Deck 6: Worlds Entangled 1600-1750

Question 1

What led European countries other than Spain and Portugal to turn to cultivation in order to extract wealth from their American colonies?

A) The English had a strong tradition of agriculture and few commercial connections.
B) Little mineral wealth was found in the English, French, or Dutch colonies.
C) The Dutch did not have the right technology to transport heavy cargoes across the open ocean, so they turned to farming.
D) Other European countries saw the negative impact of mineral wealth on Spain and so rejected it as a source of income.

Answer 1

Little mineral wealth was found in the English, French, or Dutch colonies.

Question 2

Questions refer to the following two images.
The Battle of Lepanto, Unknown Artist The Battle of Lepanto took place in 1571 off the coast of Greece. This was a naval engagement between allied Christian forces, led by the Spanish, and the Ottoman Turks.
Map of the Ottoman Empire, 1566
Which of the following was a result of the expansion of the Ottoman Empire?

A) The Ottomans suppressed local rituals and religions.
B) The Ottomans took over trade routes from maritime empires.
C) Political and religious disputes arose along its borders.
D) Trade declined as the Ottomans closed their borders.

Answer 2

Political and religious disputes arose along its borders.

Question 3

Questions refer to the passage below.
"The island is divided into three sorts of men . . . Masters, Servants, and Slaves. The slaves and their posterity, being subject to their masters forever, are kept and preserved with greater care than the servants, who are theirs but for five years, according to the law of the island. So that for the time, the servants have the worse lives, for they are put to very hard labor, ill lodging, and their diet is very slight. . . .
"It has been accounted a strange thing, that the negroes, being more than double the number of Christians that are there . . . should not . . . become masters of the island. But there are . . . reasons that take away this wonder: one is, they [cannot] touch or handle any weapons; and that they are fetched from several parts of Africa who speak several languages, and by that means one of them understands not another."
A True and Exact History of the Island of Barbados (1657), Richard Ligon
Business aside, which of the following might have encouraged Richard Ligon's journey to the Caribbean?

A) Continued political division in England
B) The failure of the Navigation Acts
C) The opportunity to secure a position among a newly forming elite
D) The potential to create a utopian culture

Answer 3

The opportunity to secure a position among a newly forming elite

Question 4

Questions refer to the following two images.
The Battle of Lepanto, Unknown Artist The Battle of Lepanto took place in 1571 off the coast of Greece. This was a naval engagement between allied Christian forces, led by the Spanish, and the Ottoman Turks.
Map of the Ottoman Empire, 1566
Which of the following interpretations can be supported by the sources above?

A) Imperial boundaries became sources of tension in Eurasia.
B) Religious differences were set aside in the creation of nation-states.
C) Technology aided Ottoman military advancements.
D) Slave labor used in the Ottoman galleys helped reconquer lost territory.

Question 5

Questions refer to the image below. The City of Loango, located on the west coast of Africa in what is now the Republic of Congo.
From an engraving by Dutch scholar Olfert Dapper in a book describing his travels in the
seventeenth century.
Which of the following historical developments or processes in the period from 1450 to 1750 most likely contributed to the affluence and expression of royal power depicted in the image above?

A) The expansion of Muslim merchants across the trans-Saharan trade routes led to increased wealth in West African states such as Mali.
B) Indian Ocean trade led to the growth of cities such as Kilwa and Zanzibar along the African coast and brought prosperity to local rulers.
C) Participation in growing maritime trade networks fostered the growth and increased influence in some African states such as the kingdom of Kongo.
D) Colonization by European states such as the British and Dutch led to increased power and wealth for local African rulers.

Question 6

What was the major reason that European states wanted to prevent their New World colonies from trading with other states?

A) They were concerned that missionaries would convert their colonists to other religions.
B) They were concerned about intermarriage between people from different states and cultures.
C) They wanted to prevent the importation of slaves to colonies that had outlawed slavery.
D) They wanted to prevent the spread of wealth to states other than their own.

