Deck 10: Legal and Social Equality: the Struggle Against Oppression and Bigotry

Question 1

Equality of opportunity refers to rewarding an individual according to his/her

A) performance
B) group membership
C) proportional representation
D) all of the above
E) none of the above

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Racial profiling has been used in the United States by law enforcement officers to question _______________.

A) Arab men
B) Swedish grandmothers
C) Imams
D) African American males

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Harvard University under President Lawrence Lowell tried to reduce the number of Jewish students by

A) overt quotas.
B) establishing scholarships.
C) passing over candidates from New York City for areas with sparse Jewish populations.
D) enrolling more female students.

Answer 3

C

Question 4

In all states, women were allowed to vote after the passage of the ___ Amendment

A) 1^st
B) 19^th
C) 4^th
D) None of the above

Question 5

Seven of the eight states with community property laws,

A) the husband controlled the community property
B) limited women's freedom to start a business.
C) denied women the same rights as their husband to establish a separate domicile
D) women needed permission from their husbands to buy property

Question 6

Nations with distinct subcultures, have one subculture perceived as dominant and the other are subordinate. _________________ is an example of such a nation.

A) Belgium
B) Iraq
C) Great Britain
D) Russia

Question 7

The passage of California's Proposition 187, amended the constitution to deny illegal aliens and their children which of these services?

A) access to public health facilities
B) public welfare
C) the right to attend public school
D) all of the above
E) none of the above

Question 8

The first distinct stage of the civil rights movement was to _____________.

A) attack denials of equality under the law
B) provide equality of opportunity
C) press for proportional equality
D) provide economic assistance to minorities

Question 9

The key goal of the American Civil Rights movement was the concept of proportional equality for social reform.

Question 10

In US history, which of the following groups experienced substantial discrimination?

A) African Americans
B) Jews
C) Native Americans
D) (A) and (C)
E) All of the above

Question 11

The term "proportional equality" or "result equality" is defined as

A) each group having the same thing.
B) resources proportional on the basis of the social good.
C) resources divided into arbitrary proportions.
D) groups having about the same percentage of resources as their percentage of the population.

Question 12

The structure of the U.S. Constitution has given which of the following the major voice in establishing the meaning of equality under the law?

A) President
B) Congress
C) Supreme Court
D) state legislatures

Question 13

The Fourteenth Amendment is concerned with

A) only the legal protection of all U.S. citizens
B) ensuring due process of law to U.S. citizens
C) "freedom of choice" and "opportunity"
D) ensuring equal protection of the laws to all persons
E) ensuring that "affirmative action" plans are promptly implemented

Question 14

Under the Black Codes, African Americans were NOT allowed to

A) receive an education
B) hold a job
C) walk the streets without permission of whites
D) use public restrooms
E) all of the above

Question 15

The Civil Rights Act of 1968 dealt with discrimination in:

A) employment
B) voting rights
C) housing
D) public accommodations

Question 16

Swann v. Charlotte Meckinberg Board of Education

A) determined that busing was ONE method of school integration.
B) determined that busing is not a legitimate method of integration.
C) overturned the case of Plessy v. Ferguson
D) overturned Brown v. Board of Education

Question 17

The Black Codes was a blatant example of the legal denial of equality to African Americans.

Question 18

Brown v. Board of Education

A) overturned the case of Plessy v. Ferguson
B) prompted the Civil Rights Act of 1964
C) discouraged school integration
D) stated that "separate but equal" did not violate the equal protection clause

Question 19

The Voting Rights Act of 1965 had a negligible effect upon African-American voting registration.

Question 20

In Brown v. Board of Education

A) Black Americans were permitted to serve on public school boards.
B) the Court said that "all deliberate speed" had run out.
C) the Court held that the Fourteenth Amendment did not forbid separation of the races.
D) legally required racial segregation in public education was struck down.

Question 21

The court case Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education (1971) approved busing as a strategy, but it proved very unpopular. ______________became the preferred strategy to achieve racial balance.

A) new schools
B) sports programs
C) scholarships
D) magnet schools

Question 22

De facto segregation of schools was due to

A) discriminating housing patterns
B) tendency of ethnic groups to live together in the same neighborhoods
C) African American not being allowed to attend white schools
D) white schools being overcrowded

Question 23

Median family income for white and black families have grown much closer together over the last ten years.

Question 24

The Supreme Court ruled on two affirmative action cases from the University of Michigan in June 2003. Which of the following is true?

