Deck 13: Gender and Psychological Health

Question 1

Which of the following is an example of an internalizing disorder?

A) antisocial personality
B) anxiety disorders
C) substance abuse
D) impulsivity disorders

Answer 1

anxiety disorders

Question 2

Which of the following disorders are men the least likely to experience relative to women on average?

A) ADHD
B) bipolar disorder
C) substance use disorder
D) antisocial personality disorder

Answer 2

bipolar disorder

Question 3

Which group of disorders is characterized by blaming and punishing the self?

A) internalizing
B) externalizing
C) personality
D) learning

Answer 3

internalizing

Question 4

______ focuses on the role of rumination in explaining sex differences in internalizing disorders.

A) The expansion hypothesis
B) Response style theory
C) The transdiagnostic approach
D) The gender intensification hypothesis

Question 5

______ propose(s) that as adolescent girls adopt feminine tendencies they develop a helpless coping style that increases depressive tendencies.

A) Social psychological theories
B) Response style theory
C) The transdiagnostic approach
D) The gender intensification hypothesis

Question 6

Which of the following theories is dependent upon the assumption that occupying multiple social roles buffers against distress?

A) the expansion hypothesis
B) response style theory
C) the transdiagnostic approach
D) the gender intensification hypothesis

Question 7

If you were looking for an official resource that categorizes disorders based on the primary symptoms you might look to ______.

A) the APA manual
B) the IRB guidelines
C) the DSM-5
D) the Belmont report

Question 8

Which of the following is a core assumption of the transdiagnostic approach?

A) Most psychological disorders are different manifestations of a few underlying dimensions.
B) Psychological disorders are orthogonal to one another.
C) Chronic anxiety is at the core of every psychological disorder.
D) Subconscious thoughts must be accessed to treat disorders effectively.

Question 9

Mark is especially high on sensation and novelty seeking traits. Which of the following psychological disorders might Mark be more susceptible to developing?

A) posttraumatic stress disorder
B) generalized depressive disorder
C) generalized anxiety disorder
D) antisocial personality disorder

Question 10

Larissa and Andre both interview for a marketing position and do not get the job. Afterwards, Larissa spends more time dwelling on her mistakes during the interview than Andre and becomes more distressed. This pattern would be consistent with which of the following theories?

A) the expansion hypothesis
B) response style theory
C) the transdiagnostic approach
D) the gender intensification hypothesis

Question 11

Researchers have found evidence that each of the following contribute to sex differences in externalizing disorders EXCEPT ______.

A) emotional display rules
B) coping strategies
C) number of meaningful social roles
D) parental discipline

Question 12

The ______ approach organizes psychological disorders into internalizing and externalizing categories.

A) cognitive-behavioral
B) socio-behavioral
C) American Psychological Association
D) transdiagnostic

Question 13

From an early age boys are socialized to view expressions of ______ as more acceptable for them to display, potentially contributing to sex differences in externalizing disorders.

A) anxiety
B) jealousy
C) anger
D) interest

Question 14

Which of the following is TRUE of the relationship between estrogen and stress?

A) It buffers against the negative effects of stress.
B) It enhances the sensitivity of the stress response.
C) It is unrelated to stress responses.
D) It causes stress to be more fleeting and intense rather than constant and dull.

Question 15

Boys are more likely to experience ______ from their parents, which in turn predicts aggressive behavior and delinquency in youth.

A) punishment involving yelling and physical aggression
B) sexual abuse
C) grounding
D) excessive praise and expectations of success

Question 16

Greater prevalence of ______ traits among adolescent boys may help explain their increased tendencies toward antisocial disorders.

A) agentic
B) callous-unemotional
C) neurotic
D) system justifying

Question 17

Sex differences in the personality trait ______ may partly explain the increased frequency of internalizing disorders among women.

A) openness
B) extraversion
C) conscientiousness
D) neuroticism

Question 18

Women and girls are disproportionately affected by ______, which has profound consequences for mental health.

A) violent crimes
B) stressful jobs
C) sexual abuse
D) social exclusion

Question 19

Which of the following most closely reflects the definition of psychological disorders that clinical psychologists generally agree upon?

A) a persistent mental disruption that causes impairment in functioning
B) any emotional disturbance that causes distress
C) a prolonged mental state characterized by anxiety
D) significant distress experienced in response to a traumatic event

Question 20

Which of the following disorders are men more likely to develop relative to women?

A) impulsivity disorders
B) bipolar disorder
C) generalized anxiety disorder
D) posttraumatic stress disorder

Question 21

Black women tend to score lower on which risk factor for developing eating disorders?

A) thin ideal internalization
B) body shame
C) social anxiety
D) depression

Question 22

Which of the following attenuates the relationship between thin ideal internalization and eating pathology among racial and ethnic minority women?

A) socioeconomic status
B) living in urban versus rural environments
C) a warm personality
D) a strong ethnic identity

Question 23

Prenatal exposure to testosterone affecting which part of the brain would help the most in explaining sex differences in externalizing disorders?

