Deck 4: Physiological Needs

Question 1

Without any water replenishment, the typical human being will die in about:
(a)1 day.
(b)3 days.
(c)5 days.
(d)7 days.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

The major negative feedback system that regulates and lessens the experience of thirst and inhibits drinking is found in the body's:
(a)cells.
(b)mouth.
(c)stomach.
(d)all of the above

Answer 2

D

Question 3

According to the textbook, the most important environmental influence on drinking behavior is:
(a)body temperature.
(b)room temperature.
(c)taste.
(d)water availability.

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Of the following physiological needs, which one is relatively less regulated by intraorganismic mechanisms and relatively more regulated by extraorganismic ones?
(a)hunger
(b)pain
(c)sex
(d)thirst

Question 5

Cellular dehydration causes ___thirst, whereas dehydration of the bloodstream leads to ___thirst.
(a)long-term; short-term
(b)short-term; long-term
(c)osmometric; volumetric
(d)volumetric; osmometric

Question 6

What is the primary distinction between psychological needs such as autonomy and implicit motives needs such as achievement?
(a)Psychological needs are felt more intensely than are implicit motives.
(b)Implicit motives predict important outcomes in a more reliable way than do psychological needs.
(c)Implicit motives are acquired through experience and socialization.
(d)Implicit motives are proactive in that they motivate people's initiative more than do psychological needs.

Question 7

Cannon's conceptualization of ___arose from his observations of the bloodstream's inherent tendency to maintain a constant water content, salt level, temperature, oxygen level, and so on.
(a)drive
(b)homeostasis
(c)need
(d)osmosis

Question 8

The smell of food, the appearance of food, the time of day, and the presence of other people who are eating all represent _that contribute to and regulate the rise and fall of hunger and eating.
(a)extraorganismic mechanisms
(b)homeostatic influences
(c)multiple inputs
(d)psychological drive

Question 9

What does research say about the cultural prescription to drink 8 glasses of water each day?
(a)Adults should drink 8 glasses, while children should drink 6 glasses per day.
(b)No evidence exists to support this advice.
(c)People who drink 8 glasses per day will become healthier than will people who do not drink 8 glasses per day.
(d)People who drink 8 glasses of water per day will speed up their metabolism and lose weight faster.

Question 10

In what ways do needs differ from one another?
(a)how future-oriented the satisfaction of each need tends to be
(b)how long it takes (in hours)to satisfy each different need
(c)the amount of energy each separate need generates
(d)the goal the person pursues to satisfy each different need

Question 11

Which of the following is the closest synonym for appetite?
(a)homeostasis
(b)negative feedback signal
(c)psychological drive
(d)reactance

Question 12

___refers to a physiological stop system that terminates drive.
(a)Emotion
(b)Homeostasis
(c)Negative feedback
(d)Regulation

Question 13

The human body is mostly water: about _%.
(a)50
(b)67
(c)84
(d)95

Question 14

According to the ___hypothesis, when body weight (or proportion of body fat) drops below its in-born homeostatic balance, then increased hunger and increased eating behavior become more probable.
(a)glucostatic
(b)lipostatic
(c)osmometric
(d)volumetric

Question 15

Among the following, which is the most likely event to increase or intensify hunger?
(a)decreased glucose
(b)decreased sensitivity of one's liver
(c)increased glucose
(d)increased testosterone

Question 16

Bodily systems show a remarkable capacity for maintaining a steady state of equilibrium, even as these systems perform their functions and are exposed to widely differing and stressful environmental conditions. The term that describes the body's tendency to maintain a steady state is:
(a)disruption tolerance.
(b)drive.
(c)fluctuation tolerance.
(d)homeostasis.

Question 17

___is any condition within the person that is essential and necessary for life, growth, and well-being.
(a)Drive
(b)Homeostasis
(c)Need
(d)Pain

Question 18

_thirst arises when the intracellular fluid/water falls below a homeostatic level of needs replenishment.
(a)Long-term
(b)Short-term
(c)Osmometric
(d)Volumetric

Question 19

Which of the following statements is true?
(a)All needs direct behavior, but only some needs energize behavior.
(b)All needs energize behavior; but needs differ from one another in how they direct behavior toward different goals.
(c)People experience acquired needs more intensely than they experience innate needs.
(d)People experience psychological needs more intensely than they experience physiological needs.

Question 20

___is the theoretical term used to depict the psychological discomfort stemming from a persistent biological deficit.
(a)Drive
(b)Homeostasis
(c)Need
(d)Pain

Question 21

Which of the following influences has not been found to produce restraint release (i.e., binge eating) in dieters?
(a)alcohol
(b)anxiety
(c)being alone
(d)depression

Question 22

In the United States, about what percentage of adults are obese?
(a)10%
(b)20%
(c)35%
(d)60%

Question 23

When a person's stomach is full and distended, people experience little to no hunger. By the time the stomach empties ___of its contents, however, people begin to report
The first signs of hunger.
(a)10%
(b)25%
(c)40%
(d)60%

Question 24

For women's faces, the facial metrics associated with physical attractiveness include:
(a)expressive characteristics.
(b)neonatal features.
(c)sexual maturity features.
(d)prominent chin length and thick eyebrows.

Question 25

What is the difference between a drive and a need? Define both terms and differentiate between the two.

Question 26

According to the ___hypothesis of hunger, appetite rises and falls in response to changes in plasma glucose.
(a)corrective regulation
(b)lipogenesis
(c)lipostatic
(d)glucostatic

Question 27

People often try to self-regulate their bodily appetites. When mental states regulate physiological needs, _occurs;
When physiological needs overwhelm mental control, _occurs.
(a)appetite; aversion
(b)aversion; appetite
(c)self-regulation; self-regulation failure
(d)self-regulation failure; self-regulation

Question 28

According to the ice cream eating study, which of the following is true? Compared to how much they eat when alone, people eat:
(a)about the same in the presence of other people who are also eating.
(b)less in the presence of other people who are also eating.
(c)more in the presence of other people who are also eating.
(d)less when they are in the presence of family and friends.

