Deck 14: Electrical Stimulation for Tissue Repair

Question 1

Electrode placement methods vary with electrical stimulation for tissue repair. Which of the following techniques would be considered a direct technique?

A)Placement of both of the stimulating electrodes on intact skin surrounding the wound
B)Placement of the stimulating electrode directly over the wound and the other electrode on skin peripheral to the wound
C)Placement of both stimulating electrodes directly into the wound
D)Placement of one of the electrodes at the site of injury on the opposite side of the body and one directly in the wound

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Which of the following statements is most accurate regarding the polarity of wounds?

A)The use of currents that are capable of producing polar effects may be a factor in facilitating a healing response.
B)The polarity of healing wounds is usually positive.
C)As healing progresses, the polarity of a wound usually changes.
D)All of the above

Answer 2

D

Question 3

The positive pole in an electric field attracts all except which of the following types of cells?

A)Macrophages
B)Neutrophils at higher pH values
C)Negatively charged free ions
D)Cytokines

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Under what conditions would a wound cease to demonstrate a post-wounding current of injury?

A)If there is extensive tissue damage and bleeding
B)If the wound is kept covered
C)If the wound is kept moist
D)If the wound is permitted to dry out

Question 5

Wounds may result from venous insufficiency. Which of the following would NOT be an example of venous insufficiency or of an outflow problem?

A)Venous thrombosis
B)Valvular incompetence
C)Varicose veins
D)None of the above

Question 6

Recent publications of meta-analysis of electrical stimulation (ES) and tissue healing have revealed which of the following sets of results for chronic wounds in human subjects?

A)The same rate of healing for the control group compared to the ES group
B)A slower rate of healing for the control group compared to the ES group
C)A more rapid rate of healing for control group compared to the ES group
D)A more rapid rate of tissue necrosis for the control group than for the ES group

Question 7

Which of the following waveforms has been reported to be favored in the treatment of tissue healing, and why?

A)Symmetrical biphasic, where there is no net charge
B)Asymmetrical biphasic, where there is no net charge
C)Asymmetrical biphasic, where there is a net charge
D)Only uninterrupted waveforms have yielded results, because they cause polar effects

Question 8

What was the significance of the decision of the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) regarding electrical stimulation in 2002?

A)Electrical stimulation was considered ineffective and non-reimbursable for the treatment of chronic wounds.
B)Electrical stimulation cannot be billed as a treatment modality for the treatment of chronic wounds.
C)Electrical stimulation is now considered a covered charge for the treatment of chronic wounds.
D)Electrical stimulation for tissue repair now can be claimed to be a contributing factor in the treatment of chronic wounds.

Question 9

Pressure wounds result from application of external force sufficient to exceed capillary refill pressure interrupting blood flow. Which of the following patients would potentially be least at risk for this type of wound?

A)Individuals with spinal cord injuries
B)Individuals who have experienced immobilization due to cognitive impairments
C)Patients immobilized following traumatic fractures or surgical procedures involving the hip
D)Patients who have experienced prolonged bed rest with neurological injuries but are cognitively alert and oriented

Question 10

Which of the following most accurately represents the sequence for tissue repair?

A)Inflammation, remodeling, proliferation
B)Inflammation, proliferation, remodeling
C)Proliferation, inflammation, remodeling
D)Remodeling, proliferation, inflammation

Question 11

Which of the following is the most accurate definition of the term "current of injury"?

A)When the skin is damaged, the polarity of the skin changes.
B)When the skin is damaged, the polarity of the skin changes from positive to negative.
C)When the skin is damaged, the polarity of the skin changes from negative to positive.
D)"Current of injury" is the electrical stimulation that caused injury to the underlying tissue.

Question 12

Electrode placement methods vary with electrical stimulation for tissue repair. Which of the following techniques would be considered a periwound technique?

A)Placement of both of the stimulating electrodes on intact skin surrounding the wound
B)Placement of the stimulating electrode directly over the wound and the other electrode on skin peripheral to the wound
C)Placement of both stimulating electrodes directly into the wound
D)Placement of one of the electrodes at the site of injury on the opposite side of the body and one directly in the wound

Question 13

The literature regarding the effects of electrical stimulation for increasing blood flow to an area has been plagued by many irregularities and discrepancies. Which of the following statements is true?

A)The use of electrical stimulation has been associated with increases in transcutaneous oxygen levels in individuals with spinal cord injuries.
B)Diminished oxygen levels show a trend of being associated with the presence of pressure ulcers in individuals with spinal cord injuries.
C)Sufficient oxygen is required for all phases of wound healing.
D)All of the above are true

Question 14

Which of the following statements is least accurate regarding the use of electrical stimulation for tissue repair?

A)Electrical stimulation may initiate the attraction of negatively charged neutrophils to promote autolysis in a wound.
B)Electrical stimulation may be used to facilitate autolytic debridement.
C)Electrical stimulation has no effect on necrotic tissue.
D)Electrical stimulation may be used to solubilize necrotic wound tissue.

Question 15

What is meant by the term "galvanotaxis"?

A)The process in which cells possessing a positive or negative charge are found in an electric field
B)The process in which cells possessing a positive or negative charge are repelled in an electric field of opposite polarity
C)The process in which cells possessing a positive or negative charge are attracted to an electric field of opposite polarity
D)The process in which cells possessing a positive or negative charge are carried in an electric field