Question 7

Questions refer to the following two images.
The Battle of Lepanto, Unknown Artist The Battle of Lepanto took place in 1571 off the coast of Greece. This was a naval engagement between allied Christian forces, led by the Spanish, and the Ottoman Turks.
Map of the Ottoman Empire, 1566
Which of the following technologies, depicted in "The Battle of Lepanto" above, contributed most to the expansion of empires in the period from 1450 to 1750?

A) Lateen sails
B) Cannons
C) Greek fire
D) Rifles

Question 8

Questions refer to the image below. The City of Loango, located on the west coast of Africa in what is now the Republic of Congo.
From an engraving by Dutch scholar Olfert Dapper in a book describing his travels in the
seventeenth century.
Which of the following best indicates the context in which this image was created?

A) A time of cross-cultural exchange between Europe and Asia
B) A time when the European presence in Africa encouraged stability and order
C) An era of heightened Dutch military capabilities
D) An era of increased global commercial activity

Question 9

Questions refer to the image below.
Porcelain bowl produced in China with a painting of an English cricket match.
Which of the following was a reaction by some Asian states (such as the Ming) to the disruptive economic and cultural effects of European-dominated long-distance trading networks before 1750?

A) Some Asian states adopted restrictive or isolationist trade policies.
B) Some Asian states successfully fought off European armies to retain local control.
C) Some Asian states industrialized to counter European advantages in transportation and weaponry.
D) Some Asian states sought the protection of non-European powers to rebuff European incursions.

Question 10

Questions refer to the passage below.
"The island is divided into three sorts of men . . . Masters, Servants, and Slaves. The slaves and their posterity, being subject to their masters forever, are kept and preserved with greater care than the servants, who are theirs but for five years, according to the law of the island. So that for the time, the servants have the worse lives, for they are put to very hard labor, ill lodging, and their diet is very slight. . . .
"It has been accounted a strange thing, that the negroes, being more than double the number of Christians that are there . . . should not . . . become masters of the island. But there are . . . reasons that take away this wonder: one is, they [cannot] touch or handle any weapons; and that they are fetched from several parts of Africa who speak several languages, and by that means one of them understands not another."
A True and Exact History of the Island of Barbados (1657), Richard Ligon
Based on the excerpt, what does Ligon believe was the main reason slaves did not rebel?

A) Slaves were prevented from communicating with each other.
B) The slaves were forbidden to use weapons.
C) The continued use of indentured servants deterred slaves from rebelling.
D) There was a strict social hierarchy in place, which encouraged class warfare.

Question 11

What was the economic philosophy called that assumed that the world's wealth was fixed and one country could only increase its wealth at the expense of another?

A) Capitalism
B) Absolutism
C) Monetarism
D) Mercantilism

Question 12

Questions refer to the image below.
Porcelain bowl produced in China with a painting of an English cricket match.
What changes in the network of trade in the period from 1450 to 1750 led to this object being produced?

A) The Triangle Trade demanded more goods to inject into the trade network.
B) The Columbian Exchange was responsible for the transfer of biota, diseases, and people between hemispheres.
C) European companies with trade monopolies controlled the global flow of silver from the Americas.
D) Porcelain was being made in places other than China, so the Chinese wanted to attract Europeans back to their markets.

Question 13

Which of the following was the most lucrative source of wealth for European planters in the Americas in the seventeenth century?

A) Rice
B) Corn
C) Spices
D) Sugar

Question 14

What, according to mercantilist thinkers, was the purpose of colonies?

