Deck 13: Aspects of Emotion

Question 1

Which one of the following best represents Lazarus's concept of primary appraisal?
(a)Can I cope with this situation?
(b)Is this event a personal threat?
(c)What was the outcome-a success or a failure?
(d)What will happen next?

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Lazarus's theory of emotion is a cognitive-motivational-relational one. What does it mean to say that the theory is relational? Relational means that emotion arises from one's relationship:
(a)with ongoing motivational states.
(b)with cognitive activity.
(c)with other people.
(d)to environmental threats and benefits.

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Which of the following sequence of events best reflects the James-Lange theory of emotion?
(a)I see a dog, I appraise the situation as harmful, I feel fear, my heart races.
(b)I see a dog, I feel fear, relief replaces fear, and relief fades away.
(c)I see a dog, I feel fear, my heart races.
(d)I see a dog, my heart races, I feel fear.

Answer 3

D

Question 4

All cognitive emotion theorists endorse the position that:
(a)emotion activation arises from a felt tendency to approach or avoid the stimulus event.
(b)emotion activation arises from the combination of cognitive and biological events.
(c)the appraisal, not the stimulus event itself, causes emotion.
(d)the stimulus event, not the appraisal, causes emotion.

Question 5

In a cognitive view of emotion, which of the following statements is most true?
(a)Appraisals cause feelings, and feelings cause emotions.
(b)Appraisals of environmental events cause emotion.
(c)Emotions cause appraisals.
(d)Life outcomes cause emotions.

Question 6

According to research on the weak version of the facial feedback hypothesis, which of the following conclusions is most valid?
(a)Exaggerating facial feedback can exaggerate an emotional reaction.
(b)Suppressing facial feedback can suppress an emotional reaction.
(c)The contribution of facial feedback to emotional experience is small relative to that of other factors.
(d)all of the above

Question 7

The person who experiences increased heart rate and decreased skin temperature is probably feeling:
(a)anger.
(b)disgust.
(c)fear.
(d)guilt.

Question 8

The purpose of the cross-cultural investigations that tested whether human beings display similar facial expressions of emotion regardless of cultural/national differences was to demonstrate that:
(a)facial behavior has an innate, unlearned component.
(b)facial behavior has a learned, voluntary component.
(c)some cultures express positive emotions clearly but negative emotions only vaguely.
(d)some cultures are more emotionally expressive than are other cultures.

Question 9

Which of the following is not a valid criticism of the James-Lange theory of emotion?
(a)Different patterns of bodily arousal produce different emotional states.
(b)People experience emotion even after surgery makes it impossible for the brain to monitor visceral activities.
(c)People experience emotion faster than the body's physiological reactions can produce them.
(d)Stimulant drugs do not seem to cause specific emotional reactions.

Question 10

The facial feedback hypothesis:
(a)asserts that emotion arises from proprioceptive feedback from facial behavior.
(b)explains how infants communicate their thoughts to adult caregivers.
(c)has been shown to be false.
(d)is a cognitive theory of emotion.

Question 11

______is a cognitive process that evaluates the significance or environmental events in terms of one's well-being (e.g., "Is this situation significant to me and my well-being?).
(a)Appraisal
(b)Anticipation
(c)Attribution
(d)Fear
(e)Mindset

Question 12

Which facial expression of emotion is described by the following: corrugators drawn in and down; orbicularis oris presses lips firmly together.
(a)anger
(b)disgust
(c)fear
(d)interest

Question 13

Which of the following sequence of events best describes Arnold's appraisal view of emotion?

A)action $\rightarrow$ emotion $\rightarrow$ appraisal
B)appraisal $\rightarrow$ emotion $\rightarrow$ action
C)emotion $\rightarrow$ action $\rightarrow$ appraisal
D)emotion $\rightarrow$ appraisal $\rightarrow$ action

Question 14

When you blink or squint your eyes, which of the following muscles are activated?
(a)corrugators
(b)depressors
(c)orbicularis oculi
(d)orbicularis oris

Question 15

The finding that heart rate and skin temperature increase for one emotion (e.g., anger) but decrease for another emotion is an important finding because it _____of emotion.
(a)supports the James-Lange theory
(b)refutes the James-Lange theory
(c)supports Cannon's criticism of the James-Lange theory
(d)refutes Cannon's criticism of the James-Lange theory

Question 16

According to the facial feedback hypothesis, facial feedback does one thing, namely:
(a)emotion activation.
(b)emotion balancing.
(c)emotion cueing.
(d)emotion filtering.

