Deck 5: Therapeutic Ultrasound and Phonophoresis

Question 1

Which of the following increases in number and/or activity during ultrasound?

A)Fibroblasts
B)Phagocytes
C)Lysosomes
D)All of the above

Answer 1

D

Question 2

When applying ultrasound, one must select the frequency based upon the desired depth of penetration. Which of the following statements is most accurate regarding the relationship between pitch and frequency?

A)There is no relationship between pitch and frequency.
B)There is a direct relationship between pitch and frequency.
C)There is an indirect relationship between pitch and frequency.
D)There is an inverse relationship between pitch and frequency.

Answer 2

B

Question 3

The cardinal signs of inflammation include pain, erythema, heat, edema, and loss of function. Of what significance is knowledge of the presence of the cardinal signs of inflammation in the consideration of the application of therapeutic ultrasound?

A)The presence of the cardinal signs of inflammation is normal and has no significance in the consideration of the application of ultrasound.
B)If all five of the cardinal signs of inflammation are present, it is not prudent to use continuous ultrasound to elicit a thermal response.
C)If all five of the cardinal signs of inflammation are present, it is prudent to use continuous ultrasound to elicit a thermal response.
D)The presence of all five of the cardinal signs of inflammation is an indication for the thermal application of ultrasound.

Answer 3

B

Question 4

What is the relationship between penetration and absorption of ultrasound?

A)If ultrasound is not absorbed, it does not penetrate into the tissues.
B)If ultrasound is absorbed, it penetrates deeply into the tissues.
C)If ultrasound is absorbed, it cannot penetrate deeply into the tissues.
D)There is no relationship between absorption and penetration of ultrasound.

Question 5

What is the most important reason that there needs to be a coupling agent between the ultrasound transducer and the patient when administering ultrasound?

A)To make the administration of the ultrasound more comfortable for the patient
B)To reduce the reflection of the acoustical energy from the metal transducer into the air
C)To help the sound waves travel, because sound waves from the transducer cannot travel through the air
D)To increase the cost of the treatment for the patient

Question 6

Ultrasound uses sound, which is produced by vibration of a medium. Which of the following would NOT be appropriate for the transmission of sound?

A)A liquid
B)A solid
C)A gas
D)A vacuum

Question 7

Based upon the characteristics of sound, which pitch would you be more likely to hear if your neighbor were having a party where there was loud music playing, and why?

A)A higher pitch because it travels farther than lower pitch sounds.
B)A higher pitch because it travels with all of its energy, unlike lower pitch sounds.
C)A lower pitch sound because it travels with all of its energy, unlike higher pitch sounds.
D)A lower pitch sound because it travels farther than higher pitch sounds.

Question 8

The duty factor of the ultrasound unit represents which of the following characteristics of the ultrasound that is being delivered to the patient?

A)The percentage of on time of the acoustical energy
B)The percentage of off time of the acoustical energy
C)The frequency of the acoustical energy
D)The treatment time for the acoustical energy

Question 9

The result of the path of an incident and reflected wave colliding would cause what to occur in human tissues if the waves were exactly in phase?

A)Unstable cavitation and tissue implosion
B)Stable cavitation and vibration
C)Nothing; they would cancel each other out in the tissue
D)Low peaks and low power in the returning wave

Question 10

Of what potential significance is the beam non-uniformity ratio (BNR) of an ultrasound transducer?

A)It is the ratio of the power of the ultrasound to the duty factor of the ultrasound.
B)It is the ratio of the peak power to the average power in the cross section of the transducer.
C)It is the ratio to the surface area of the transducer in square centimeters to measurable acoustical energy leaving the crystal in Watts.
D)It is a ratio of the surface area of the transducer and how pulsed the energy is over the average area.

Question 11

What is the most appropriate remedy if a patient reports pain during the application of ultrasound?

A)Decrease the treatment time
B)Move the transducer more quickly
C)Decrease the intensity
D)B and C

Question 12

Anatomy of the underlying tissues has what type of effect on the impedance and absorption of ultrasound?