A) The Court avoided the issue of racial preference.
B) The Court's decisions declared racial preference in admissions unconstitutional.
C) The Court's decisions gave support to a limited form of racial preference in admissions.

Question 25

The court case that struck down setting aside a particular percentage of federal contracts for minority-owned businesses was:

A) Wards Cove v. Atonio
B) Brown v. Board of Education
C) Adarand Constructors v. Pena
D) none of the above

Question 26

The comparable worth movement is seeking

A) equal pay for secretaries regardless of gender
B) to have elementary teachers paid the same as gardeners
C) equal pay for different jobs requiring equal levels of skill, training or responsibility
D) for women in traditional male job to be paid the same

Question 27

Jobs traditionally held by women who are paid less than men with similar skill levels and training are called _____________.

A) white collar jobs
B) pink jumpsuit jobs
C) gender-based jobs
D) pink collar jobs

Question 28

The Civil Rights Act of 1964 placed pressure on local school districts to force them to comply with the intent of the Brown 1 by

A) taking the district to court
B) threatening to withhold federal funding
C) ordering troops in to enforce the law
D) having the federal government take over the operations of the district

Question 29

In the last 20 years, racial integration has risen sharply in public schools.

Question 30

Segregation in public elementary and high schools in the past ten years has:

A) increased
B) decreased
C) remained the same

Question 31

The courts may order busing only when racial imbalance has been caused by

A) state action, direct or indirect
B) widespread discrimination
C) white flight
D) lack of quota system

Question 32

Which of the following was a legal disability faced by women?

A) right to drive
B) right to vote
C) to be able to work in bars
D) all of the above
E) (b) and c) only

Question 33

Adarand Constructors v. Pena (1995)

A) upheld Affirmative Action in the construction business.
B) placed the burden of proof on employers to prove that their employment qualifications do not discriminate against minorities.
C) required specific evidence of discrimination to justify set asides of contracts for minority businesses.
D) all of the above

Question 34

The Bollinger cases established that Affirmative Action

A) violates the 14th amendment's equal protection clause
B) is constitutional when part of a holistic review of applicant credentials
C) is unconstitutional when universities aim to create diversity
D) allows quotas

Question 35

Preferential treatment is an approach to address proportionate equality Preferential treatment plans did NOT include

A) hiring or admitting unqualified applicants.
B) membership in one of the designated group.
C) rigid quotas that require a set proportion.
D) demonstrating by positive action their attempt to hire or admit minorities and women.

Question 36

DE JURE segregation

A) is the same as DE FACTO segregation
B) refers to neighborhood residential patterns of segregation
C) refers to government supported segregation
D) all of the above

Question 37

Justice Powell found that a fixed quota of student slots assigned on the basis of race in the Bakke case was compatible with the equal protection clause.

Question 38

OKLAHOMA CITY BOARD OF EDUCATION v. DOWELL (1991) forced local school districts to continue implementing federal busing orders.

Question 39

The Civil Rights Act of 1991 forbids employers to use quotas in affirmative action programs.

Question 40

HOPWOOD V. TEXAS (1996)

A) upheld affirmative action in higher education in Texas.
B) invalidated many affirmative action practices in higher education in Texas.
C) placed the Supreme Court squarely against affirmative action.
D) none of the above

Question 41

The California Civil Rights Initiative passed in 1996 and upheld by the Supreme Court in 1997

A) supports the use of affirmative action in California colleges.
B) extended civil rights protections to homosexuals.
C) outlawed the use of race, ethnicity, and gender preferences in college admissions.
D) extended civil rights protections to the disabled.

Question 42

Which of the following states do NOT allow some form of spousal benefits for gay partners?

A) Washington
B) California
C) Arizona
D) New Mexico
E) New York

Question 43

According Richard Herrnstein and Charles Murray, the authors of the controversial book The Bell Curve, highest average IQ scores are found among

A) Whites
B) African-Americans
C) Asian-Americans
D) none of the above

Question 44

Ward Connerly's constitutional referendum, Proposition 209 in California, effectively ended Affirmative Action for hiring and firing of employees in state agencies

Question 45

Compliance with Title IX of the Educational Amendment of 1972 forbade any educational institution from receiving federal funding to engage in gender discrimination. This resulted in

A) women receiving football scholarships
B) the cancellation of a number of men's minor sports programs
C) the rise in popularity of coed bowling
D) formation of women's wrestling teams

Question 46

President Lawrence Summers of Harvard was forced to resign due to his politically incorrect statements position on the

A) the scholarship of African American professor, Cornell West
B) the gender bias of Harvard against women
C) underrepresentation of women in the field of engineering and science
D) (A) and (C) only

Question 47

Which of the following is NOT an argument used by opponents of Affirmative Action policies?

