Deck 3: Perception and Learning

Question 1

Henry was very excited to pick out his brand new pickup truck. While still trying to decide which one to choose, he ran out of time and had to leave for work. His sales representative, Ann, was eager to close the sale. Therefore, Ann decided to bring two trucks to his work that fit his main criteria. It was obvious to Henry which one he wanted to buy at that point. Why didn't Henry notice the truck among the other trucks when he was at the dealership?

A) Henry did not value the truck at the dealership.
B) We tend to perceive objects in terms of contrast.
C) Henry did not recognize what he was looking for.
D) He liked the extra attention that Ann gave him.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

The example given in the textbook where people flocked to see Joshua Bell perform in a concert hall, but failed to recognize him in the Metro station illustrates what factor that influences perception?

A) the comprehender
B) the perceiver
C) the environment
D) focal object

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Piper, a new employee, has just been introduced to Lorna. Piper was brought up to value being organized and clean. Piper notices that Lorna has a very messy desk. Piper's immediate thought is that Lorna must not get much done and is lazy. "How can Lorna find anything or focus on the task at hand with such a messy work environment?" This is an example of what factor that influences and distorts perception?

A) the comprehender
B) the perceiver
C) the environment
D) focal object

Answer 3

B

Question 4

What are an individual's fixed beliefs about the characteristics of a particular group?

A) halo effect
B) impression management
C) stereotypes
D) contrast effect

Question 5

Which factor that influences our perception is seen in terms of contrast?

A) the comprehender
B) the perceiver
C) the environment
D) the focal object

Question 6

Another word for stereotypes, which is when one has a particular feeling or attitude (often negative) toward members of a specific group, is called ______.

A) preconception
B) prejudice
C) judgment
D) bias

Question 7

Not recognizing someone you know well, like your doctor, when at the grocery store is an example of what factor that influences perception?

A) the comprehender
B) the perceiver
C) the environment
D) focal object

Question 8

Which of the following is an example of a focal object in relation to factors that influence perception?

A) growing up in a clinically clean environment
B) valuing showing up to work early and leaving late
C) a beat up old car in a parking lot full of Bentley's
D) valuing organizational skills

Question 9

Which of the following is not a factor brought to the perceptual process by the perceiver?

A) setting
B) attitude
C) culture
D) value

Question 10

What element below is not explained in the textbook regarding perceptual distortions?

A) stereotypes
B) convey affect
C) self-fulfilling prophecy
D) impression management

Question 11

Which perceptual distortion stated in the textbook is explained as the tendency to selectively focus on aspects of situations that are most aligned with our own interests, values, and attitudes?

A) stereotypes
B) primary effect
C) halo effect
D) selective attention

Question 12

What is not an example of an unexpected or incongruous focal object, in relation to the factors that influence perception?

A) valuing work ethic like never missing a day of work
B) someone who is very vocal in an otherwise quiet meeting
C) a beat up old Chevy truck at the country club
D) wearing a lot of makeup and false eyelashes to the gym

Question 13

What concept listed below is defined as the process by which we receive and interpret information from our environment?

A) focal object
B) primary effect
C) perception
D) conception

Question 14

The statement "perceptions are shaped by past experiences, culture, attitude, values, and upbringing" relates to which factor that influences perception?

A) the comprehender
B) the perceiver
C) the environment
D) focal object

Question 15

Jojo's boss is an older, Caucasian gentleman from the Midwest. They have never discussed politics, but Jojo makes assumptions about his political views. This is an example of what type of perceptual error?

A) halo effect
B) impression management
C) stereotypes
D) contrast effect

Question 16

Of the factors that influence and perhaps distort perception, which one is not discussed in the textbook?

A) the comprehender
B) the perceiver
C) the environment
D) the focal object

Question 17

The context or setting that affects the perception process is called ______.

A) the comprehender
B) the perceiver
C) the environment
D) the focal object

Question 18

Jasmine notices that every time she hears an inaccurate news story, it is published by the political party with which she disagrees. Jasmine is likely guilty of which of the following perceptual errors?

