Deck 3: Ethics and Social Research

Question 1

A committee on human subjects is more commonly known as

A) American Sociological Association code of ethics
B) Institutional Review Board
C) National Science Foundation ethical standards
D) American Psychological Association code of ethics
E) Nuremberg Codes

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Which of the following represents the correct chronological order of events?

A) Tuskegee, Milgram, ASA Code of Ethics, Common Rule
B) Milgram, Common Rule, Tuskegee, ASA Code of Ethics
C) Milgram, Tuskegee, Common Rules, ASA Code of Ethics
D) Common Rule, Tuskegee, Milgram, ASA Code of Ethnics
E) ASA Code of Ethics, Tuskegee, Milgram, Common Rule

Answer 2

A

Question 3

The general purpose of Institutional Reviews Boards is to

A) review research protocol to guarantee that the benefits of research outweigh the risk to the subjects.
B) determine whether subjects will be properly informed about the research.
C) assess whether the researcher is qualified to conduct the sort of research he or she is interested in.
D) both review research protocol to guarantee that the benefits of research outweigh the risk to the subjects and to determine whether subjects will be properly informed about the research.
E) determine whether subjects will be properly informed about the research and assess whether the researcher is qualified to conduct the sort of research he or she is interested in.

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Desiree Ciambrone learned many lessons in her research of HIV/AIDS.Which ethical principle was not in question in her research?

A) deception
B) informed consent
C) confidentiality
D) integrity
E) none of these

Question 5

consent is also referred to as "opt out" informed consent.

A) Trivial
B) Passive
C) Negative
D) Minor
E) Protection

Question 6

Which of the following is not a component of voluntary participation and informed consent?

A) Participants are told that they are not required to participate.
B) Participants are told of the data collection methods.
C) Participants are told the extent of confidentiality.
D) Participants are told they can discontinue at any time.
E) All of the above are components of voluntary participation and informed consent.

Question 7

refer(s)to a set of abstract principles that are used to determine appropriate and acceptable social conduct.

A) Informed consent
B) Professional rules of conduct
C) Ethics
D) Moral code
E) IRB

Question 8

"To do no harm" researchers must be careful not to cause pain to subjects.Critics of Milgram's study argue that he violated this principle by

A) failing to provide incentives to participants.
B) failing to anticipate that subjects might suffer by participating in the study.
C) disclosing participants' identities and causing embarrassment.
D) allowing some individuals to inflict pain on others.
E) all of these

Question 9

is when subjects are informed about the general purpose of the research.

A) Informed consent
B) Confidentiality
C) Voluntary participation
D) Ethical research
E) IRB

Question 10

A written consent form is used to

A) compel the participation of subjects.
B) convince participants that the researcher will do no harm.
C) let the participants know that their time and effort is valuable to the researcher.
D) inform the participants about the research and any potential benefits and risks associated with their participation in the study.
E) let participants know that they will be quoted in the research study.

Question 11

When using minors as participants,you can obtain,a form parents sign stating they do not want their children to participate in the study.

A) informed consent
B) active consent
C) passive consent
D) negative consent
E) declined consent

Question 12

Institutional Review Boards are found

A) only at research centers.
B) at most libraries.
C) at every college, university and research center.
D) at all hospitals.
E) none of these

Question 13

What stimulated the impetus for social science disciplines to consider ethical issues?

A) ASA ruling that ethical guidelines must be followed
B) Nuremberg trials after World War II
C) Atomic Energy Commission
D) NSF ethical research guidelines
E) None of these

Question 14

According to federal policy on the ethical treatment of research subjects,ethical research rests on three main principles.Which of the following is not one of these principles?

A) Respect
B) Dignity
C) Beneficence
D) Justice

Question 15

Determining appropriate research behavior

A) is universally applicable.
B) is a complex topic and a source of heated debate.
C) is a case-by-case approach to determine what is ethical.
D) varies depending on the magnitude of the study's benefits.
E) none of the these

Question 16

An informed consent form would include

A) a promise of anonymity and confidentiality.
B) a description of the study.
C) a statement that participation is completely voluntary.
D) the contact information for the principal investigator.
E) all of the above would be included on an informed consent form

Question 17

An example of a lack of voluntary participation is when

A) an individual with power over another asks that he or she participate in a project.
B) when an individual is free to participate or not without consequences from either decision.
C) when someone will suffer some consequence from not participating in a project.
D) a researcher expects someone to participate in research without offering payment.
E) none of these

Question 18

The "Common Rule's" ethical standards rest on the principles of.

A) truth, deception and risk
B) respect, beneficence and justice
C) justice, confidentiality and profit
D) ethics, justice and moral character
E) none of these

Question 19

In some cases,research subjects have been deceived about the real purpose of the research they were participating in.One of the most outrageous instances of this was the infamous

A) Manhattan project.
B) Tuskegee study.
C) Tennessee Valley study.
D) Surgeon General study.
E) National Science Foundation study.

