Deck 4: Contemporary Punishment

Question 1

The deserved-punishment approach requires sanctions be administered solely for the goal of incapacitation.

Answer 1

False

Question 2

For specific deterrence to work, the public must be constantly reminded about punishment.

Answer 2

False

Question 3

The concept of focuses on the nature of the criminal act alone.

A) deterrence
B) incapacitation
C) rehabilitation
D) retribution

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Indeterminate sentences are associated with the goal of rehabilitation in corrections.

Question 5

Legislatures establish the penal codes that set forth the sentences that judges may impose.

Question 6

The goal of rehabilitation in corrections is much more popular among the public than among researchers.

Question 7

Sentencing disparity is most evident for violent crimes.

Question 8

Some punishments inflicted upon people who are convicted of a crime are not visible.

Question 9

The concept of selective incapacitation rests on the idea that .

A) most people who commit serious crimes require short periods of incarceration
B) a small number of people are responsible for a disproportionate number of violent and property crimes
C) the cost of incarceration can be decreased by housing only those convicted of violent drug-related crimes
D) the crime rate will remain relatively stable if serious felons are incarcerated for long periods

Question 10

Retribution is a goal of punishment designed to repair the damage done to the victim and community by a person's criminal act.

Question 11

The United States employs a national standard approach to sentencing.

Question 12

Incapacitation focuses on characteristics of the people who commit crimes instead of characteristics of the victims.

Question 13

According to the concept of rehabilitation, people who have committed a crime are treated rather than punished.

Question 14

Sentencing disparity occurs when penalties of different severity are imposed for different kinds of crime.

Question 15

One impact of sentencing guidelines is that sentencing discretion has shifted from the prosecutor to the judge.

Question 16

Recent knowledge of the effectiveness of deterrence shows that social science is able to measure the effects of various punishments.

Question 17

The clerk of the court is responsible for preparing the presentence report provided to a judge prior to sentencing.

Question 18

Most Western democracies use the death penalty.

Question 19

Community-based punishments such as probation and intermediate sanctions are imposed far more often than prison sentences in the United States.

Question 20

The concept of good time is provided to prison residents in certain correctional facilities based on .

A) medical issues
B) complaints to staff
C) family matters
D) participation in vocational programs

Question 21

With reference to time, rehabilitation is .

A) future-oriented.
B) present-oriented.
C) past-oriented.
D) both future- and past-oriented.

Question 22

Probationary sentences emphasize guidance and in the community.

A) employment
B) educational attainment
C) supervision
D) family connectivity

Question 23

Sentencing guidelines are designed to do all of the following EXCEPT .

A) reduce disparity in sentencing for similar offenses
B) increase and decrease punishments for certain people and crimes
C) reduce prison overcrowding
D) enhance rehabilitative efforts to punish people after they commit crimes

Question 24

Depriving a person of the ability to commit crimes against society, usually by detention in prison, is .

A) deterrence
B) retribution
C) incapacitation
D) rehabilitation

Question 25

Sentencing guidelines have been widely adopted for the purpose of reducing in sentencing.

A) disparity
B) severity
C) leniency
D) discretion

Question 26

Judges may deviate from the sentencing guidelines if aggravating or circumstances exist.

A) mitigating
B) fixed
C) purposeful
D) exaggerating

Question 27

Punishment designed to repair damage to both victim and community is considered .

A) rehabilitation
B) retribution
C) reintegration
D) restorative justice

Question 28

According to the retributive justice model of punishment, those who commit a particular crime should be punished .

A) subjectively
B) alike
C) differently
D) mercifully

Question 29

Knowledge of the effectiveness of deterrence is limited because .

A) sentencing guidelines are not always followed
B) only those who are not deterred come to the attention of researchers
C) those who are sentenced to prison are incapacitated
D) the concept of deterrence partly overlaps with that of retribution

Question 30

Experts usually cite as reasons wrongful convictions occur.

A) plea-bargaining pressures
B) community pressure
C) eyewitness error
D) All of these are correct.

Question 31

Among the stated goals of the correctional process as mentioned by the authors, which of the following does NOT overlap with the objectives of the other purposes?

A) Rehabilitation
B) Deterrence
C) Incapacitation
D) Retribution

Question 32

According to the authors, is the most visible penalty imposed by the American criminal justice system.

A) imprisonment
B) probation
C) parole
D) the death sentence

Question 33

In the United States v. Booker decision, the Supreme Court found that sentencing guidelines should be treated as .

A) mandatory
B) discretionary
C) unnecessary
D) binding

Question 34

Punishment of criminals that is intended to be an example to the public and to discourage the commission of offenses by others is known as .

A) specific deterrence
B) specific retribution
C) general deterrence
D) general rehabilitation

Question 35

Legislatures concerned with the correctional goal of treatment usually prescribe a(n) .