A)The number of liquids in the underlying tissue will dissipate the acoustical energy.
B)The number of tissue layers in the underlying area will not affect the absorption of ultrasound.
C)The density of the structural components has no effect on the impedance or absorption of ultrasound.
D)The density of the tissues and the number of different structural components within it will help dissipate or absorb the acoustical energy of ultrasound.

Question 13

The integument is the largest organ of the body and consists of two layers. The epidermis is the superficial avascular layer; the dermis is a deeper vascularized layer, and the basal lamina separates the two. The most superficial layer is the stratum corneum. What is the major function of the stratum corneum?

A)Protection
B)Barrier to infection
C)Barrier to environmental insult
D)All of the above

Question 14

Which of the following terms is NOT a synonym for the frequency of acoustic vibrations?

A)Rate
B)Cycles per second
C)Megahertz
D)None; all of these terms are synonyms for frequency.

Question 15

Sound energy is transmitted as a wave. The energy produces the collision of vibrating particles, which transmit the wave energy from one particle to another, transferring momentum. Which of the following statements is most accurate?

A)Ultrasound transmits energy to the body.
B)Sound travels through the body.
C)Sound has the ability to transmit wave energy through the body.
D)Sound does not have the ability to travel through the body.

Question 16

Ultrasound enhances the inflammatory response. Is this considered a positive or a negative for ultrasound, and why?

A)Positive, because inflammation lets the patient know that there is an injury in the area.
B)Positive, because inflammation is necessary for tissue repair to take place.
C)Negative, because inflammation is to be controlled, not encouraged.
D)Negative, because inflammation is a contraindication to ultrasound.

Question 17

Unstable cavitation can be prevented by doing what?

A)Using pulsed ultrasound
B)Using continuous ultrasound
C)Using a moving transducer
D)Using a stationary transducer

Question 18

Ultrasound is indicated in soft tissue injuries in part due to the effects that it has as a nonthermal treatment modality. It has been shown to promote which of the following effects?

A)Tissue repair
B)Histamine production
C)Protein synthesis
D)All of the above

Question 19

You have examined a transducer by placing cellophane tape around the outside edges of the transducer and sealing it enough to fill with water, and then putting water on the transducer. You then turned the unit on, increased the intensity of the unit to about 1.5W/cm², and noticed that there was only a small percentage of the surface of the water that was disturbed when you looked at it from the top. What might this indicate?

A)Nothing; this is not how you examine an ultrasound unit.
B)The BNR of the unit was high.
C)The effective radiating area of the unit was poor.
D)The BNR of the unit was low.

Question 20

Continuous ultrasound refers to an uninterrupted flow of sound waves. Pulsed ultrasound is produced by intermittently interrupting the supply of electrical energy to the sound head, which causes interruptions in the sound waves. Which form of ultrasound has the greatest potential to cause thermal effects?

A)Pulsed
B)Continuous
C)Ultrasound is not thermal.
D)Ultrasound is equally thermal in both continuous and pulsed modes.

Question 21

Which of the following layers of the integument exhibits high resistance to the flow of electric current?

A)Epidermis
B)Stratum corneum
C)Dermis
D)All of the above

Question 22

Which of the following statements is most accurate?

A)The epidermis is vascular.
B)Vasculature for the skin are involved in thermoregulation and nutritional blood flow.
C)The dermis is avascular.
D)None of the above statements are accurate.

Question 23

Which of the following is NOT a barrier function of the integument?

A)Synthesis of vitamin D
B)Synthesis of melanin
C)Bio-metabolism role in processing cutaneously absorbed molecules
D)All of the above

Question 24

What is the difference between iontophoresis and phonophoresis?

A)Iontophoresis delivers ions and phonophoresis delivers molecules into the underlying tissues.
B)Iontophoresis uses electrical charge to push medication into the underlying tissue and phonophoresis uses sound to push medication into the tissue.
C)Iontophoresis uses sound to deliver medication and phonophoresis uses electrical current to deliver medication to the underlying tissues.
D)There is no difference between iontophoresis and phonophoresis.

Question 25

What happens to cells migrating upward from the stratum basale layer?

A)They differentiate and their cellular metabolism decreases.
B)They move away from their source of oxygen and nourishment.
C)They extrude lipids, forming the "bricks and mortar" barrier of the stratum corneum.
D)All of the above