit hospitals are less dependent than smaller hospitals on local physicians, because of more extensive facilities and higher ratio of staff positions for doctors.

Question 48

State governments entered into health care delivery in the 1700s.

Question 49

The most common type of hospital in the United States is the nonfederal and nonprofit community hospital.

Question 50

Describe what mental hospitals are, as well as the admissions/commitment processes.

Question 51

What are multipurpose health institutions? List five health-related functions they provide.

Question 52

For-profit hospitals have decreased from 1975 to 2007, and nonprofit hospitals have increased due to a focus on civil society.

Question 53

The total number of hospitals in the United States has increased from 1975 to 2007.

Question 54

Historically, hospitals have passed through four distinct phases of development. Name and describe each phase.

Question 55

Controlled by a board of trustees, government hospitals are exempt from federal income taxes and many other forms of state and local taxes.