A) determinate sentencing scheme
B) indeterminate sentencing scheme
C) mandatory sentencing scheme
D) presumptive sentencing scheme

Question 36

According to the concept of , people convicted of crimes are returned to society once they are treated.

A) deterrence
B) retribution
C) incapacitation
D) rehabilitation

Question 37

Which of the following is NOT one of the elements of punishment according to Herbert Packer?

A) An offense
B) The infliction of pain because of the commission of the offense
C) Use of community justice tactics to deter the person who committed the crime
D) A dominant purpose to prevent further offenses or to inflict pain on the person who committed the crime

Question 38

Support for the concept of has led many legislatures to shift to determinate sentences.

A) restoration
B) retribution
C) rehabilitation
D) incapacitation

Question 39

Punishments less severe than prison but more restrictive than traditional probation are sanctions.

A) restorative
B) indefinite
C) immediate
D) intermediate

Question 40

The goal of rehabilitation is oriented solely toward the and does not imply any consistent relationship between the severity of the punishment and the gravity of the crime.

A) state
B) victim
C) person who committed the crime
D) law

Question 41

is the removal of a person's capacity to commit further crimes by detention in prison or by execution.

Question 42

Match each item to the phrase or sentence listed below.
a. Remove a person's capacity to commit crime
b. Min/max range of incarceration
c. Punishment as an example to the public
d. Restoring the incarcerated individual to society
e. Control over the amount of time a person serves in prison
f. Deserved punishment
g. Incarcerated for the betterment of society
h. Goal of punishment seeking to repair damage caused
i. Fixed time of incarceration
j. Punishment for the individual
Restorative Justice

Question 43

is the assignment of a punishment based on a judgment of what someone deserves.

Question 44

Match each item to the phrase or sentence listed below.
a. Remove a person's capacity to commit crime
b. Min/max range of incarceration
c. Punishment as an example to the public
d. Restoring the incarcerated individual to society
e. Control over the amount of time a person serves in prison
f. Deserved punishment
g. Incarcerated for the betterment of society
h. Goal of punishment seeking to repair damage caused
i. Fixed time of incarceration
j. Punishment for the individual
Incapacitation

Question 45

Match each item to the phrase or sentence listed below.
a. Remove a person's capacity to commit crime
b. Min/max range of incarceration
c. Punishment as an example to the public
d. Restoring the incarcerated individual to society
e. Control over the amount of time a person serves in prison
f. Deserved punishment
g. Incarcerated for the betterment of society
h. Goal of punishment seeking to repair damage caused
i. Fixed time of incarceration
j. Punishment for the individual
Retribution

Question 46

is an instrument developed for judges that indicates the usual sanctions given previously for particular offenses.

A) Sentencing guidelines
B) Sentencing report
C) Pretrial guidelines
D) Presentence report

Question 47

Divergence in the lengths and types of sentences imposed for the same crime or crimes of comparable seriousness when no reasonable justification is known as a .

A) judicial disparity
B) sentencing disparity
C) form of systemic racism
D) miscarriage of justice

Question 48

Match each item to the phrase or sentence listed below.
a. Remove a person's capacity to commit crime
b. Min/max range of incarceration
c. Punishment as an example to the public
d. Restoring the incarcerated individual to society
e. Control over the amount of time a person serves in prison
f. Deserved punishment
g. Incarcerated for the betterment of society
h. Goal of punishment seeking to repair damage caused
i. Fixed time of incarceration
j. Punishment for the individual
Specific deterrence

Question 49

The least frequently used criminal sanction in the United States is .

A) death
B) incarceration
C) intermediate sanctions
D) probation

Question 50

Match each item to the phrase or sentence listed below.
a. Remove a person's capacity to commit crime
b. Min/max range of incarceration
c. Punishment as an example to the public
d. Restoring the incarcerated individual to society
e. Control over the amount of time a person serves in prison
f. Deserved punishment
g. Incarcerated for the betterment of society
h. Goal of punishment seeking to repair damage caused
i. Fixed time of incarceration
j. Punishment for the individual
Which of the following is NOT one of the major factors that influence judges' sentencing decisions?

A) Role of the victim in the crime
B) The person who committed the crime's role in the commission of the crime
C) The person who committed the crime's criminal history
D) Severity of the offense

Question 51

Restorative justice sees crime as a violation against which of the following?