A) the hippocampus, involved in memory
B) the hypothalamus, involved in regulating the autonomic nervous system
C) the prefrontal cortex; involved in impulse control
D) the amygdala; involved in emotional behavior and motivation

Question 24

Which of the following best describes why transgender people are at especially high risk of eating disorders?

A) body dissatisfaction resulting when physical features remind them of their assigned sex
B) hormonal imbalances that produce a litany of internalizing disorders
C) general emotional disorders that produce more negative construals of social feedback
D) increased desires to constantly want to alter their appearance

Question 25

Theories regarding women's mental health and self-objectification often argue that body shame ______ the relationship between sell-objectification and psychological well-being.

A) moderates
B) mediates
C) exacerbates
D) attenuates

Question 26

Relative to other minorities, sexual minorities are especially at risk for negative mental health outcomes resulting from ______

A) rejection by parents and family
B) poor nutrition
C) discrimination
D) low socioeconomic status

Question 27

Ferguson's (2013) objects to some of self-objectification theory by arguing that ______.

A) implicit stereotypes rather than mass media perpetuate objectification
B) only women with specific predispositions suffer negative consequences of media images of thin women
C) men self-objectify more than women do
D) that it is not the overt sexualization of women in media that leads to object vacation, but rather the power dynamics on display

Question 28

______ argues that being raised in a sociocultural context that routinely sexualizes the female body leads to the dehumanization of women.

A) Infrahumanization
B) Objectification theory
C) The stereotype content model
D) Response style theory

Question 29

Each of the following groups of people are especially vulnerable to developing eating disorder EXCEPT ______.

A) women in Eastern cultures
B) transgender people
C) adolescent and young women
D) athletes in aesthetic such as gymnastics

Question 30

On average, women tend to show advanced functioning of the neurotransmitter ______ which may protect them against disorders characterized by poor impulse control.

A) serotonin
B) dopamine
C) oxytocin
D) norepinephrine

Question 31

Eisenberg and Resnick (2006) found what to be the single best protector against suicidal behavior among both sexual minority and heterosexual adolescents?

A) positive connections with parents and family
B) physical activity
C) number of friends
D) neurotic personality traits

Question 32

Whether or not the outcomes predicted by objectification theory generalize to non-Western cultures depends upon which of the following?

A) whether non-Western media sexualize women to the same degree as Western media
B) how gender egalitarian the culture is
C) whether or not women have access to education
D) people's tendencies to hold system justifying beliefs

Question 33

A replication of the self-objectification study asking participants to look at themselves in swimsuits found that relative to heterosexual men, gay men ______.

A) felt less body shame
B) self-objectified in front of an audience but not in front of a mirror
C) were more likely to self-objectify
D) Felt no more or less body shame

Question 34

Which of the following mental illnesses is associated with the highest mortality rate?

A) major depressive disorder
B) generalized anxiety disorder
C) posttraumatic stress disorder
D) anorexia nervosa

Question 35

Which of the following behaviors is most likely to increase self-objectification for the individual in question?

A) Gen watches a lot of foreign films from China.
B) Daisy watches a lot of Western television.
C) Alec goes to movie theaters in the U.S. every weekend.
D) George spends a lot of his spare time on YouTube.

Question 36

Which of the following disorders affects men at a higher rate than women?

A) muscle dysmorphia
B) bulimia nervosa
C) binge eating disorder
D) anorexia nervosa

Question 37

Pervasive body image problems may actually be rooted in objectification by the male gaze specifically, which refers to ______.

A) the tendency to glorify masculine appearance
B) a sexual mode of viewing others that reflects men's power
C) focusing on men featured in pictures more than women
D) a bias among males to avoid eye contact during social interactions

Question 38

According to objectification theory, the objectification of women is primarily perpetuated by ______.

A) the mass media
B) word-of-mouth
C) authority figures
D) explicit prejudice

Question 39

An initial test of objectification theory found that doing what prompted feelings of body shame among women but not men?

A) reading literature
B) thinking about their ideal selves
C) wearing a swimsuit in front of a mirror
D) constructing a hypothetical diet plan

Question 40

Women tend to feel shame for not being ______ enough and men tend to feel shame for not being ______ enough.

A) introverted; extraverted
B) thin; muscular
C) conscientious; openminded
D) popular; intelligent

Question 41

Across cultures women tend to score higher on neuroticism than men.

Question 42

Based on research investigating mental health help seeking behavior among men, a man from which of the following backgrounds would you expect to be most likely to seek help for a mental illness?

A) competitive sports
B) urban community
C) the military
D) rural community

Question 43

Gina constantly worries about other people to the extent that she neglects her own needs and rarely makes decisions with her own best interest in mind. As a result, Gina finds herself chronically in a state of high anxiety. Gina's anxiety ultimately stems from ______.