Question 20

First and foremost,the central ethical obligation for researchers is to

A) obtain informed consent.
B) receive IRB approval.
C) protect study participants from harm.
D) both A and B.
E) none of these

Question 21

According to the text,the two most important ethical principles areand.

A) anonymity; confidentiality
B) deception; pretence
C) voluntary consent; methodology
D) informed consent; voluntary participation
E) competence; integrity

Question 22

Which of the following statements is true regarding research risks?

A) No study is completely risk-free.
B) Research can be conducted in such a way that all risk is removed.
C) The amount of risk involved in a study depends on the research question.
D) The IRB will remove any risk from a study.
E) none of the above

Question 23

The majority of social science researchers feel the IRB process creates impediments and hurdles to achieving relevant and critical social science research.

Question 24

Researchers can best protect the identity of participants whose disclosure is likely to result in legal action (for example,drug dealers,prostitutes)by

A) storing all information in a locked cabinet.
B) destroying all records immediately after the data is used.
C) relying on the researcher's right to privacy.
D) not doing research on these populations since it could potentially result in some harm coming to them.
E) none of these

Question 25

Which of the following research methods does not involve ethical concerns?

A) in person interviews
B) mail in questionnaire
C) observation in a public place
D) experiments
E) none of the above

Question 26

is when it is impossible for the researcher or anyone else to connect individuals with specific data.

A) Anonymity
B) Confidentiality
C) Informed consent
D) Poor research design
E) IRB

Question 27

The text provides several examples of 'famous cases' on questionable ethics practices.Which of the following is about brief,impersonal,homosexual acts in public restrooms? The study violated two principles of ethical research: voluntary participation and informed consent.

A) Tuskeegee Study
B) Milgram Study
C) Tearoom Trade Study
D) Brooklyn Jewish Hospital Study
E) Holocaust Study

Question 28

The American Sociological Association adopted its first set of ethical codes before Milgram and Humphries completed their research.

Question 29

If subjects can withdraw from research at any time,it will be impossible for a researcher to conduct good research.

Question 30

When publishing results,what is one common ethical dilemma a researcher can face?

A) Participants may be able to be identified despite pseudonyms.
B) Published material may have a negative impact on study participants.
C) Results may not be as anticipated.
D) Participants may be able to be identified despite pseudonyms and published material may have a negative impact on study participants.
E) all of the these

Question 31

Many federal agencies have adopted the "Common Rule" which outlines a set of regulations for human subjects research.

Question 32

In The Tea Room Trade,Humphreys may have violated the ethical principle of

A) confidentiality.
B) informed consent.
C) anonymity.
D) confidentiality and informed consent
E) anonymity, confidentiality, and informed consent

Question 33

The American Sociological Association's Code of Ethics applies only to research conducted for professional purposes.

Question 34

If no force or coercion is used to enroll subjects in a study,that will satisfy the question of whether they are voluntarily participating in the research.

Question 35

If a third party is able to identify a research participant,informed consent has been violated.

Question 36

Ethical questions do not arise in which of the following situations?

A) choosing subjects
B) recruiting participants
C) publishing the results of research
D) conducting the actual research interview
E) dilemmas occur in all of the above

Question 37

Researchers who do not honestly report their results may

A) be fined.
B) be arrested.
C) have their reputations tarnished.
D) be fired.
E) have their degrees revoked.

Question 38

An institutional review board (IRB)is designed to make sure that the researcher will not publish false results.

Question 39

The researcher can assure anonymity only if the identity of the participants is known only to the researcher.

Question 40

Sometimes,a researcher is justified in using deception to conduct an investigation.

Question 41

A researcher observing behavior in a public place,for example,a bus station or a public library,is under no ethical obligation to disclose to those in the setting that he or she is conducting research.

Question 42

What are the benefits of Institutional Review Boards to social science research? What are the negatives?

Question 43

What is the difference between confidentiality and anonymity? What is the benefit to keeping data confidential versus anonymous?

Question 44

Two main principles that Humphreys violated in his study,The Tearoom Trade,are anonymity and confidentiality.

Question 45

Anonymity is when the identities and information disclosed by all research participants is kept private from all other parties.

Question 46

Describe the five principles of the ASA's Code of Ethics.

Question 47

It is ethical to ask permission to observe groups or organizations who meet in private settings.

Question 48

Identify and explain how Humphrey's research was unethical.Do you believe that these violations outweighted the benefits of his findings? Explain your answer.

Question 49

A fellow student is interested in how careful freshmen are about safe sex precautions.To conduct her research,she plans to ask fifty first-year students on campus to be interviewed about "adjustment to college life." She has decided to use this topic as a cover because she believes that few students would attend interviews that were explicitly about "safe sex." Is this student's rationale for not disclosing the real purpose of the interview ethical? What other steps should she take to assure that the research is conducted in an ethical manner?