A) To encourage international cooperation through free trade
B) To enrich the states that had founded them
C) To allow merchants to profit by diversifying their economic investments
D) To act as laboratories in which new methods of state administration could be tested

Question 15

Questions refer to the passage below.
"The island is divided into three sorts of men . . . Masters, Servants, and Slaves. The slaves and their posterity, being subject to their masters forever, are kept and preserved with greater care than the servants, who are theirs but for five years, according to the law of the island. So that for the time, the servants have the worse lives, for they are put to very hard labor, ill lodging, and their diet is very slight. . . .
"It has been accounted a strange thing, that the negroes, being more than double the number of Christians that are there . . . should not . . . become masters of the island. But there are . . . reasons that take away this wonder: one is, they [cannot] touch or handle any weapons; and that they are fetched from several parts of Africa who speak several languages, and by that means one of them understands not another."
A True and Exact History of the Island of Barbados (1657), Richard Ligon
What was the primary reason for importation of forced labor into the Caribbean and Portuguese America in the period from 1450 to 1750?

A) Producing foodstuffs for the plantation
B) Logging of hardwoods
C) Silver mining in Potosí
D) Producing cash crops such as sugar

Question 16

Questions refer to the image below.
Porcelain bowl produced in China with a painting of an English cricket match.
Which is the most likely intended market for the bowl depicted above?

A) The internal Chinese market
B) Manchu overland traders
C) The Mughal Empire
D) English merchants' trading partners

Question 17

Questions refer to the image below. The City of Loango, located on the west coast of Africa in what is now the Republic of Congo.
From an engraving by Dutch scholar Olfert Dapper in a book describing his travels in the
seventeenth century.
Which of the following best describes the city depicted above?

A) Loango was an isolated city with little or no contact with foreign merchants.
B) Loango was a well-organized city with separate royal compounds.
C) Loango was small and sparsely populated.
D) Loango was an entrepôt city located directly on the Indian Ocean.

Question 18

Questions refer to the image below. The City of Loango, located on the west coast of Africa in what is now the Republic of Congo.
From an engraving by Dutch scholar Olfert Dapper in a book describing his travels in the
seventeenth century.
Which of the following best describes Dapper's intent in creating this engraving?

A) Dapper was sharing with other Europeans his travels to a prosperous African city.
B) Dapper was trying to depict the squalor of African cities under European rule.
C) Dapper was trying to show the evils that the slave trade brought to Africa.
D) Dapper was trying to argue against Dutch colonization of the Congo.

Question 19

Questions refer to the passage below.
"The island is divided into three sorts of men . . . Masters, Servants, and Slaves. The slaves and their posterity, being subject to their masters forever, are kept and preserved with greater care than the servants, who are theirs but for five years, according to the law of the island. So that for the time, the servants have the worse lives, for they are put to very hard labor, ill lodging, and their diet is very slight. . . .
"It has been accounted a strange thing, that the negroes, being more than double the number of Christians that are there . . . should not . . . become masters of the island. But there are . . . reasons that take away this wonder: one is, they [cannot] touch or handle any weapons; and that they are fetched from several parts of Africa who speak several languages, and by that means one of them understands not another."
A True and Exact History of the Island of Barbados (1657), Richard Ligon
Richard Ligon's observations on Caribbean society lead to which of the following conclusions?

A) Slaves consume a poor diet compared to servants.
B) Life on Barbados is challenging for all inhabitants of the island.
C) The Atlantic system included a hierarchy of free and coerced labor.
D) The social order was fixed and only servants had hope for upward mobility.

Question 20

Questions refer to the following two images.
The Battle of Lepanto, Unknown Artist The Battle of Lepanto took place in 1571 off the coast of Greece. This was a naval engagement between allied Christian forces, led by the Spanish, and the Ottoman Turks.
Map of the Ottoman Empire, 1566
Which of the following is an accurate statement concerning European empires in the period from 1450-1750?

A) Sixteenth-century global trade networks were completely dominated by the Portuguese.
B) Advancements in military technology were a clear product of cooperation between states.
C) State-backed expansion efforts fell short for the English and Dutch.
D) Mercantilist policies were used by Europeans to expand and control overseas empires.

Question 21

Where and when did the coffeehouse first emerge?

A) In the commercial district of London in the seventeenth century.
B) In Islamic lands in the fifteenth century.
C) In the imperial Chinese court in the twelfth century.
D) In Northeastern Brazil in the eighteenth century.

