Deck 18: Selling Sex: the Sex Industry and Sex Work

Question 1

Based on the amount it both produces and consumes, _____ could be considered "the pornography capital of the world."

A)Mexico
B)France
C)Hong Kong
D)the United States

Answer 1

D

Question 2

In 1980, _____ coined the term sex workers to describe people who work in the sex industry.

A)Carol Leigh
B)Marilyn Monroe
C)Ronald Reagan
D)Linda Lovelace

Answer 2

B

Question 3

According to the text, what distinguishes erotica from pornography is that:

A)erotica does not contain anything that would offend the public.
B)erotica does not visually depict genitalia.
C)pornography has some educational value.
D)erotica has some artistic value.

Answer 3

D

Question 4

In the late 1800s, the _____ Laws made it illegal to send information about contraceptives and abortion through the mail.

A)Meese
B)Grable
C)Comstock
D)Decency

Question 5

Which of the following explanations for why women engage in sex work accurately represents the empowerment paradigm?

A)Sex work gives women control over their work hours and location.
B)Sex work is lucrative and provides women income to support themselves.
C)Sex work has the potential to enhance a person's self-esteem.
D)All of the above.

Question 6

In which case did the U.S.Supreme Court rule that printed material is obscene if it tends to "deprave or corrupt those whose minds are open to such immoral influence, and into whose hands a publication of this sort may fall"?

A)Stanley v.Georgia
B)New York v.Ferber
C)Roth v.United States
D)Rosen v.United States

Question 7

The first hard-core pornography film to be released in the mainstream American media market was _____ in the 1970s.

A)Done Right
B)Money Shot
C)Deep Throat
D)Hot Nymph

Question 8

In Stanley v.Georgia, the U.S.Supreme Court ruled that:

A)the First Amendment does not protect an individual's right to place obscene materials in the mail.
B)sex workers should receive the same legal protections provided to employees in other industries.
C)the law protects an individual's personal possession of obscene materials within the person's home.
D)albums, tapes, and CDs must contain parental advisory warning labels for recorded music that contains sexually explicit lyrics.

Question 9

Playboy introduced its first issue in _____ and made Marilyn Monroe the first Playboy Bunny.

A)1933
B)1953
C)1975
D)1985

Question 10

Though its introduction was met with some social apprehension, the modern pornography industry nets _____ per year.

A)$100 million
B)$500 million
C)$30 billion
D)$60 billion

Question 11

From 1890 to the 1930s, _____ were the most popular form of "lewd" imagery.

A)sexually explicit short films
B)postcards with pictures of nude women
C)playing cards with pictures of nude women
D)playing cards with homosexual activities printed on them

Question 12

Among the outlets for pornographic media, which type of medium generates the most revenue annually?

A)box office movies
B)cable TV
C)DVD rentals
D)DVD sales

Question 13

In Miller v.California, the U.S.Supreme Court ruled that the First Amendment does not protect an individual's right to

A)distribute obscene work through the mail.
B)exchange sexual services for money.
C)take nude photographs of oneself and sell them to others.
D)engage in sadomasochistic activities with another consenting adult.

Question 14

According to the text, one in _____ visitors to pornographic Internet sites is a woman.

A)three
B)seven
C)ten
D)twenty

Question 15

Literature and works of art intended to arouse sexual desire are culturally defined as:

A)erotica.
B)fetishes.
C)pornography.
D)prostitution.

Question 16

In _____, the U.S.Supreme Court ruled that the legal test for obscenity would be "whether to the average person, applying contemporary community standards, the dominant theme of the material, taken as a whole, appeals to the prurient interest."

A)Rosen v.United States
B)Stanley v.Georgia
C)Miller v.California
D)Roth v.United States

Question 17

Although the U.S.Supreme Court's definition of obscenity has continued to change over time, the document that has prevented the Court from ever fully prohibiting the production and distribution of obscene materials is the:

A)1st Amendment.
B)19th Amendment.
C)Ten Commandments.
D)Declaration of Independence.

Question 18

Mainstream erotic art first took the form of illustrations when a late 19th century illustrator introduced:

A)Playboy magazine.
B)the Gibson Girls.
C)Charlie's Angels.
D)Deep Throat.

Question 19

In _____, the U.S.Supreme Court ruled that child pornography is not subject to any state laws regarding the distribution of pornography, since the government's interest in protecting children is paramount.

A)Rosen v.United States
B)New York v.Ferber
C)Stanley v.Georgia
D)Miller v.California

Question 20

In 2000, the United States passed what piece of important legislation intended to help reduce the incidence of human trafficking?

A)Victims of Trafficking and Violence Protection Act
B)Global Solicitation of Children Act
C)Violence Against Women Act
D)Human Abduction and Transport Act

Question 21

Which of the following types of prostitutes have the lowest risk of violent victimization?

A)escort
B)brothel employee
C)bar/casino worker
D)streetwalker

Question 22

Which of the following sexual advertising techniques features content that can be interpreted as sexual, including objects that connote sexualized body parts or sexual actions?

