Deck 9: Observational Learning

Question 1

The Miller-Dollard theory of vicarious learning emphasizes the .

A)consequences of the model's behavior
B)consequences of the observer's behavior
C)cognitive activity of the model
D)cognitive activity of the observer

Answer 1

B

Question 2

The first studies of observational learning .

A)proved beyond doubt that animals learn by observing models
B)proved that only higher animals learn by observing models
C)suggested that some animals can learn by observing models under special circumstances
D)failed to find evidence of observational learning in animals

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Those who are most likely to learn from observing a model are probably .

A)young children
B)older children
C)adults
D)very old adults

Answer 3

C

Question 4

You hear on the radio that Smash, the most popular rock video performer in Germany, has killed himself.He left a note ("Goodbye, cruel world").You predict that .

A)Germans will riot in the streets
B)Germans will pass laws against rock video
C)the sale of rock video cassettes will decline markedly in Germany
D)there will be a rash of suicides or suicidal gestures among German rock video fans

Question 5

If an observer looks on as a model's behavior is reinforced, we speak of .

A)vicarious reinforcement
B)model reinforcement
C)observer reinforcement
D)imitation

Question 6

Presley and Riopelle studied observational avoidance learning in monkeys.They found that .

A)the slowest learning observer did as well as the fastest learning model
B)there was not much difference in the performance of observers and models
C)the observers were no match for the models
D)observers did not attend to the model

Question 7

The Sherry and Galef experiment with milk bottles suggests that .

A)chickadees learn very well through observation
B)chickadees can't learn through observation
C)many of the birds that seem to have learned through observation haven't
D)most birds don't like milk

Question 8

Whether children imitate an aggressive model depends largely on .

A)the nature of the aggressive behavior
B)whether the model's behavior is reinforced or punished
C)whether the child is encouraged to imitate the model
D)the relationship between the child and the model

Question 9

Of the following terms, the one most associated with Bandura's theory is .

A)covert modeling
B)symbolic observation
C)retentional processes
D)simulation training

Question 10

You demonstrate how to make a paper airplane to two boys, Fred and Ted.Fred and Ted are the same age, have the same IQs, live in the same middle class neighborhood and in fact are exactly alike in all respects save one:You have shown Ted how to make several other kinds of toys in the past.You predict that .

A)Ted's paper plane will be better than Fred's
B)Fred's paper plane will be better than Ted's
C)Fred will show more interest in your demonstration than Ted will
D)there will be no difference in their paper planes

Question 11

Observational learning may be defined as .

A)imitation of a model's behavior
B)a change in an observer's behavior
C)a change in behavior due to observing a model
D)a variation of operant learning

Question 12

Learning is a change in behavior due to experience.In observational learning, the experience consists of .

A)observing a model
B)imitating a model
C)vicariously participating in events in one's environment
D)sharing the experiences of another person or animal

Question 13

Fiorito and Scotto studied observational learning in the .

A)squid
B)whale
C)octopus
D)jellyfish

Question 14

Fisher and Harris found that observers learned more when a model .

A)frowned and shook her head
B)showed no emotional reaction
C)vacillated between happy and sad
D)avoided looking at the observer

Question 15

In the Rocky and Johnny study, after viewing the videotape children were more .

A)likely to lie
B)aggressive
C)sympathetic
D)likely to solve problems

Question 16

The tendency to imitate modeled behavior even when doing so is not reinforced is called .

A)superstitious imitation
B)neurotic imitation
C)generalized imitation
D)habitual imitation

Question 17

Jill is an impressionable 17-year-old college freshman with average academic skills.She lives in the college dorms with two roommates.One of them, Martha, is bright, attractive, popular, rich, and a local celebrity because of her singing; she seldom studies.Jill's other roommate, Ann, is also bright, but has only a few friends, wears inexpensive clothes, and plays the tuba poorly; she studies all the time.On the basis of what you know about observational learning, you predict that Jill will .

A)major in music
B)major in psychology
C)flunk out
D)transfer to a different college

Question 18

In Bandura's theory of observational learning, steps taken during observation to improve later recall of a model's behavior are called .

A)mnemonic processes
B)cognitive processes
C)retentional processes
D)memorial processes

Question 19

Judith Fisher and Mary Harris found that if a model wore an eye patch, observers learned .

A)less from the model's behavior
B)more from the model's behavior
C)about the same amount from the model's behavior
D)only about the eye patch

Question 20

According to the views of Miller and Dollard, observational learning

A)should vary across age groups .
B)takes place before the observer makes any imitative act
C)is really a form of operant learning
D)requires attentional and retentional processes

Question 21

Observational learning and imitation are essentially synonymous terms.

Question 22

A panel of experts reviewed studies on the influence of violence depicted on television and in films on the aggressive behavior of children.They found that the evidence for a causal connection between viewing such violence and aggressive behavior was .

A)weak
B)suggestive
C)strong but inconclusive
D)overwhelming

Question 23

Ellen Levy and her colleagues found that children would imitate a model's reinforced preferences for .

A)pets
B)pictures
C)dolls
D)cartoon characters

Question 24

Kanfer and Marston found that college students imitated the reinforced word choices of models, even though the observers did not see the models.

Question 25

In the Higgins et al.study, both the model's and the observer's tendency to press the doll's nose was superstitious.

Question 26

Kanfer and Marston found that college students imitated the reinforced word choices of models.In their study, the observers .

A)watched a video of models talking
B)chatted with models in a bar
C)received text messages written by models
D)listened to models on a tape

Question 27

Herbert and Harsh demonstrated observational learning in cats.

Question 28

The influence of literary models on behavior was seen in the 18th century with the publication of .

A)The Sorrows of Young Werther
B)Swan Song
C)Death of the Knight
D)This Is Not the Answer

Question 29

Gaudet and Fenton demonstrated observational learning in .

Question 30

Herbert and Harsh compared the behavior of cats that had observed a model perform an act 30 times with cats that had observed only 15 performances.They found that .

A)the extra 15 observances made no difference
B)the first 15 observations had a greater impact than the next 15
C)cats that observed 30 performances did substantially better than those that observed 15
D)cats that observed 15 performances actually did better than those that observed 30

Question 31

Higgins et al.found that children would imitate superstitious behavior.The model pressed a doll's nose and sometimes coincidentally received .

A)gum
B)candy
C)praise
D)marbles

Question 32

Carl Warden was one of the first researchers to demonstrate observational operant learning in animals.

Question 33

The Herbert and Harsh study found that cats that had observed a model perform 30 times did better than those that had observed a model perform 15 times.

Question 34

Observational learning leads inevitably to imitation.

Question 35

If an observer watches a well-trained model perform a response, the procedure is not really observational learning.

Question 36

Bats do not appear to be capable of learning through observation.

Question 37

Ellen Levy and her colleagues found that children's liking for pictures were influenced by the consequences of the model's preferences.

Question 38

Efforts to demonstrate observational learning in animals below the level of mammals have failed.

Question 39

Although laboratory experiments demonstrate that animals can learn through observation, there is no evidence that this is of any help to them in finding food.

Question 40

Imitation is proof that observational learning has occurred.

Question 41

Why has observational learning received less attention than other forms of learning?

Question 42

You hold the patent on a special beard-trimming razor, so it is to your advantage if beards are popular.
How would you use modeling to increase the popularity of beards?

Question 43

In , an observer looks on as a model's behavior is punished.

Question 44

Design an experiment to determine the role of delayed reinforcement of a model's behavior in observational learning.

Question 45

How might a person acquire superstitious behavior through observing a model? Give an example.