Question 22

How did European seaborne commerce in Asia compare with its commerce in the Americas?

A) In Asia, European merchants were much more successful in spreading Christianity.
B) In Asia, European merchants struggled to conquer empires or control large territories.
C) In Asia, European merchants found populations more eager for European goods.
D) In Asia, European merchants from different nation-states did not compete with each other for access to markets.

Question 23

Which of the following was a consequence of the increasing wealth of European states?

A) A growing division arose between monarchs and merchants.
B) An expanding diet led to a decrease in European tooth decay.
C) European states grew rich enough to wage almost unceasing wars against one another.
D) A belief that European states should open up their colonial markets to trade with their European rivals

Question 24

Which of the following describes events in the Kongo kingdom in the seventeenth century?

A) The Portuguese decisively defeated Queen Nzinga, opening the country to Portuguese control.
B) Kidnapping became so prevalent that cultivators worked their fields bearing weapons, leaving their children behind in guarded stockades.
C) Members of the Kongo royal family united to oppose the Europeans.
D) The Kongo kingdom conquered the Asante and traded captured prisoners as slaves.

Question 25

For what reason did the Dutch kill or enslave nearly the entire population of the Banda Islands?

A) The Dutch wanted to construct a fort to protect themselves from the Spaniards in Manila.
B) The Dutch wanted revenge after the traditional chiefs of Banda killed Dutch diplomats.
C) The Dutch wanted to buy nutmeg at a low price in the Banda Islands and sell nutmeg at many times that price in Europe.
D) The Dutch wanted to intimidate the inhabitants of the nearby Maluku islands into selling their silk only to the Dutch.

Question 26

What role did Europeans play in the seventeenth- and eighteenth-century slave trade in Africa?

A) Europeans relied on the Muslim slave trade in North and East Africa to bring slaves from the interior.
B) Europeans introduced the idea of slavery to Africa for the first time, ending centuries of peaceful agriculture and hunting.
C) Europeans sent armies armed with firearms to invade the African interior, seizing prisoners as slaves.
D) Europeans remained in coastal enclaves, depending on indigenous political and trading networks to bring slaves to them.

Question 27

Which of the following groups benefited most from the wealth generated by the Atlantic system?

A) European sailors
B) African warriors
C) European elites
D) African elites

Question 28

Since there was no demand for European products in Asia, what steps did the Dutch take to reduce the need to use precious metals to pay for Asian spices?

A) Dutch privateers captured Spanish treasure ships bound for Manila.
B) The Dutch used their merchant ships to increase their participation in inter-Asian trade.
C) The Dutch introduced the opium trade to Southeast Asia.
D) Dutch merchants used paper money and letters of credit to pay for spices.

Question 29

In 1600, what enabled the Dutch East India Company to raise ten times the capital that the English East India Company could raise?

A) Amsterdam had the most efficient money market, with the lowest interest rates in the world.
B) The Dutch controlled the trade in East Indian spices and used their sale to generate capital.
C) The English had not yet developed financial systems such as joint stock companies and banks.
D) The Dutch monarchs provided large amounts of capital to the Dutch East India Company.

Question 30

Which of the following accurately describes labor on Caribbean sugar plantations?

A) Slaves often dropped dead from exhaustion, working up to sixteen-hour days.
B) Plantation managers, in order to have a healthy and productive workforce, provided their slaves with an adequate diet.
C) Indentured Europeans and convicts provided the bulk of plantation labor.
D) Family groups provided stability for Caribbean slave populations.

Question 31

In general, the slave trade helped shift wealth toward which African social group?

A) Village elders
B) Warrior elites
C) Religious leaders
D) Subsistence farmers

Question 32

The English colonial model in the New World differed from that of other European states in that it:

A) depended on enslaving native peoples to mine silver.
B) depended on peaceful relationships and trade with native peoples.
C) resulted from a desire to spread Christianity to as many parts of the world as possible.
D) dispossessed native peoples from their lands in order to accommodate a growing English settler population.