A) stereotypes
B) primary effect
C) halo effect
D) selective attention

Question 19

Gretchen was disappointed in herself when she did not recognize her professor at the restaurant where she works. She wondered why she didn't notice someone that she sees three times a week. Gretchen's perception of her professor was influenced by what factor?

A) the comprehender
B) the perceiver
C) the environment
D) the focal object

Question 20

______, or the person, thing, or event being interpreted, also affects our perception.

A) The comprehender
B) The perceiver
C) The environment
D) Focal object

Question 21

The primacy effect is a perceptual distortion in which an individual is judged based on the first information encountered, whereas the recency effect is a perceptual distortion in which an individual is judged based on ______.

A) the most recent information available
B) a comparison to a similar person
C) how we think or feel about the person
D) beliefs about that person's group

Question 22

Russ has been on time for work all year, consistently going above and beyond his duties. However, in the month before his performance appraisal, he had the flu and his whole family became sick, causing him to frequently be absent and exhibit lower-than-normal performance. As a result, his annual performance appraisal was somewhat negative. It is likely that Russ's boss committed which of the following perceptual errors?

A) impression management
B) self-fulfilling prophecy
C) recency effect
D) primacy effect

Question 23

The way a person behaves based on preexisting expectations about another person or situation can sometimes create an outcome that is aligned with those expectations, which is called a ______.

A) self-fulfilling prophecy
B) projecting
C) halo effect
D) contrast effect

Question 24

Which cause to explain the behavior of others is related to personal characteristics of others?

A) external features
B) external attributions
C) interior characteristic
D) internal attributions

Question 25

When using impression management, one might also use ______.

A) projection
B) stereotyping
C) ingratiation
D) the contrast effect

Question 26

Faye is very upset at Don. She has been waiting for him all day so they can discuss their issue. Faye knows she needs to talk calmly and get to the point, but she is distracted with Don's attitude. She feels that he is upset about the situation. This makes her even madder because he should not be the one to be upset. When she confronts Don, he tells her that he is not mad. Don spends his time trying to convince her that he is not upset. After much convincing, Faye realized that she was ______.

A) stereotyping
B) using primary effect
C) halo effecting
D) projecting

Question 27

Which cause to explain the behavior of others is related to situational factors?

A) exterior characteristic
B) internal features
C) external attributions
D) internal attributions

Question 28

Which perceptual distortion stated in the textbook is explained as something that takes place when people rank something higher or lower than they should as a result of exposure to recent events or situations?

A) primacy effect
B) contrast effect
C) selective attention
D) self-fulfilling prophecy

Question 29

Which theory holds that people look for two causes to explain the behavior of others?

A) attribution
B) feature
C) component
D) characteristic

Question 30

Zuri is a superstar athlete in her school. In order to be allowed to play sports, she must also have a B average on her report card. She is pretty and friendly with everyone and the faculty think she can do no wrong. Which perceptual distortion have the faculty fallen prey to?

A) selective attention
B) primary effect
C) halo effect
D) projecting

Question 31

Which element below is a perceptual distortion in which we use the most recent information available to assess a person?

A) impression management
B) self-fulfilling prophecy
C) recency effect
D) primacy effect

Question 32

Which perceptual distortion stated in the textbook is a process in which people transfer their own thoughts, motivations, feelings, and desires to others?

A) self-fulfilling prophecy
B) projecting
C) halo effect
D) contrast effect

Question 33

Teddy works at the local department store. Her boss, Charlie, had important information about the company who made the purses and how they were to be displayed in the store. Teddy was so excited about the new purses that she did not pay attention to what Charlie was explaining. This is an example of what perceptual distortion?

A) selective attention
B) recency effect
C) primary effect
D) impression management

Question 34

The common phrase "judging a book by its cover" is an example of which perceptual distortion?

A) recency effect
B) impression management
C) self-fulfilling prophecy
D) primacy effect

Question 35

A Harvard Business Review study found that business executives who behave in an ingratiating manner toward their CEOs are also the ones most likely to ______.