A)sexual referents
B)sexual embeds
C)sexual behavior
D)nudity/dress

Question 23

In the sex industry, the slang term, "john," refers to:

A)prostitutes who work at massage parlors
B)strippers who perform one-on-one lap dances
C)men who solicit the services of prostitutes
D)heterosexual men who perform sexual acts for male clients

Question 24

Which of the following sexual advertising techniques features allusions to objects or activities that can be considered sexual?

A)Sexual embeds
B)Nudity/dress
C)Sexual behavior
D)Sexual referents

Question 25

Which of the following types of prostitutes faces the greatest risk of exploitation by a third party?

A)escort
B)brothel employee
C)bar/casino worker
D)streetwalker

Question 26

Which of the following sexual advertising techniques features flirting, eye contact, and sensual body language as well as kissing, hugging, or other intimate acts?

A)sexual referents
B)sexual behavior
C)sexual embeds
D)nudity/dress

Question 27

Which of these regions of the world is disproportionately affected by human trafficking?

A)South America
B)(former) Soviet Union
C)South Africa
D)Australia

Question 28

What product was W.Duke and Sons attempting to sell to its predominantly male audience?

A)cars
B)alcohol
C)cigarettes
D)shaving cream

Question 29

Among those who argue that prostitution should be legal, which of the following reasons do they cite?

A)Legalizing prostitution would reduce crime rates.
B)Legalizing prostitution would improve public health.
C)Legalizing prostitution would increase tax revenues.
D)All of the above.

Question 30

How did W.Duke and Sons use sexual advertising to help them in selling their product?

A)They mailed erotic postcards to the homes of their customers
B)They hung erotic poster advertisements in local bars.
C)They inserted erotic playing cards in packs of cigarettes.
D)W.Duke and Sons used all of the above advertising techniques.

Question 31

Which of the following types of prostitutes has the highest average price charged for a sexual encounter?

A)escort
B)brothel employee
C)bar/casino worker
D)streetwalker

Question 32

Which of the following sexual advertising techniques features a visually appealing spokesperson?

A)physical attractiveness
B)sexual embeds
C)sexual referents
D)nudity/dress

Question 33

Which company is credited as being one of the first companies to use sexual imagery in their advertising?

A)Proctor & Gamble
B)W.Duke and Sons
C)Marlboro
D)Ford

Question 34

Although male and female streetwalkers have many similar characteristics, one of the key differences between them is that men:

A)tend to leave the sex industry later in life than women.
B)are more likely than women to be coerced into entering the industry.
C)generally experience more client-initiated violence than women.
D)tend to have greater control over their work conditions than women.

Question 35

With the help of search engine technology, pornographic websites are becoming increasingly easier to find.According to the text, pornographic search engine requests make up _____ percent of all requests.

A)5
B)10
C)15
D)25

Question 36

Radical feminists such as Andrea Dworkin and Catherine MacKinnon argue that:

A)The sex industry is a concrete expression of patriarchal gender roles.
B)The sex industry forces those who wish to leave sex work to keep working in the industry.
C)The sex industry contributes to keeping racial and ethnic minorities subservient to the dominant white majority.
D)All of the above.

Question 37

In 1969, President Lyndon Johnson's Commission on Obscenity and Pornography:

A)determined that there is no conclusive evidence linking pornography to violence against women.
B)reaffirmed the Supreme Court's earlier position declaring that all pornography is inherently a form of sex discrimination and should be illegal.
C)supported legislation calling for increased criminal penalties for anyone who produces or distributes pornography to minors.
D)never issued an official report because the commission disbanded in response to Congressional pressure.

Question 38

Which of the following common assumptions about sex workers does not accurately describe sex workers in the United States?

A)Many are addicted to drugs and alcohol.
B)Most are runaways.
C)Many of them became sex workers during early adolescence.
D)All of the above.

Question 39

In the late 1980s, former Vice President Al Gore, and his wife, Tipper Gore, spearheaded a program that tried to:

A)ban "1-900" numbers from being used for sexual purposes.
B)limit the release of music with explicit or obscene lyrics.
C)prohibit placing sexual advertising in places that were accessible to children.
D)Create warning labels for movies that contained any explicit, sexual content.

Question 40

Which of the following services are victims of human trafficking provided under the Trafficking Act of 2000?

A)issued temporary visas
B)allowed to participate in the witness protection program
C)provided permanent residency in the U.S.after three years
D)All of the above.

Question 41

The United States includes all of the following actions except _____ in the official definition of human trafficking.

A)purchasing of human persons
B)harboring of human persons
C)transporting of human persons
D)recruitment of human persons

Question 42

The television viewer rating system used today was established by the

A)U.S.Supreme Court.
B)United States Congress
C)Federal Trade Commission
D)National Coalition for Child Protection Reform

Question 43

California is currently the only state in the country where prostitution is legal in at least some counties.

Question 44

There are currently no laws regulating the creation, sharing, and forwarding of sexually suggestive or nude images via text message.

Question 45

The term, gigolo, refers to a:

A)pimp.
B)male stripper.
C)man who solicits the services of a prostitute.
D)male prostitute who serves either male or female clients.