A) Victim and community
B) Person convicted of the crime and state
C) Community and state
D) Victim and person convicted of the crime

Question 52

Match each item to the phrase or sentence listed below.
a. Remove a person's capacity to commit crime
b. Min/max range of incarceration
c. Punishment as an example to the public
d. Restoring the incarcerated individual to society
e. Control over the amount of time a person serves in prison
f. Deserved punishment
g. Incarcerated for the betterment of society
h. Goal of punishment seeking to repair damage caused
i. Fixed time of incarceration
j. Punishment for the individual
General deterrence

Question 53

Match each item to the phrase or sentence listed below.
a. Remove a person's capacity to commit crime
b. Min/max range of incarceration
c. Punishment as an example to the public
d. Restoring the incarcerated individual to society
e. Control over the amount of time a person serves in prison
f. Deserved punishment
g. Incarcerated for the betterment of society
h. Goal of punishment seeking to repair damage caused
i. Fixed time of incarceration
j. Punishment for the individual
Determinate sentencing

Question 54

Match each item to the phrase or sentence listed below.
a. Remove a person's capacity to commit crime
b. Min/max range of incarceration
c. Punishment as an example to the public
d. Restoring the incarcerated individual to society
e. Control over the amount of time a person serves in prison
f. Deserved punishment
g. Incarcerated for the betterment of society
h. Goal of punishment seeking to repair damage caused
i. Fixed time of incarceration
j. Punishment for the individual
Rehabilitation

Question 55

A report is prepared by a probation officer, who investigates a convicted person's background to help the judge select an appropriate sentence.

A) presentence
B) pretrial
C) postsentence
D) posttrial

Question 56

Match each item to the phrase or sentence listed below.
a. Remove a person's capacity to commit crime
b. Min/max range of incarceration
c. Punishment as an example to the public
d. Restoring the incarcerated individual to society
e. Control over the amount of time a person serves in prison
f. Deserved punishment
g. Incarcerated for the betterment of society
h. Goal of punishment seeking to repair damage caused
i. Fixed time of incarceration
j. Punishment for the individual
Mandatory sentencing

Question 57

Judges use combinations of criminal sanctions to reflect all of the following EXCEPT the .

A) needs of the community
B) severity of the crime
C) emotional state of victim
D) characteristics of the convicted person

Question 58

Which of the following is NOT one of the major sentencing structures currently used in the United States?

A) Indeterminate
B) Intermediate
C) Determinate
D) Mandatory

Question 59

Match each item to the phrase or sentence listed below.
a. Remove a person's capacity to commit crime
b. Min/max range of incarceration
c. Punishment as an example to the public
d. Restoring the incarcerated individual to society
e. Control over the amount of time a person serves in prison
f. Deserved punishment
g. Incarcerated for the betterment of society
h. Goal of punishment seeking to repair damage caused
i. Fixed time of incarceration
j. Punishment for the individual
Selective incapacitation

Question 60

Match each item to the phrase or sentence listed below.
a. Remove a person's capacity to commit crime
b. Min/max range of incarceration
c. Punishment as an example to the public
d. Restoring the incarcerated individual to society
e. Control over the amount of time a person serves in prison
f. Deserved punishment
g. Incarcerated for the betterment of society
h. Goal of punishment seeking to repair damage caused
i. Fixed time of incarceration
j. Punishment for the individual
Indeterminate Sentencing

Question 61

People who repeatedly commit certain kinds of crime are sentenced to long prison terms through the concept of
incapacitation.

Question 62

justice has the primary goal of restoring the harm done to the victim of a crime.

Question 63

List and explain the various factors that influence the sentencing process.

Question 64

In keeping with the goal of treatment, sentencing gives correctional officials and parole boards significant control over the amount of time an incarcerated person serves through a lack of fixed time of incarceration.

Question 65

Of the four major goals of corrections, clearly conflicts with the other three goals since it focuses on treatment as opposed to other more punitive sanctions.

Question 66

deterrence presumes that punishment will discourage people from committing future crimes.

Question 67

is the most visible form of punishment used in the United States.

Question 68

sanctions may include fines, home confinement, intensive probation supervision, restitution to victims, and community service.

Question 69

A person who is imprisoned for a fixed period of time has been given a sentence.

Question 70

Provide your opinion on the overall effectiveness of each of the purposes of corrections. Be sure to discuss which you think has the best potential to reduce recidivism rates.

Question 71

List and explain the four goals of corrections, including the intended purpose of each.

Question 72

Unjust punishments can occur because of sentencing disparities and .

Question 73

Which of the two types of deterrence do you think is likely to be most effective, and why? Explain whether changes could be made to corrections practices that would make either type of deterrence more effective than it is.

Question 74

Describe and discuss the two types of deterrence. What are the pros and cons of each type?

Question 75

deterrence presumes members of the general public will be discouraged by observing the punishments of others and will conclude the costs of crime outweigh the benefits.

Question 76

The correctional goal of attempts to restore the convicted person to a constructive place in society through the use of individualized treatment.

Question 77

The most frequently applied criminal sanction is .

Question 78

The use of sentences was greatly expanded in the 1980s as a primary weapon in the War on
Drugs.

Question 79

Compare the four major forms of criminal sanctions that are most commonly used within our correctional system, and discuss the pros and cons of each?

Question 80

The correctional goal of assumes that society can, by detention in a correctional facility or by execution, remove a person's capacity to commit further crimes.