A) defend those CEOs when necessary
B) get promoted ahead of other colleagues
C) speak negatively about those CEOs
D) leave the organization prematurely

Question 36

Which element below is a perceptual distortion in which an individual assesses a person quickly on the basis of the first information encountered?

A) selective attention
B) contrast effect
C) self-fulfilling prophecy
D) primacy effect

Question 37

Ravi and Luke went to see the play "Out of Sorts." Luke loved the show while Ravi did not enjoy it as much. When Luke asked Ravi why he didn't like it, Ravi explained that while the show was good, he had seen the same show in New York City and thought it was much better there. Ravi has experienced which perceptual distortion?

A) selective attention
B) contrast effect
C) self-fulfilling prophecy
D) primacy effect

Question 38

Which element below is a perception problem in which we form a positive or negative view of one aspect of an individual based on our overall impressions of that person?

A) halo effect
B) stereotypes
C) primary effect
D) impression management

Question 39

Paulie wants to create a good impression within his neighborhood by dressing professionally and remaining calm, positive, and knowledgeable throughout his daily interactions. He hopes that this will impress his good friends, Tony and Silvio. Paulie is practicing ______.

A) projecting
B) recency effect
C) self-fulfilling prophecy
D) impression management

Question 40

Alex was told that her athletes were lazy and negative, causing her to be less than excited about serving as their coach. By the end of the season, she agreed that it was the worst team she had ever coached. She also recognized that her behavior may have further contributed to their negative attitudes. This is an example of which of the following perceptual errors?

A) impression management
B) self-fulfilling prophecy
C) recency effect
D) primacy effect

Question 41

What are the two common attribution errors?

A) fundamental attribution error and self-serving bias
B) rudimentary element error and self-serving bias
C) rudimentary element error and self-absorbed slant
D) self-absorbed slant and fundamental attribution error

Question 42

When Carrie's students are late, she always says that the tardiness could have been prevented by the student leaving for class earlier. Carrie is committing the ______.

A) stereotyping
B) self-serving bias
C) fundamental attribution error
D) selective attention

Question 43

Damon noticed that Elena was not at work today. Damon decided to look at her past behavior to help assess the situation. If Elena tends to be frequently absent, he might ascribe her behavior to being lazy and indifferent. Conversely, if Elena's attendance is usually high, then he would ascribe her absence to external causes, such as illness or an emergency. What factor that influences our internal and external attributes did Damon use?

A) dispute
B) distinctiveness
C) consistency
D) consensus

Question 44

Which attribution error is the tendency to attribute external factors to our own failures more than internal factors?

A) self-absorbed slant
B) self-serving bias
C) fundamental attribution error
D) rudimentary element error

Question 45

The effect of a conditioned stimulus is a/an ______.

A) unconditioned response
B) conditioned response
C) unconditioned stimulus
D) neutral stimulus

Question 46

Stefan noticed that Katherine was not at work today. Stefan decided to look at the other employees' attendance records. If more people in the office are absent on the same days, he might ascribe this behavior to an external attribution, such as stress due to overworking, or a virus or flu that has spread through the office. Conversely, if everyone else has an excellent attendance record, Stefan is more likely to attribute Katherine's absenteeism to internal factors. What factor that influences our internal and external attributes did Stefan use?

A) dispute
B) distinctiveness
C) consistency
D) consensus

Question 47

Saul is a fisherman in his small village. Skyler, his wife, was tired of him missing dinner. She decided to display a red light on her front porch of the little house by the sea to alert him when dinner was ready. Every time he saw the red light, he felt hungry, and he immediately went home. This is an example of ______.

A) an unconditioned stimulus because he just knew when it was time for dinner
B) a neutral stimulus because the red light did not elicit a response
C) a conditioned response to the red light because he was reinforced for coming home
D) a conditioned response to the red light, such as feeling hunger pangs or salivating

Question 48

Which statement below is not an example of internal attributions?

