Deck 8: Ethical Considerations: Changing Behavior

Question 1

Differentiate between empirical , theoretical , and normative methodological approaches to solve problems in intercultural ethics. How do their methodologies differ?

Answer 1

Intercultural communication:
Intercultural communication is a type of communication that shares information between two different cultures. It requires a systematic knowledge about two key elements such as culture and communication.
Methodological approaches to intercultural communication:
The following are the three basic methodological approaches to intercultural communication:
• Empirical approach
• Theoretical approach
• Normative approach
Empirical approach:
Empirical approaches are the methods which aim to describe cultures in both quantitative and qualitative manner. It gathers information about the people from various cultures.
Theoretical approaches:
Theoretical approaches aim to build models and make overview about various cultures based on the data obtained from empirical approach.
Normative approaches:
Normative approaches aim to solve problems of various situations through intercultural communication. It does not provide solution to the problem based on the existing norms and value. The solution will be imagining creative.

Question 2

Evanoff asserts that attempts to ground ethics variously in religion, nature, history, or reason largely fail. Why is this?

Answer 2

Intercultural communication:
Intercultural communication is a type of communication that shares information between two different cultures. It requires a systematic knowledge of two key elements such as culture and communication.
Statement: "E asserts that attempts to ground ethics variously in religion, nature, history, or reason largely fail."
Justification:
• No agreement regarding religiously authoritative, historical, natural, or reasonable.
• In addition, Universalists often basically observe their own specific culture as "universal."

Question 3

is the fundamental assumption of the particularist approach to intercultural ethics?

Answer 3

Intercultural communication:
Intercultural communication is a type of communication that shares information between two different cultures. It requires a systematic knowledge about two key elements such as culture and communication.
Intercultural ethics:
Intercultural ethics can be defined as significant reflection with respect to personal ethics and social ethics.
Fundamental assumption of the particularistic approach to intercultural ethics:
The following are the two basic assumptions of the particularistic approach to ethics in intercultural communication:
• Decisions regarding economy should be made based on the individual preference.
• Individual should be the final authority of value.
• It is difficult to formulate norms and value across various cultures.

Question 4

does Evanoff differentiate between cultural relativity and cultural relativism? Give an example of each of these approaches to ethics.

Question 5

does a communicative approach to intercultural ethics differ from earlier approaches?

Question 6

Evanoff suggests that ethical dialogue can take place at a variety of levels: the interpersonal, the social, and the global. How do these levels differ in terms of the types of ethical issues with which they deal? Give examples from your own experiences that reflect ethical issues you might consider at each of these levels.

Question 7

Evanoff poses the question for developing intercultural ethics in the following manner: given a particular problem, what should people from different cultures with different ethical traditions actually do about it? What is your answer to this question?

Question 8

would you engage in an intercultural dialogue to resolve issues related to intercultural ethics? What underlying assumptions would you make about the conduct of the dialogue?

Question 9

does Evanoff mean when he suggests that the result of communicative dialogue to establish an intercultural ethic constitutes a "third culture"?

Question 10

is meant by the term "intercultural personhood"?

Question 11

do Eastern and Western teachings about humankind's relationship to the nature of the universe differ?

Question 12

what major ways do Eastern and Western approaches to knowledge differ?

Question 13

do Eastern time orientations differ from those found in the West?

Question 14

do differences in Eastern and Western views of self and identity affect intercultural communication?

Question 15

are the major differences between Eastern and Western modes of communication?

Question 16

strengths and weaknesses are found in Eastern and Western worldviews?

Question 17

could an integration of Eastern and Western perspectives benefit both Eastern and Western cultural life?

Question 18

conditions are required for the emergence of intercultural personhood?

Question 19

benefits accrue to both society and the individual from the development of an intercultural personhood perspective?

Question 20

does Cleveland mean when he speaks of making diversity safe?

Question 21

does Cleveland imply when he refers to "an excess of cultural identity"?

Question 22

does loyalty to one's own cultural identity make it difficult to be tolerant of others?

Question 23

is meant by the term cultural over enthusiasm? How does it affect intercultural relations?

Question 24

does Cleveland differentiate between the concepts of culture and civilization?

Question 25

are the hallmarks of civilization? How can they be maintained?

Question 26

does Cleveland imply when he states that diversity cannot be governed by drowning it in integration?

Question 27

does Cleveland mean when he argues that there are limits to diversity?

Question 28

do culturally different concepts of right and wrong affect intercultural communication?

Question 29

conditions constitute an ethical issue in human communication?

Question 30

does Kale suggest that there can be no such thing as a totally individual system of ethics?

Question 31

Given the cultural relativity of ethics, under what conditions is it permissible for people of one culture to attempt to persuade people of other cultures to accept their values?

Question 32

may the human spirit serve as a basis for a universal ethic?

Question 33

is minimal peace? How does it differ from moderate peace?

Question 34

Under what circumstances does optimal peace exist? Is optimal peace a realistic goal in international relations?

Question 35

is the first step to being ethical in any culture?

Question 36

is the main point associated with the ethical principle that communicators should seek to describe the world as they perceive it as accurately as possible?

Question 37

can individuals develop the capability to fulfill the ethical principle that ethical communicators strive for identification with people of other cultures?