Question 17

The _______muscle(s) lie beneath the eyebrows.
(a)corrugator
(b)depressor
(c)frontalis
(d)zygomaticus

Question 18

Some facial expression of emotion are more difficult to recognize than are other facial expressions of emotion.Which of the following emotions is considered the most difficult for people to recognize from the facial expression alone?
(a)anger
(b)disgust
(c)fear
(d)joy

Question 19

Which facial expression of emotion is described by the following: nasalis wrinkles the nose; zygomaticus raises the cheeks; orbicularis oris raises the upper lip.
(a)anger
(b)disgust
(c)fear
(d)interest

Question 20

The appraisal, "Is this situation relevant to my well-being?", constitutes a(n) _______appraisal.
(a)outcome-driven
(b)primary
(c)secondary
(d)tertiary

Question 21

A(n) ___involves both a cognitive search through available coping options and a prediction of whether each option will or will not be successful in managing the stressor.
(a)coping response
(b)emotional disruption
(c)primary appraisal
(d)secondary appraisal

Question 22

___follow(s) secondary appraisals.
(a)Coping responses
(b)Parasympathetic nervous system activation
(c)Primary appraisal
(d)Sympathetic nervous system activation

Question 23

In the social sharing of emotion, which aspect is closest to a type of therapy in terms of helping the person best alleviate emotional distress and cope better with the emotional situation?
(a)affective sharing
(b)cognitive sharing
(c)communicative sharing
(d)perspective sharing

Question 24

People socially share their emotions with others primarily to:
(a)better regulate those emotions.
(b)create a positive social impression.
(c)gain a social advantage (if someone might harm or threaten them)
(d)gain greater social status (greater respect from others).

Question 25

In the social sharing of emotion, which of the following statements is the only false one?
(a)Social-affective sharing helps the sharer categorize the emotional episode as a generally positive one or as a generally negative one.
(b)Social-affective sharing yields little benefit beyond temporary relief from the negative affect.
(c)Social sharing of emotion is the norm, not the occasional exception, in emotional experience.
(d)Social sharing of emotion tends to bring the sharer and listener closer together.

Question 26

According to Lazarus's theory of emotion, the primary appraisal of failing to live up to an ego ideal leads in a reliable way to the emotional experience of:
(a)anger.
(b)disgust.
(c)sadness.
(d)shame.

Question 27

What did Lazarus's view of emotion add to Arnold's?
(a)the idea that cognitive appraisals play at least as important a role as does physiological reaction
(b)the idea that each discrete emotion involves its own unique appraisal
(c)the idea that emotion is a unitary phenomenon
(d)the idea that the physiological and cognitive systems interact to produce emotion

Question 28

According to appraisal theories, which emotion would a person experience following these four appraisals of an emotional situation? An important goal was at stake; the goal was lost; another person blocked my goal attainment; and the loss was undeserved/illegitimate.
(a)anger
(b)disgust
(c)distress or sadness
(d)hate

Question 29

According to appraisal theories, which emotion would a person experience following these three appraisals of an emotional situation? An important goal was at stake; the goal was attained; the self was the causal agent in bringing the positive outcome to fruition.
(a)gratitude
(b)hope
(c)liking
(d)pride

Question 30

Which of the following events prompts the individual to make a secondary appraisal of a potentially stressful event?
(a)coping responses
(b)parasympathetic nervous system activation
(c)perception of the stimulus event
(d)sympathetic nervous system activation

Question 31

When a person automatically mimics another's emotional expression and begins to synchronize his or her own emotion with the other person's in terms of expression, vocalization, postures, and movements, what emotional phenomena has occurred?
(a)emotional contagion
(b)emotional contact
(c)emotional reversal
(d)emotional sociology

Question 32

According to an attributional analysis of emotion, attributing a negative outcome to an external and controllable cause generates the emotional reaction of:
(a)anger.
(b)fear.
(c)guilt.
(d)pity.