Question 33

What was a consequence of Europeans' introduction of firearms into North America?

A) Native peoples refused to use firearms, clinging to traditional weapons.
B) Amerindian groups used the weapons to unite against the European invaders.
C) Amerindian groups fought each other as they sought to increase their hunting and trapping ranges.
D) Native peoples traded guns for alcohol, which they then bartered for trade goods.

Question 34

Which of the following was the most common way that African slaves in the Americas resisted the conditions of their enslavement?

A) They formed committees to petition the government for better conditions.
B) Hundreds of violent slave revolts broke out across the Caribbean.
C) Slaves tried to increase their productivity, so that their masters would free them as a reward.
D) Thousands of slaves fled to the remote interiors of Brazil or the Caribbean islands.

Question 35

By 1789, which country held the richest sugar colony?

A) France
B) Portugal
C) England
D) Spain

Question 36

Which of the following was a long-term effect of the Atlantic trade on Africa?

A) Traditional holders of power, such as village elders and women, became even more powerful.
B) Power struggles between warrior elites decreased as they united to fight the Europeans.
C) On top of the population lost to the slave trade, diseases from the Americas decimated the African people.
D) American food crops produced more calories per acre than traditional African staples, which partially offset the population loss of the slave trade.

Question 37

During the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, what was the average life expectancy of an African slave brought to the Caribbean?

A) Six months
B) Three years
C) Ten years
D) Fifteen years

Question 38

Which of the following was a consequence of the fact that European buyers preferred male slaves?

A) Gender imbalance in the Americas contributed to the continuation of the transatlantic slave trade.
B) Polyandry became common in the Americas, monogamy in Africa.
C) Slave owners could not engage in sexual relations with female slaves.
D) Slave-catchers for all African markets targeted men more than they did women.

Question 39

How did the Asante kingdom use its access to gold to begin its growth and development?

A) The Asante used their gold to buy firearms, which they used to raid neighboring communities for captives to be sold as slaves.
B) The Asante used their gold to trade across the Saharan caravan routes for salt, which was a necessity of life in the rain forest.
C) The Asante used gold to bribe the Europeans to keep them from capturing Asante people as slaves.
D) The Asante used gold to finance scholarly and architectural centers like Timbuktu.

Question 40

Which of the following best describes the initial relationship that developed between French North American colonists and Amerindians?

A) The French allied with the English against Amerindians.
B) Wars with the French displaced native peoples from their homelands.
C) The French relied on native peoples' knowledge of trapping and adapted to Amerindian ways.
D) The French brought new agricultural techniques, which improved the diet of native peoples.

Question 41

Which of the following was a consequence of the political and economic disorder in the Ottoman Empire in the seventeenth century?

A) The Mamluks in Egypt asserted political and commercial autonomy.
B) The influence of merchants in Ottoman politics increased.
C) The Koprulu reforms failed to reenergize the Ottoman government.
D) The Ottoman sultans turned to the Safavids for military support.

Question 42

In what way was the principality of Moscow similar to both Japan and China in this period?

A) All three controlled diverse populations through strong central government.
B) All three used territorial expansion and commercial networks to consolidate state power.
C) All three consolidated power through identification with one religion.
D) All three granted favorable trade status to the Dutch.

Question 43

Under the French model of absolutism, to whom was the king accountable?

A) The nobility
B) Jurists
C) God
D) The people

Question 44

For what reason did the Tokugawa shoguns expel all foreign traders except for the Dutch?

A) The Japanese did not have the capacity to collect taxes from dispersed trading companies.
B) The Japanese feared that British technology would destabilize Japan.
C) The Dutch did not proselytize.
D) The Dutch would not undercut the Japanese economy by importing silver.

Question 45

The Ming Dynasty's administrative and economic difficulties were evidenced by:

A) decreased revenues caused by increasing monetization.
B) failure to maintain a bureaucracy.
C) failure to respond effectively to natural disasters.
D) decreased support for foreign trade.