Question 29

Which of the following statements is not true?
(a)Androgens and estrogens are potent sexual stimuli in human beings.
(b)Images and fantasies are stronger sexual cues than are levels of the sex hormones.
(c)Sexual motives are mostly environmentally regulated.
(d)The sight, smell, touch, and emotional intimacy of the sexual partner are the strongest cues to sexual motivation.

Question 30

Which of the following is true about hunger and eating?
(a)People who are very thirsty feel more hunger than people who are not thirsty.
(b)Large portion sizes lead people to eat more than do small portion sizes.
(c)People eat more when alone than when with others who are also eating.
(d)People eat more when they have a monotonous diet rather than a high-variety diet.

Question 31

The hormone ___generates a desire to eat (hunger), while the hormone ___generates a feeling of satiety.
(a)ghrelin, leptin
(b)leptin, ghrelin
(c)insulin, secretin
(d)secretin, leptin

Question 32

Which of the following statements is not true about hunger and feeding behavior?
(a)Electrical stimulation of the lateral hypothalamus increases feeding behavior.
(b)Intravenous injection of glucose decreases activity in the lateral hypothalamus.
(c)Hunger is the body's means of defending its genetic set point of how much it should weigh.
(d)The glucostatic hypothesis explains the set-point theory of hunger and eating.

Question 33

Consider mating strategies.Which of the following represents must-have "necessities" in determining one's preference to select a mate?
(a)For both men and women, kindness is a necessity.
(b)For both men and women, being the same age is a necessity.
(c)For men, physical attractiveness is a necessity in women; for women, social status is a necessity in men.
(d)For men, social status is a necessity in women; for women, physical attractiveness is a necessity in men.

Question 34

People fail to self-regulate their bodily appetites for three primary reasons. Which one of the following is not one of those reasons?
(a)People fail to monitor what they are doing, as they become distracted or overwhelmed.
(b)People can lack standards of how to behave (how much to eat, drink).
(c)People pay relatively too much attention to their long-term goals and relatively too little attention to their short-term goals.
(d)When not currently experiencing biological urges, people underestimate how powerful these urges can be.

Question 35

Which of the following statements is true about sexual motivation?
(a)Human sexual motivation is determined mostly by the rise and fall of hormones.
(b)In women, the correlation between physiological arousal and psychological desire is high.
(c)Men and women experience and react to sexual desire very differently.
(d)Women with small or petite eyes are rated as more physically attractive than are women with large eyes.

Question 36

Define the term negative feedback.Use the analogy of a house furnace to illustrate how negative feedback acts in concert with homeostasis.

Question 37

Research on sexual orientation-one's preference for sexual partners of the same or opposite sex-suggests that sexual orientation is:
(a)a choice, one best explained as a choice about identity and relationships.
(b)a choice, one best explained by exposure to admired role models.
(c)not a choice, as best explained by a dominant mother and a weak father.
(d)not a choice, as best explained by genetics and prenatal hormonal influences.

Question 38

A person's mental representation of how sexual episodes are to be enacted constitutes a sexual:
(a)hierarchy.
(b)ritualization.
(c)schema.
(d)script.

Question 39

For men's faces, the facial metrics associated with physical attractiveness include:
(a)expressive characteristics.
(b)neonatal features.
(c)sexual maturity features.
(d)large eyes, a small nose, and a small chin.

Question 40

At what point will a person begin to feel hungry after eating an average-sized meal?
(a)as soon as the stomach starts to digest that food
(b)by the time the stomach has emptied about 10% of its food
(c)by the time the stomach has emptied about two-thirds of its food
(d)only after the stomach has emptied all of its food

Question 41

Explain the key difference between men's and women's sexual-response cycle.
What causes men and women to experience high sexual motivation?

Question 42

Provide one example of each of the following three categories of facial metrics-neonatal features, sexual maturity features, and expressive features.

Question 43

Discuss the evolutionary basis of human sexual motivation and mating strategies.

Question 44

Research shows that dieting can lead to restraint release and binge eating.
Explain why dieters are more susceptible to restraint release than are non-dieters.

Question 45

Name and discuss the importance of any two extraorganismic processes that regulate eating behavior.

Question 46

Use the following six terms to discuss short-term hunger regulation: glucose, insulin, liver, glucostatic hypothesis, lateral hypothalamus, and ventromedial hypothalamus.

Question 47

Explain the set-point theory of hunger and eating behavior.

Question 48

Describe the lipostatic hypothesis of the rise and fall of hunger.

Question 49

Discuss the scientific validity of the cultural prescription to "drink 8 glasses of water a
day."

Question 50

Outline the experimental procedure used in a typical study of facial metrics.

Question 51

Explain how and why dieting can be detrimental to the long-term regulation of eating behavior.

Question 52

From a motivational point of view, explain why so many people are obese.

Question 53

After a person drinks a glass of water, explain the physiological events that occur
to decrease thirst.

Question 54

Identify what facial-metrics are most attractive to
(a)women and
(b)men.

Question 55

Describe the glucostatic hypothesis of the rise and fall of hunger.

Question 56

Define homeostasis.Provide an example of how homeostasis produces motivation.

Question 57

Explain what is meant by the phrase double depletion model of thirst activation.

Question 58

What is a sexual script? What is the source of a sexual script?

Question 59

Summarize the cyclical pattern of physiological need, psychological drive, and motivated action.

Question 60

People often fail in the attempt to self-regulate their physiological needs.
Explain why this is so often true.