Question 33

According to the text, _______affords people the ability to appraise situations with high discrimination and to respond with a vast array of situationally appropriate emotional reactions.
(a)a positive mood
(b)attribution
(c)cognitive complexity
(d)emotion knowledge

Question 34

What is the most important contribution that Weiner's attributional analysis makes to the study of emotion?
(a)Cognitive appraisals play at least as important a role as does physiological reaction.
(b)Emotion is a motivational phenomenon.
(c)People can experience different emotions to the same outcome.
(d)The physiological and cognitive systems interact to produce emotion.

Question 35

According to Lazarus, a(n) _______appraisal, which occurs after some reflection, involves an estimate of whether one can do anything to cope with a potential stressor.
(a)primary
(b)secondary
(c)tertiary
(d)outcome-driven

Question 36

According to Lazarus, a(n) _______appraisal, which occurs immediately following stimulus exposure, involves an estimate of whether one has anything at stake in the stimulus encounter.
(a)primary
(b)secondary
(c)tertiary
(d)outcome-driven

Question 37

According to an attributional analysis of emotion, attributing a negative outcome to an external and uncontrollable cause generates the emotional reaction of:
(a)anger.
(b)fear.
(c)guilt.
(d)pity.

Question 38

The number of different emotions a person can distinguish within his or her own experience is called:
(a)appraisal.
(b)attribution of emotion.
(c)emotion knowledge.
(d)emotional complexity.

Question 39

The most frequent source of a person's day-to-day emotion is:
(a)external sources of information that conflict with one's prior beliefs.
(b)other people.
(c)success-failure outcomes.
(d)unconscious memories.
(e)weather-related events.

Question 40

In Weiner's attributional analysis of emotion, the immediate consequence of an outcome is an outcome-dependent emotional response, which Weiner calls a _______of the outcome.
(a)causal analysis
(b)retrospective analysis
(c)primary appraisal
(d)secondary appraisal

Question 41

Are emotions an essential element of evolution?

Question 42

Summarize Weiner's attributional theory of emotion. Start with an outcome and conclude your answer by explaining how a person experiences specific emotions such as pride and anger.

Question 43

What conclusions can be offered from the empirical evidence obtained from tests of the strong and weak versions of the facial feedback hypothesis?

Question 44

Explain how the social sharing of emotion can generated an enhanced (i.e., more positive, closer) relationship between two people-the one who shares and the one who listens.

Question 45

Consider either the strong or weak version of the facial feedback hypothesis. Describe the typical research study testing that version of the facial feedback hypothesis as well as the pattern of results typically found in such a study.

Question 46

Consider anger. Explain the origins of the anger emotion first according to Lazarus's appraisal-based theory of emotion and then according to Weiner's attribution-based theory of emotion.

Question 47

Discuss the experimental methodology of the studies designed to test the proposition that human beings display similar facial expressions of emotion regardless of differences in cultural background (i.e., cross-cultural studies of emotion facial expressions).

Question 48

Summarize the James-Lange theory of emotion.
Identify (name/list) the criticisms of or arguments against the James-Lange theory.

Question 49

Using the concept of emotional contagion, explain how the emotions of one person can generate that same emotional experience in another person such that the second person "catches" the emotion expressed by the first person.

Question 50

Outline Lazarus's appraisal theory of emotion. In doing so, use each of the following four terms in your

Question 51

Explain the role attributions play in the emotions of pride, gratitude, hope, anger, pity, guilt, and shame.

Question 52

Explain the phrase, "Brain activity (e.g., environmental stimulation of the amygdala)
activates individual emotions."

Question 53

What is emotion knowledge? How do individuals develop emotion knowledge? How does ever more sophisticated emotion knowledge benefit the person?

Question 54

What is the social sharing of emotion? What happens during the social sharing of emotion? Why does this experience "pay off" for the person who is sharing the emotion?

Question 55

State the facial feedback hypothesis in both its strong and weak versions.

Question 56

Define and differentiate between Lazarus's two constructs of primary appraisal and secondary appraisal.

Question 57

Lazarus's theory of emotion is a cognitive-motivational-relational theory.
Explain what each of these three terms (cognitive, motivational, relational) means.

Question 58

Explain emotion activation as a function of changes in the rate of neural firing in the cortex. What pattern of neural firing activates each of the following six emotions-anger, distress, fear, interest, joy, and surprise?