A) Lana having no energy
B) Sterling having an overwhelming amount of work
C) Pam feeling a little indifferent about work
D) Cheryl having apathy for her job

Question 49

When Noah does well at golf, he credits his focus and tenacity. When Noah scores poorly, he usually blames his caddy for poor advice. Noah is likely guilty of which of the following errors?

A) halo effect
B) self-serving bias
C) fundamental attribution error
D) recency effect

Question 50

Leslie noticed that Andy was not at work today. Leslie decided to look at Andy's history of attendance. If Leslie sees that Andy is consistently absent, she could tend to ascribe his absence to internal causes. If Andy's attendance is usually high, then she would regard a day's absence as unusual, therefore ascribing it to external causes. What factor that influences our internal and external attributes did Leslie use?

A) unanimity
B) distinctiveness
C) consistency
D) consensus

Question 51

When looking at classical conditioning, neutral stimulus is also called ______.

A) conditioned stimulus
B) conditioned response
C) unconditioned stimulus
D) reinforcement theory

Question 52

Which factor below does not influence our internal and external attributions?

A) dispute
B) distinctiveness
C) consistency
D) consensus

Question 53

Julian recognizes that her sales numbers are low for the month of June. When she asks around, she realizes that everyone has low numbers for the month. This is an example of a high degree of ______.

A) anonymity
B) distinctiveness
C) consistency
D) consensus

Question 54

Which attribution error is the inclination to attribute internal factors to the behavior of others more than external factors?

A) self-absorbed slant
B) self-serving bias
C) fundamental attribution error
D) rudimentary element error

Question 55

What factor that influences our internal and external attributions listed below looks at how everyone else responds in the same situation?

A) dispute
B) distinctiveness
C) consistency
D) consensus

Question 56

What factor that influences our internal and external attributions listed below is the extent to which a person responds in the same way over a period of time?

A) dispute
B) distinctiveness
C) consistency
D) consensus

Question 57

Which item below is not one of the behavioral interpretations of learning discussed in the textbook?

A) classical conditioning
B) reinforcement theory
C) instrumental theory
D) operant conditioning

Question 58

What element below suggests that learning can be accomplished through the use of stimuli?

A) operant conditioning
B) conditioned response
C) reinforcement theory
D) classical conditioning

Question 59

Francis noticed that Zoe was not producing as many cakes as her coworkers. Zoe explained that she felt her coworkers were getting the best clients. Francis deduced that Zoe's inability to produce as many cakes was due to ______.

A) internal attributions
B) internal features
C) external attributions
D) exterior characteristic

Question 60

What factor that influences our internal and external attributions listed below is explained as the extent to which a person behaves consistently in similar situations?

A) dispute
B) distinctiveness
C) consistency
D) consensus

Question 61

Blacktop Inc. provides employees with a regular paycheck every 2 weeks, regardless of how production has been. This is an example of which type of intermittent reinforcement?

A) fixed ratio schedule
B) fixed interval schedule
C) variable interval schedule
D) variable ratio schedule

Question 62

Which element of the reinforcement theory is the administration of unpleasant consequences or removal of positive ones for the purpose of discouraging undesirable behavior?

A) positive reinforcement
B) punishment
C) negative reinforcement
D) extinction

Question 63

Ava has a cute little 7-year-old named Boyd. Boyd had a habit of being mean to his beloved cat, Dickie. Ava decided to remove Dickie from the room every time Boyd pulled his tail or did anything unpleasant to the cat. After a while, Boyd realized that in order to keep the cat in the room, he could not pull his tail or be unpleasant to Dickie. His behavior changed for the better. This is an example of ______.

A) positive punishment
B) positive reinforcement
C) negative punishment
D) negative reinforcement

Question 64

Which item below states that behavior is a function of its consequences and is determined exclusively by environmental factors, such as external stimuli and other reinforcers?

A) operant conditioning
B) conditioned response
C) reinforcement theory
D) classical conditioning

Question 65

What term below is not an element of the social cognitive theory?