A) unmitigated agency
B) unmitigated communion
C) internalized stigma
D) neuroticism

Question 44

Sexual minority adults who live in states that ______ experience disproportionately high rates of mood and anxiety disorders.

A) are located in the south
B) are more rural than urban
C) Do not provide legal protections based on sexual orientation
D) provide poor access to affordable healthcare professionals

Question 45

Which of the following may reduce mental health help seeking behavior specifically among Black women?

A) strong Black Woman Schemas
B) cultures of masculinity
C) socioeconomic status
D) internalized, double stigma

Question 46

Depressive and anxiety disorders are examples of internalizing disorders.

Question 47

Meta-analyses reveal a large effect size for boys' lower levels of effortful control.

Question 48

Evidence from neuroscience suggests that prenatal testosterone exposure may explain sex differences in externalizing disorders via its impact upon the formation of the hippocampus.

Question 49

Which of the following is FALSE regarding the utilization of psychological help services in the US?

A) Men are less likely to seek help for mental health problems than women.
B) Sex differences in seeking help for mental health problems are smaller when seeking help from mental health professionals than from informal sources (e.g., self-help groups).
C) Men who more strongly endorse male role norms hold more negative attitudes towards seeking mental health help.
D) Men, but not women, underutilize psychological help services.

Question 50

Sex differences in depression tend to be smaller in some cultures that place great value and importance in homemaker roles.

Question 51

Sometimes sexual minorities may experience self-directed, prejudiced attitudes increasing risks for a variety of mental illnesses. One example of such negative, self-directed attitudes is ______.

A) minority stress
B) cognitive dissonance
C) internalized transphobia
D) sexual anxiety

Question 52

In general, women have higher rates for internalizing disorders and men have higher rates for externalizing disorders.

Question 53

The idea of double stigma--in which occupying more than one stigmatized group has compounding, negative impacts upon mental health--is directly supportive of which theory?

A) the expansion hypothesis
B) response style theory
C) minority stress theory
D) the gender intensification hypothesis

Question 54

Women tend to be at a disadvantage for each of the following EXCEPT ______.

A) depression
B) happiness
C) anxiety
D) experience of negative emotions

Question 55

Anorexia nervosa carries the highest mortality rate of all mental illnesses.

Question 56

Balanced authenticity argues that ______ has a litany of positive mental health benefits.

A) flexibly exhibiting both feminine and masculine tendencies
B) diet and exercise
C) engaging in both private reflection and social interactions daily
D) mindfulness meditation

Question 57

Sex differences in mental illness emerge as a result of gender intensification during adolescence in the United States.

Question 58

What best describes the influence sex and gender have upon overall happiness and life satisfaction?

A) Men tend to report higher happiness and women report higher life satisfaction.
B) Across culture women report slightly higher subjective well-being than men.
C) Across culture men report slightly higher subjective well-being than women.
D) Gender has no substantial impact upon happiness or life satisfaction.

Question 59

Feeling sad and lonely for several weeks after a breakup qualifies as a psychological disorder.

Question 60

The United States has among the highest lifetime rates of psychological disorders in the world.

Question 61

Briefly describe the transdiagnostic approach to categorizing psychological disorders.

Question 62

Women who use more social media in the US report higher levels of self-objectification.

Question 63

Explain how gender role factors may contribute to increased susceptibility to internalizing disorders among women. Include in your answer a discussion of response style theory and the expansion hypothesis (along with evidence relevant to each).

Question 64

There is little evidence of a consistent sex differences in subjective well-being.

Question 65

What does Yi Wang (2016) mean by "balanced authenticity," and what does it suggest about the relationship between feminine and masculine tendencies and mental health?

Question 66

Describe sex differences in rates of seeking mental health help. Identify one explanation from gender psychology that may account disparities in mental health help seeking between men and women. Finally, describe how these differences vary across different racial and ethnic groups.

Question 67

Explain the contributions of Western media to self objectification and describe evidence that supports its impact upon women's self objectification. To what extent do these media effects generalize to Eastern cultures? Why or why not?

Question 68

Greater exposure to idealized images of men's bodies also encourages men to self-objectify.

Question 69

What is muscle dysmorphia and what type of body image concerns drive body shame among men and women respectively?

Question 70

Studies reveal that nearly 90% of women who meet diagnostic criteria for mood or anxiety disorders seek help for it.

Question 71

Research on telomeres, or DNA sequences at the ends of chromosomes, reveal that males' telomeres shorten more quickly than females'.

Question 72

Describe race differences within women regarding mental health help seeking behaviors. Explain the contribution of the Strong Black Woman Schema in your answer.

Question 73

Define self-objectification and explain the relevance of the results from Fredrickson and colleagues' (1998) "swimsuit study."

Question 74

Sex differences in what brain structure may play a role in developing certain externalizing disorders? Identify the region and explain why it may have such an impact.

Question 75

Explain how rumination may help explain sex differences in internalizing disorders.