Question 46

In what way did the Canton system seek to control trade?

A) It allowed no official trade between Chinese and European merchants.
B) It required European traders to have Chinese merchants act as guarantors for their good behavior and payment of fees.
C) It required European merchants to check in at Canton before proceeding into China's interior to trade.
D) It only allowed Dutch merchants to trade with China.

Question 47

Which of the following led Russians to migrate to Siberia?

A) Many were fleeing serfdom and religious persecution.
B) Many wanted to improve their economic status by acquiring free land from the government.
C) Some believed they were taking part in a glorious crusade against polytheistic native Siberians.
D) Some wanted to work in the lucrative salt mines.

Question 48

Aside from land rents, what was a major source of revenue for the Mughal emperors?

A) Additional taxes on foreign merchants
B) Tribute from overseas conquests
C) Savings from decreasing the cost of government
D) Europeans' increased demand for Indian textiles

Question 49

Which of the following helped to destabilize the Ottoman Empire during the seventeenth century?

A) Mughal invaders took over large amounts of Ottoman territory in the eastern part of the empire.
B) The Ottomans lacked the initiative to make needed administrative reforms.
C) The Ottoman population was declining due to diseases from the Americas, leaving it too weak to resist foreign encroachment.
D) Military campaigns and a growing population strained the empire's resources.

Question 50

Which of the following was a consequence of the Thirty Years' War?

A) Protestant states triumphed in Central and Eastern Europe, replacing the Austrian Habsburgs.
B) Central Europe's populations and economies did not recover for more than a century.
C) The German economy prospered, as it was a center for manufacturing new weapons such as cannons.
D) Russia emerged as a great European power in the power vacuum that followed the Treaty of Westphalia.

Question 51

Why can historians claim that Mughal rulers were victims of their own success?

A) The combination of prosperity and dependence on local elites for governance allowed the local elites to become more autonomous.
B) The policy of religious toleration encouraged fighting among representatives of different religions.
C) Mughal support for the orthodox ulama led to rebellions among heterodox Muslims and non-Muslims.
D) Peasant revolts against the cash economy undermined the empire's tax base.

Question 52

How did Dutch merchants contribute to the development of European commerce?

A) They established a stock exchange, a banking system, and a system for insuring cargoes.
B) They raised the price of shipping in order to help Europeans make a profit in the Atlantic trade.
C) They encouraged the monetization of European economies by importing large quantities of silver and gold.
D) They invented mercantilism.

Question 53

How did relations between the Ottoman Empire and its merchants compare with those between European nation-states and their merchants?

A) Ottoman merchants attained considerable political power, whereas European merchants struggled to assert their interests.
B) Ottoman merchants were supported by liberal trade policies, whereas European merchants were constrained by mercantilist policies.
C) Ottoman merchants became a significant source of tax revenue for the state, whereas European merchants were often a drain on state resources.
D) Ottoman merchants regularly feuded with rulers, whereas European merchants tended to have a mutually beneficial relationship with rulers.

Question 54

Which of the following factors made the Safavid Empire the most unstable of the large Muslim states?

A) Weak rulers and internal divisions
B) Loss of trade revenue and land to the Mughals
C) Invasion by the Portuguese and Dutch
D) The influence of Europeans and Indians at the Safavid court

Question 55

Which of the following strategies contributed to the early success of the Qing dynasty?

A) They lightened taxes on the peasants and increased taxes on the gentry.
B) They presented themselves as upholders of familial values and traditional Chinese culture.
C) They promoted intermarriage between Manchus and the Han.
D) They retracted the Ming canton system.

Question 56

What was an effect of early Ottoman rulers' decision to avoid trade with the outside world?

A) The decision promoted increased investment in local Ottoman industries such as silk production.
B) The decision led to Ottoman rulers becoming dependent on loans of silver from wealthy merchants.
C) The decision led to economic expansion and increased Ottoman tax revenue.
D) The decision caused European buyers to look elsewhere to buy wheat, copper, and wool.