Question 46

Lyndon Johnson's Presidential Commission on Obscenity and Pornography issued a report stating that there is clear, convincing evidence that consuming pornography increases a person's likelihood of committing a sexual crime against woman.

Question 47

In 2008, the World Congress III against the Sexual Exploitation of Children and Adolescents coined the term, _____, to describe the phenomenon of pornographic materials increasingly using children as subjects.

A)child slavery
B)child abuse images
C)infant erotica
D)visual degradation

Question 48

As a criminal act, prostitution is a misdemeanor crime similar to vandalism.

Question 49

Which of the following phenomena quickly became a popular way of purchasing sexual interaction in the 1980s?

A)sexting
B)DVD rentals for home use
C)telephone hotlines
D)live webcam broadcasts

Question 50

An adolescent who takes pictures of herself nude and willingly shares the photos with others via text or e-mail message can be charged with disseminating child pornography.

Question 51

According to the text, pornographic search engine requests make up approximately ten percent of all search requests made on a daily basis.

Question 52

Which state stands out as unique in the United States because it is the only state where prostitution is legal in some counties?

A)New York
B)California
C)Nevada
D)Florida

Question 53

Founded in 1973, COYOTE is an organization dedicated to:

A)repealing prostitution laws and ending the stigma associated with sex work.
B)publishing art and literature created by, for, and about sex workers.
C)lobbying Congress to pass stricter laws and sentencing penalties for anyone who uses child subjects in pornographic materials.
D)providing shelter, medical care, and psychological services to runaway youth who have been coerced or forced into prostitution.

Question 54

It is estimated that about half of the 600,000 to 800,000 people trafficked across international borders each year are children.

Question 55

The percent of television programs containing some sexual content has decreased over the last ten years as FCC regulations became more stringent.

Question 56

Singing bawdy songs was a popular pastime for young Englishmen and Scotsmen in the 18th century.Bawdy songs were:

A)sad songs lamenting lost loves
B)playful songs containing humorous lyrics about sex
C)romantic ballads sung to the young women being courted
D)rallying cheers similar to those heard at modern sporting events

Question 57

Which of these common ploys do false-front agencies use to recruit victims of human trafficking?

A)They promise victims a better life in another country.
B)They enter into a debt bondage agreement with the victims.
C)They give victims the false impression that they are a modeling or employment agency.
D)All of the above.

Question 58

Historical evidence indicates that prostitution dates back to the Age of Mesopotamia, or about the 18^th century BCE.

Question 59

Of the following types of prostitution, which has the highest public visibility, and therefore, greater obvious impact on the surrounding community?

A)brothels
B)escort services
C)massage parlors
D)bar/casino services

Question 60

In the United States, the revenue from the pornography industry is larger than the combined revenues of professional football, basketball, and baseball franchises.

Question 61

Summarize the techniques human trafficking criminal groups use to recruit people.Who is especially vulnerable to these techniques?

Question 62

Discuss the purpose and utility of FCC television ratings and the warning labels placed on recorded music and video games.

Question 63

Compare and contrast the conclusions drawn from the 1969 Presidential Commission on Obscenity and Pornography and the 1985 Attorney General's Commission on Pornography.

Question 64

Describe the differences between erotica, soft-core pornography, and hard-core pornography.Do you think it is useful and necessary to make these distinctions? If so, for what purposes? If not, what steps would you take to eliminate such distinctions? How would that change the pornography industry?

Question 65

Describe the various sexualized techniques mainstream advertisers use to sell products that aren't specifically related to sexual activities.Provide examples of these techniques from ads you are personally familiar with, and discuss how effective the "sex sells" marketing strategy is in the contemporary United States.

Question 66

In 1964, Supreme Court Justice Stewart declared, "I can't define pornography, but I know it when I see it" (Jacobellis v.Ohio 378 US 184).Discuss the implications of this statement for determining what materials should be protected by the First Amendment to the Constitution.
Essay:

Question 67

Identify the six different types of prostitute found in the United States and note which ones tend to elicit the greatest social disapproval.

Question 68

Given that the United States is the "porn capital of the world," discuss why you think prostitution is still a crime in this country.

Question 69

Using a historical approach, trace the development of U.S.social and legal opinions on obscenity.How has the debate over defining, labeling, and restricting obscene materials directly affected the American public's access to information and other resources?

Question 70

What structural and technological changes have allowed for pornography to become more widespread today than ever before? Have these changes facilitated the distribution of other goods and services in the same ways as pornography? What kinds of comparable changes might restrict or limit widespread access to pornography?

Question 71

Based on the types of models chosen to be "pin up girls," describe the dominant American cultural ideal of female beauty in the 1940s and 1950s.

Question 72

Describe the three primary pathways into female prostitution and discuss how gender may influence this process.

Question 73

After reading the opening vignette and the "His Side, Her Side" insert provided in this chapter, consider why men and women typically express different views about men's use of pornography.What concerns do women have about their male partners consuming pornography? Why do you think men who have a sexual partner available still use pornography for sexual arousal and gratification?

Question 74

Evaluate the U.S.Supreme Court's three-pronged test for obscene materials in terms of its objectivity and utility.

Question 75

Compare and contrast the oppression and empowerment perspectives on prostitution.