A) reciprocal behavior
B) self-regulation
C) vicarious learning
D) self-efficacy

Question 66

______ is when positive consequences are used to reinforce certain behaviors to make the employee more likely to behave in similar ways in the same or similar situations.

A) Negative punishment
B) Positive reinforcement
C) Positive punishment
D) Negative reinforcement

Question 67

What item below is the absence of any consequences, which reduces the likelihood that the behavior will be repeated in the same or similar situations?

A) positive reinforcement
B) punishment
C) negative reinforcement
D) extinction

Question 68

Which theory proposed that we learn by observing, imitating, and modeling the behavior of others within our social context?

A) social cognitive theory
B) instrumental theory
C) reinforcement theory
D) theory of attributions

Question 69

Which element below is defined as the use of behavioral techniques to reinforce positive work behavior and discourage unhelpful work behavior?

A) organizational behavior modification
B) punishment
C) reinforcement theory
D) positive reinforcement

Question 70

The law of effect theory states that behavior followed by pleasant results is more likely to be repeated, whereas behavior followed by unpleasant results is not. This is the root of which element of the behavioral perspective?

A) operant conditioning
B) conditioned response
C) reinforcement theory
D) classical conditioning

Question 71

______ is the removal of previously experienced negative consequences, resulting in the likelihood that certain behaviors will occur again in the same or similar situations.

A) Positive punishment
B) Negative reinforcement
C) Negative punishment
D) Positive reinforcement

Question 72

When Jonesy makes his rounds around the production floor, he keeps $50 VISA gift cards in his pockets. If he sees someone going above-and-beyond their role, he hands them a gift card. The employees never know when Jonesy will make his rounds, but anticipating his appearance causes people to work hard to get rewarded. This is an example of which type of intermittent reinforcement?

A) fixed ratio schedule
B) fixed interval schedule
C) variable interval schedule
D) variable ratio schedule

Question 73

Which element below is not one of the four main types of behavioral techniques?

A) positive reinforcement
B) punishment
C) negative reinforcement
D) elimination

Question 74

Blair, the owner of Nice Necessities, noticed that her employees would come to work early, leave late, and generally had a high level of commitment the first year of business. The second year, her employees were late more often than not and did not feel very committed to the store. Blair noticed that the demands of family life pulled her away from Nice Necessities in the second year. Blair realized that she had set the example for her employees and they were merely modeling her behavior. This exemplifies which theory?

A) instrument theory
B) social cognitive theory
C) reinforcement theory
D) theory of attributions

Question 75

The practical application of reinforcement in the workplace is called ______.

A) reinforcement theory
B) extinction
C) organizational behavior modification
D) schedule of reinforcement

Question 76

Which element of the behavioral perspective listed below is defined as the process of forming associations between learning and behavior that occurs when the consequences of behavior are being controlled?

A) operant conditioning
B) conditioned response
C) reinforcement theory
D) classical conditioning

Question 77

Sybil and Mary are required to complete a ropes course for their team retreat. Sybil is petrified and does not feel confident in her ability to finish the course. Mary, on the other hand, feels very confident doing physical activities and is looking forward to it. Sybil and Mary have ______.

A) low self-efficacy and high self-efficacy, respectively
B) low reciprocal behavior and high reciprocal behavior, respectively
C) high reciprocal behavior and low reciprocal behavior, respectively
D) low self-regulation and high self-regulation, respectively

Question 78

HGC Outfitters provides a $20 employee bonus for every fifth sale. This is an example of a ______ schedule of intermittent reinforcement.

A) fixed ratio
B) fixed interval
C) variable interval
D) variable ratio

Question 79

Which element below is described as our personal belief in our ability to perform certain tasks or behaviors?

A) reciprocal behavior
B) self-regulation
C) vicarious learning
D) self-efficacy

Question 80

Which element of the behavioral perspective was refined into the more comprehensive reinforcement theory?

A) operant conditioning
B) conditioned response
C) reinforcement theory
D) classical conditioning