Question 57

During the seventeenth century, rising levels of global commerce increased prosperity in the Ming and Mughal Empires but also led to which of the following?

A) Great pandemics
B) Widespread famine
C) A decline in centralized state control
D) The loss of political independence

Question 58

Which of the following was used by Tokugawa Ieyasu to secure relative peace, which lasted for two centuries after his death?

A) He gave more power to the daimyo to control rogue samurai called ronin.
B) He declared himself shogun and established a hereditary system of succession.
C) He arranged marriages among the children of local authorities to solidify political bonds.
D) He kept the population in check to avoid famine and peasant revolts.

Question 59

Which of the following accurately describes the role of silver in early seventeenth-century China?

A) The primacy of silver made peasants' lives easier.
B) China increasingly relied on the global trading system for silver, making the Chinese economy vulnerable to dislocation.
C) The quantity of Japanese silver specie shipped to China rose steadily throughout the period.
D) The Dutch, English, and Spanish cooperated with one another to ensure China received a steady supply of New World silver.

Question 60

Which is an accurate comparison of the Ottoman, Mughal, and Ming Chinese leaders during this period?

A) None benefited substantially from the foreign commerce in which their merchants engaged.
B) All saw increased agricultural yields in the seventeenth century.
C) None supported the expansion of naval power.
D) All were strengthened by the influx of silver from the Americas.

Question 61

Which of the following undermined both the Ottoman and Mughal Empires?

A) The inability to placate diverse ethnic groups led to warfare, which undermined their political systems.
B) The influx of silver from the Americas created inflation, which undermined their economic autonomy.
C) The territorial expansion of Russia took provinces from both the Ottoman and Mughal Empires.
D) Religious strife within Islam sapped the government and social systems of both the Ottomans and Mughals.

Question 62

By the nineteenth century, about as many African slaves as Europeans had migrated to the Americas.

Question 63

From 1600 to 1750, global trade increased radically, fueled at first by silver from the Americas and then by trade in commodities often produced in colonies.
Develop an argument that analyzes the development of new economic policies and practices developed by transoceanic empires in this period.
In your response you should do the following:
$\bullet$ Respond to the prompt with a historically defensible thesis or claim that establishes a line of reasoning.
$\bullet$ Describe a broader historical context relevant to the prompt.
$\bullet$ Support an argument in response to the prompt using specific and relevant examples of evidence.
$\bullet$ Use historical reasoning (e.g., comparison, causation, continuity or change) to frame or structure an argument that addresses the prompt.
$\bullet$ Use evidence to corroborate, qualify, or modify an argument that addresses the prompt.

Question 64

The demographic impact of the Atlantic slave trade on Africa in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries was as devastating as the impact of Afro-Eurasian diseases on Amerindians in the sixteenth century.

Question 65

Olaudah Equiano observed that the variety of slavery that he observed on his slave ship was much worse than the slavery experienced by African slaves in Africa.

Question 66

In general, English colonists had a much more antagonistic relationship with Indians in North America than did French colonists.

Question 67

Why did European wars expand into global confrontations?

A) European countries called on their allies in Africa and Asia to support them militarily.
B) European armies skirmished around the globe over religion.
C) The Portuguese attacked English and Dutch outposts in Asia and the Americas.
D) Conflicts over overseas colonies and trade routes replaced earlier regional religious and territorial struggles.

Question 68

Silver was the single most important commodity for the integration of global trade.

Question 69

The Mughal dynasty made a successful effort to develop a naval presence in the Indian Ocean to forestall the growing European influence in the region.

Question 70

The Thirty Years' War saw the emergence of centralized standing armies, a meritocratic professional officer corps, and the standardized use of gunpowder, cannons, and muskets.

Question 71

Answer all parts of the question that follows.
(A) Identify ONE way that rulers used monumental architecture to legitimize their rule during the period from 1500 to 1750.
(B) Identify ONE way that rulers used philosophical or religious ideas to legitimize their rule during the period from 1500 to 1750.
(C) Identify and explain ONE way that states integrated different religious groups during the period from 1500 to 1750.