A) It leads to hiring unqualified persons
B) It promotes diversity
C) It leads to quotas
D) It leads to doubts about the ability of minorities and women

Question 48

The concept of an "inherently suspect category" means that a legal classification must pass strict judicial and must be justified by a compelling government interest

Question 49

In the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990, Congress extended to the handicapped essentially the same protections against job discrimination that it gave to women and racial minorities in the

A) 1964 Civil Rights Act.
B) 1965 Civil Rights Act.
C) 1968 Civil Rights Act.
D) 1973 Civil Rights Act.

Question 50

Which of the following is NOT an argument offered by supporters of Affirmative Action policies?

A) It is the only effective remedy for past discrimination
B) It is the best way to move rapidly toward proportional equality
C) It is reverse discrimination
D) It helps to provide effective role models and diversity in higher education

Question 51

The EEOC ruled that ADA covers not just physical disability, but also includes __________.

A) mental disabilities
B) substance abuse
C) transsexuality
D) schizophrenia

Question 52

The University of Texas Law School became a virtually all-white institution after the Hopwood decision outlawed the use of separate criterion for admission by race.

Question 53

An Oklahoma law was typical of the effort to bar or remove homosexuals from teaching positions. It did NOT criminalize

A) promoting public or private homosexual acts
B) advocating homosexual activities
C) attributes of being a homosexual
D) soliciting homosexual act

Question 54

Female worker income has steadily increased as a percentage of male worker income.

Question 55

New York, Rhode Island and Maryland all recognize gay marriages performed in other states, but will not issue licenses for gays to marry in their state.

Question 56

Don't Ask, Don't Tell was the plan put into place by President Bush to allow gay recruits to serve in the military as long as they did not make their orientation public

Question 57

In recent years handicapped groups have become a visible minority with an agenda of demands.

Question 58

The American with Disabilities Act of 1990 defines a qualified disabled person as one whom with or without reasonable accommodations can perform the essential functions of a particular job.

Question 59

Opponents of busing argue

A) that the neighborhood school concept is violated by busing
B) that it causes "white flight"
C) that it has racist assumptions
D) all of the above

Question 60

Lawrence v. Texas

A) overruled Bowers v. Hardwick
B) allowed schools to return to "unitary status"
C) upheld the legality of Texas sodomy laws
D) allowed homosexuals to marry

Question 61

Afrocentrism is a movement that goes beyond stressing the roles of black in American History and culture. Proponents claim that _______________.

A) the knowledge of Africa was stolen by Alexander the Great
B) great cultural, philosophical and scientific originated in Africa
C) the knowledge was kept in a library in Egypt
D) none of the above
E) all of the above

Question 62

Affirmative action is a series of policies or active government efforts to bring valued members of disadvantaged groups in proportion with their percentage in the general population to the workplace or educational institution.

Question 63

In order for an employer to be guilty of sexual harassment, the employer must have made explicit sexual advances toward the complaining employee.

Question 64

The Americans with Disabilities Act requires

A) Preferential hiring of persons with disabilities
B) accessibility of public accommodations
C) facilitation of communications for persons with disabilities
D) all of the above
E) (B) & (C) only

Question 65

Which of the following differences between men and women have the courts allowed?

A) greater property tax exemptions for widows than widowers
B) women need not be required to register with Selective Service
C) women may be excluded from combat roles
D) none of the above
E) all of the above

Question 66

The median income of women in the work-force, when compared with the male median, during the last 10 years

A) has remained the same.
B) has increased.
C) has declined.

Question 67

It is illegal to discriminate against the handicapped because of the:

A) Civil Rights Act of 1964
B) Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990
C) Civil Rights Act of 1965
D) Civil Rights Act of 1968

Question 68

Critics of affirmative action policy cite the following argument

A) that there's not a perfect correlation between race and other attributes, such as socioeconomic status and the ability to compete
B) only requires applicants be members of the designated group
C) forces organizations and institutions to accept unqualified applicants
D) that the persisting marginal socioeconomic state of the underclass is more a function of their own behavior rather than past social oppression

Question 69

States that have banned race-based school assignment in university admissions does NOT include

A) California
B) Illinois
C) Florida
D) Nebraska

Question 70

The mere creation of a hostile work environment can constitute sexual harassment.