Question 72

Land-based empires continued to expand and/or consolidate their rule in the period from 1600 to 1750, yet encountered opposition to their growth.
Develop an argument that compares the reasons for failure to maintain imperial rule in the Ottoman and Ming empires.
In your response you should do the following:
$\bullet$ Respond to the prompt with a historically defensible thesis or claim that establishes a line of reasoning.
$\bullet$ Describe a broader historical context relevant to the prompt.
$\bullet$ Support an argument in response to the prompt using specific and relevant examples of evidence.
$\bullet$ Use historical reasoning (e.g., comparison, causation, continuity or change) to frame or structure an argument that addresses the prompt.
$\bullet$ Use evidence to corroborate, qualify, or modify an argument that addresses the prompt.

Question 73

Use the passage below to answer all parts of the question that follows.
"The smaller volume of the Indian Ocean slave trade reflects two factors. First, Europeans were less powerful there, not only the Dutch and the earlier Portuguese, but the British and French who came later. Second, Indian Ocean peoples had generally escaped the epidemiological disaster that befell indigenous peoples of the Americas and so . . . there was less need to bring large numbers of people from elsewhere to provide a labor force. In many ways, as [Markus] Vink argues, the Dutch recruitment of slave labor for servants, as manual laborers, and in manufacturing was an extension of slave systems that had long existed in Indian Ocean lands and thus was different from the new system of chattel labor largely focused on plantation production for export in the Americas. . . ."
David Northrup, historian, "Free and Unfree Labor Migration, 1600-1900," 2006
(A) Identify ONE specific historical example of an epidemiological disaster that befell indigenous peoples in the Americas as a result of European contact.
(B) Identify and explain ONE reason the Europeans were less powerful in the Indian Ocean than in the Americas in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries.
(C) Identify and explain ONE reason for the development of the plantation system in the Americas.

Question 74

Which of the following was an effect of the enclosure of common lands in the English countryside during the seventeenth century?

A) Chartered companies increased in number and spread to the countryside.
B) Serfdom was imposed on the remaining English peasants.
C) Agricultural productivity dropped drastically, leading to famines.
D) Landowners began to plant new crops to sell in distant, instead of domestic, markets.

Question 75

Which of the following prevented English monarchs, such as Queen Elizabeth I, from establishing an absolutist regime?

A) English monarchs were legally required to obtain the consent of Parliament in order to raise funds.
B) England was religiously unified, removing an issue that allowed monarchs to discredit their opponents.
C) England was composed of several independent duchies, which refused to allow the monarch to have absolute power.
D) English monarchs never wanted to centralize their authority.

Question 76

Under the absolutist system of King Louis XIV of France, the king could overrule his jurists and proclaim law.

Question 77

Both the Tokugawa Shogunate and Mughal leaders allowed merchants a great degree of autonomy in conducting foreign trade.

Question 78

Use the image below to answer all parts of the question that follows. This 1594 engraving by Dutch artist Jan van der Straet depicts the sugar manufacturing process.
(A) Identify ONE limitation of the image as a source of information about sugar manufacture in Brazil and the Caribbean.
(B) Identify ONE additional limitation of the image as a source of information about sugar manufacture in Brazil and the Caribbean.
(C) Identify and explain ONE historical claim about sugar manufacture that can be supported based on the image.

Question 79

What was a global effect of the Seven Years' War?

A) France and Spain both gained new territorial holdings in the Americas.
B) Russia completed its annexation of Siberia and controlled lands from the Baltic to the Pacific.
C) Great Britain emerged as the world's strongest colonial power, making it harder for indigenous people to pit European powers against one another.
D) Indigenous people who sided with the winners, the Dutch and the British, were able to gain favorable concessions including release of people held as forced laborers on plantations and in mines.

Question 80

For the Baron de Wimpffen, whites on St. Domingue formed one distinctive class of people.